大学英语
（读书笔记）
姓名：_________
________年___月___日
大学英语
一、时态
（一）一般现在时
1.基本用法
（1）其表现在的事实或状态。
I know you’re busy.
(2)表经常或反复发生的动作。
He smokes a lot.
（3）自然现象或永恒真理。
Gases expand when heated.
（4）表现在时刻发生的动作。
如运动解说、演示说明、动作描述、剧情介绍等等。
（5）一般现在时表示将来情况。
The plane takes off at 11∶30 and arrives in Shanghai at 13∶20. The show begins at seven and ends at ten.
※主句可用将来时或含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时或其它时态。 I’ll give her the telex when she comes.
If we hurry, we may catch the bus.
2.基本结构
(1)主+be(am, is, are)+名（介词短语，代词）
Tomorrow is Saturday.
(2)主+实义动词+宾
I regret my ignorance on the subject.
（3）注意其否定、疑问变化。
Do, don’t, does, doesn’t.
(4)动词的复数即实义动词的变化规则（略）。
第三人称单数形式。
3.与一般现在时适用的状语
Now and then, every,so often,currently,nowadays,these days.
at present, rarely,as a rule etc.
（二）现在进行时
1.基本结构
be(am, is, are)+doing(其为实义动词）
其否定、疑问变化形式。
2.基本用法
（1）表示此时此刻正在进行或发生的动作，其时间状语一般用now, at the moment etc.
(2)表现阶段的一段时间正在进行或发生的动作，但说话的此刻动作不一定正在进行着，时间状语通常为recently, these days etc. He’s making the plan these days.
(3)现在进行时，表将来时，时间状语有tomorrow, next week等。 如arrive, come, go, get, leave, spend, start, stay, work etc.
I’m seeing my friend this afternoon.
(4)Be doing其动词的变化规则（略）。
3.现在进行时中对动词的要求和限制
（1）如like, want, know等不是动作动词，禁止用进行时态。 We’re liking...
Be动词可用于进行时态，即表示一时的表现。
I’m being serious.
我是说正经的。
I’m not being hard on anybody.
I’m being reasonable.
只是理智行事。
（2）现在进行时可表一个经常性的动作，常表某种情绪。 You’re always interrupting me!
He’s always interfering in my affairs.
She’s constantly changing her mind.
区别：
It rains a lot here.(说明事实)
It’s always raining here.（抱怨）
She does fine work at school.
She’s doing fine work in school.
※甚至某些静态动词也可用于现在进行时。
I’m forgetting that I promised to visit him tonight.（三）一般过去时
1.基本用法
（1）常用来表示过去某一时间所发生的动作。
（2）表示在过去一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态。
2.基本结构
(1)主+be动词(was/were)+名（代/介词短语）
（2）主+动词的过去式+宾
(3)动词的过去时变化（略）和含过去时句子的肯定、否定、疑问变化。
did, didn’t, Did...?
e.g.Where were you at that time?
I was sorry to hear that.
Who left the door open?
What did you major in?
Did you go home yesterday? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
I didn’t go home yesterday.
3.过去时的句子常带有标志性的时间状语
...yesterday, at that time
...ago, last year, week, just now etc.
4.Ago
(1)多用于过去时。
（2）它所指时间是从现在算起。
It was 20 years ago when Jack was a boy of fifteen.
5.Before
(1)多用于过去完成时
（2）它所指时间是从过去某一时刻算起（可与previously换用）。 Last summer, I finally left the firm that I had joined 18 years before.
(四)过去进行时
1.基本用法
表在过去某个时间某事正在进行，过去时间可由一时间状语表示，时间状语并非总是跟着。
2.基本结构
Be(was/were)+doing.
What were you doing when I called you?
3.过去进行时/一般过去时
(1)过去进行时表示一个正在进行尚未完成的动作。
They were building a bridge there.(未必建成）
过去时表示一个业已完成的动作。
They built a bridge there.
(2)但有些动词本身并不表示动作完成，如rain,snow,wear,feel等，这时两种时态都可以，在意思上差别不大。
It rained all day yesterday.
It’s raining all day yesterday.
4.过去进行时
与现在进行时一样，与forever、frequently连用时表厌恶等情绪。
He was always making mistakes.
I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
5.主从句中过去进行时的体现
(1)While后跟从句时，从句中须是延续性动词，但when之后的动词则短暂性动词或延续性动词都可以。
(2)过去时中的两个动作，习惯上一个用一般过去时，另一个用过去进行时。
动用较长用过去进行时，动作较短用一般过去时，两个动作可能同时开始，但不同时结束。
When someone knocked at the door, I was having supper.
When I was attending the class, he upset the cup.
(3)由于分工的不同，两个动作的起始和结束时间几乎相同时，均用过去进行时。
When I was listening to the radio, my sister was dancing.
My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework.
(4)两个动作在同时段进行，先发生的动作用过去进行时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。
两个动作在时间上一先一后。
The telephone rang when I was opening the door.
我正开门时电话铃响了。
When the telephone was ringing, I opened the door.
电话正响时我开了门。
6.切记瞬间动词没有进行时态
两个动作同时发生，延续性动词用进行时态，瞬间动词使用过去时。
（五）现在完成时
1.基本用法
(1)在过去不确定时间里发生的并与现在有着某种联系的动作，体现的是影响或结果。
（2）动作开始于过去并持续到现在的动作。（现在完成进行时）。
2.基本结构
主+have(has)+动词的过分
注意其肯定、否定、疑问变化，动词的过去分词变化规律（略）。
3.现在完成时的时间状语
Already,yet,just,recently,so far,for,since,up to now,in the past 2 years. I’ve worked in the company for 2 years.
(1)如果完成时句子中后跟(for+一般时间）时，其谓语动词须是持续性动词;但如若后面未跟一段时间则可以用短暂性动词；如果完成句是否定句且谓语是短暂性动词，则后可跟一段时间。
They’ve come to visit us from time to time.
(2)相关动词的相应转换
borrow→keep(have)
come back→be back
He died 5 years ago.
He has been dead for 5 years.
He left his hometown many years ago
He has been away for many years.
4.相关难点
（1）have gone(to)have been(to)
(2)完成时与since(从句)
一般since从句中用的都是短暂性动词的过去时。
He has been ill since I saw him last.
(3)如若since从句中用的是持续性动词（静态动词）的过去时，则含义不同，其表示从句动作的完成或结束。
The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it.
The house has been in bad repair since he moved out.
I haven’t eaten snails since I was a student at Indiana University. I haven’t eaten snails since I left Indiana University.
(4)如若since从句中的动作或状态延续到说话时间，通常要用持续性动词或表状态动词的现在完成时。
He has written to me frequenthy since I was ill.
自从病愈以来……
He has written to me frequenthy since I have been ill.
自从我生病以来……
I haven’t seen you since I’ve been back.
I haven’t seen you since I was back.
(5)区别
The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it.
The house has been in bad repair since he has lived in it.
He has stayed here for 3 hours.
He stayed here (since) 3 hours ago.
He has stayed here since 3 O’clock.
(6)在表示“第……次做某事”时常使用现在完成时。
It’s the 1st good meal I’ve had for ages.
It’s the 3rd time this has happened.
It’ll be the 1st time I’ve spoken in public.
(7)如果It之后的be动词用的是was,则that分句中通常用过去完成时。 It was the 1st time he hadn’t worked on Saturday.
It was the 1st time she’d been at a summer school and she thoroughly enjoyed it.(六)现在完成进行时
1.基本用法
从过去某时起一直持续的动作，一般是为了强调动作正在进行或反复。
I have been washing all morning.
He’s been watching television all day.
2.基本结构
现在完成时S+have(has)+动词过去分词
（现在完成进行时）+S+have(has)+been+动词ing，其否定，疑问变化。
3.特点
(1)其多与how long或long、all一起用。
All night long this has been going on.
How long have you been reading that book?
(2)有时表示的是动作的反复而非一直在持续。
We’ve all along been making mistakes like this.
Has it been causing problems?
(3)现在完成时常常倾向动作业已完成。
现在完成进行时大多都表示动作还在进行或反复。
She has painted her room.
She has been painting her room.(可能还未漆完)
I’ve read a book.
I’ve been reading a book.
(4)有些静态动词只能用于现在完成时，一般不用于现在完成进行时。 I’ve known him for many years.
They’ve been married for 50 years.
This has lasted for a long time.
(5)在强调动作持续时间的长度时，特别是有long、how long这类状语时，常用现在完成进行时。
（七）过去完成时
1.概念
（1）表示过去某时之前业已发生的动作，发生在前面的用过去完成
时，发生在后面的用一般过去时。
（2）在过去某时之前，动作已经完成或结束。
（3）造成的是对过去的影响或结果，与现在没有关系。
（4）过去完成时一般都有过去时相衬托。
2.基本结构
S+had+动词的过分（P.P.）
When I got to the station the train had left.
I had been at the bus stop for over one hour when a bus finally came. I had wanted to attend the meeting, but I fell ill.(未完成)
3.难点
（1）当几个动作用and， then, but等连词时，因为有动作先后顺序，须用一般过去时。
He stood up, took his coat and went out.
(2)如果有after, before, as soon as等连用，且清楚有动作先后，从句一般用过去时或过去完成时。
I told them the news after you (had) left.
As soon as I (had) put the phone down it rang again.
They had already sold it when I asked the price of that car.
(3)注意固定搭配
hardly...when..., no sooner...than, scarcely...when etc.
He had hardly arrived when it began to snow.
We’d scarcely arrived when she started crying.
(4)用于hope, intend, mean, think等词的过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望。
We had thought to return early but they wouldn’t let us go.
(5)用于expect, hope, want, think等词的过去时，表示“比……”。 It was easier than I had thought.
We arrived earlier than we had expected.
The place wasn’t as clean as we had wanted it to be.（八）过去完成进行时
1.概念
(1)表示到过去某个时刻此动作还在进行。
（2）用在从句中，从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前而对其有影响。 ①At last the bus came, I had been waiting for half an hour.
②Until then she had been loving her daughter.
③Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying.
④I heard you’d been looking for me.
2.基本结构
S+had+been+doing注意其否定、疑问形式。
3.现在完成进行时/过去完成进行时
He’s been smoking for 20 years.
He’s still smoking.
He’d been smoking for 20 years when he decided to give it up. 至过去某个时刻还在进行某动作。
4.过去完成时/过去完成进行时
By last week she had collected 2000 stamps.(已完成)
She had been collecting stamps all these years.(未必完成) She had been painting the door all afternoon.(未必完成)
（九）一般将来时
1.概念
表示将要发生的事，一般与表将来意义的时间状语连用。 时间状语tomorrow, (this) next year, in two days, in the future etc.
2.基本结构
第一人称I（we）+will(shall)+v.
注意其否定、疑问式。
其他人称S+will+v.
注意其否定、疑问式。
will→won’tshall→shan’t
3.其它表示将来时的结构
（1）Be going to结构
（2）现在进行时
（3）一般现在时（一般为短暂性动词leave start etc)
(4)Be to+动词原形
Be+不定式结构（之前的动词时有讲）
(5)Be about to do sth
表即将发生的动作
（6）Be due to do sth
(按时间表)将……It’s due to be completed in 2010.
(7)Be on the point of doing sth
正要做某事。
(十)将来进行时
1.基本用法
在将来某个时间某动作将正在进行。
This time next week I’ll be lying on the beach.
2.基本结构
S+will(shall)+be+doing注意其否定、疑问变化形式。
3.将来进行时/现在进行时
有时可以互换
4.将来时/将来进行时
Mary won’t pay this bill.
表示意愿。
Mary won’t be paying this bill.
单纯谈未来情况。
（十一）将来完成时
1.基本用法
表示到将来某动作业已完成或产生某种影响结果。
2.基本结构
S+will(shall)+have+动词的过去分词
e.g By the end of the trip, she’ll have travelled more than 3,000 miles. I’ll have retired by the year of 2010.
二、从句
(一)定语从句
1.定语表示法
(1)形容词
She’s a responsible girl.
(2)代词
This could change our lives.
(3)数词
She bought 2 kilos of apples.
(4)名词或名词所有格
What’s your government’s view about it?
(5)不定式
There are lots of things to be done.
(6)分词
There’s a door leading to the garden.
(7)介词短词
That has no relation to the matter under discussion.
(8)副词
The buildings around were badly damaged.
(9)词组或合成词
They were mostly welltodo farmers.
2.定语从句
限定（制）性定语从句/非限定（制）性定语从句
在主从复合句中，由一个句子充当定语，此从句为定语从句，起修饰限定作用。
（1）先行词
被修饰限定的名词或代词
（2）关系代词
其作用：①连接主从句；②在从句中担当成分。
有that, who, what, whose, which etc.
关系副词
when, where, why etc.
3.定语从句
定语从句中关系代（副）词与先行词的正确搭配。
（1）当先行词是人时且关系代词作主语时。
人+who(that)+动词
who较正式,都不能省。
The man who stole your car has been arrested.
I have a sister who (that) lives in Mars.
(2)当先行词是人时且关系代词作宾语时。
人+who (whom/ that)+主+及物动词
人+who (whom/ that)+主+不及物动词+介词
The man (whom) I saw told me to come here.
The man with whom I travelled couldn’t speak English.
He’s the thief (whom) I caught yesterday.
(3)当先行词是人且关系代词作定语时，这种情况很特殊，whose不能省略。
人+whose+名+动词
People whose rents have been raised can appeal.
The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
(4)先行词是物时且关系代词作主语时
物+which/that+动词
关系代词都不能省
This is the parrot which always sings at night.
This’s the film that created a great sensation.
(5)先行词是物时且关系代词作宾语时。
物+which(that)+主+及物动词
都可以省略。
It’s the best hotel (that) I know.
The book (which) they sent me is very good.
(6)先行词是物时且关系代词作介词宾语时。
物+介词+which+主+动词
此种情况相当特殊，介词后只能用which.
This is the pan on which I fried the eggs.
The agency from which me bought our tickets is bankrupt.
※以上情况可以改作用that引导的定语从句，此时that都可省略。 This is the pan (that) I fried the eggs on.
The agency (that) we bought our tickets from is bankrupt.
(7)关系副词引起的定语从句。
When
There’re times when such things are necessary.
Where
This is the village where he was born.
where可省。
Why
Give me one reason why we should help them.
4.非限定性定语从句中的正确搭配
(1)它对所有修饰的先行词没有起修饰限定的作用，而只是补充说明，把它拿掉，主句照样成立；其一般都与先行词之间有逗号隔开。 who
I’ve invited Diana, who lives in the next flat.
whom
Mr Green, for whom I was working, was very generous.
whose
Mrs Green, whose daughter is in college, is trying to get a job. which
She gave me this sweater, which she had knitted herself.
(2)which, whom等可以和of等介词一起连用。
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
I picked up the peaches, some of which were badly bruised.
Her sons, both of whom work abroad, rang her up this morning. I met the fruitpickers, several of whom were university students. Gieorge, with whom I played tennis on sunday, was thinner than me. This I did at 9 o’clock, after which I sat reading the paper.
Ashdown forest, through which we’ll be driving, isn’t a forest any longer. His house, for which he paid ＄10,000, is now worth ＄50,000.
(3)which有时代表的是前面句子的全部或部分意思。
Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous.
Rats ran about the attic all night, which kept me awake.
He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him.
有时which还可在从句中作定语。
He adviced me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once.
(4)关系副词也可以引起非限定性定语从句。
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. She was working in Nokia, where she went daily in a bus.
We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the procession.
(5)As可用作关系代词，引起定语从句，可以跟such连用。 He’s not such a fool as he looks.
He never remembered to have such weariness as he felt now.
There was a look of fear in her eyes, such as people have when they’re suddenly awakened.
We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had. 还可以跟same连用
My stand on this is just the same as it was 4 years ago.
You must show my wife the same respect as you show me.
As还可以引起非限定性定语从句。
Sophia was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes. Jack, as night be expected, was attending the conference.
(6)But作关系代词时可引起定语从句，表示who(that)...not...谁不 以上这种方法较陈旧。
There are very few but admire his talents.
Not a man but had tears in his eyes.
无人眼中无泪。
（7）Whereby, wherein, whereupon也可引起定语从句。
This is a way whereby (by which) you can learn quickly.
He got into a situation wherein (in which) it’s hard to decide what’s right and wrong.
三、动词的非谓语形式
（一）不定式
1.不定式作主语时
To help others is our duty.
To speak good English is not easy.
注：可将it形式主语放在主语的位置，把动词不定式放在句尾。 （形）It’s necessary for us to meet again.
(名)It’s a good idea to draw the fish.
2.作宾语时
She decided to take the examination.
注:①It作形式宾语。I think it important to speak good English.
②介词but和except的宾语常用于do+anything/nothing/everything后面，通常可以省略to.
When she is nervous,she does nothing but eat.
He will do anything to help you except lend you money.
3.作表语时
To teach is to learn.
4.作宾补时
They told me to wait outside.
注：在感官动词或使役动词后如see，make等之后to常常被省略，但在它的被动语态中to不能被省略。
I heard the girl sing in the classroom.
The girl is heard to sing in the classroom.
5.作定语时
The only way to arrest him is to watch the papers.
6.作状语时
We come to school to study French.
注：动词不定式作目的状语从句时，前面可以加上in order或so as. We left home (in order/so as) to catch the first train to London.7.不定式用在the only，the last，the first等以及the most，the best等形容词最高级形式后面。
She was the only girl to survive the accident.
8.在there be+名（代）结构后可用动词不定式的主动形式或被动形式，其意思没有多大区别。
There are two sheets to wash (to be washed).
There are a lot of things to do (to be done).
9.后接how/what/when/where/which/why+不定式作宾语的常用动词有ask，decide，discover，find out，forget，know，learn，remember，think等。
She didn’t know what to say at that moment.
I have found out where to buy vegetables cheaply.
10.不定式的时态与语态
（1）进行时He pretended to be reading a book when I came into the room.
完成时He seemed to have forgotten everything.