20##长沙中考英语新题型摘录要点研究报告
湖南鹏程教育英语专家组研究员余政田
2014长沙中考英语对阅读技能作了较大变更，即去掉了原来的判断对错题，新增了阅读摘录要点题型，分值为10分。另将听力技能中的笔录要点每题分值从1分提升到2分，共10分。面对新题型的变化，很多学生感到很是茫然，束手无策，一头雾水。甚至很多在A线上下的学生都是10分的题在考试中还拿不到一半分。怎么办？我们鹏程教育英语专家组对此进行了专门的研究，下面是我们对此题的应对对策及训练方法。
一、考题要求：第二节 摘录要点( 5小题， 计10分)
阅读下面的材料，然后在表格中完成内容摘要，每空不超过三个单词。
通过研究，我们发现该题型并不是今年长沙新创，其样题选自08年湖南常德市的中考真题。此类题型在全国各地近年的中高考试题中亦有类似题型，不过题名为任务型阅读。当然我们也可理解为20##年长沙市中考英语试题又向中学英语大纲靠近了一步，更贴近于中学英语教学，更贴近于英语实践应用，值得肯定。
二、样题研究：2014长沙摘录要点样题是一篇150个词的文章，它由两部分组成，一是所需阅读的文章一篇，二是根据该文章所设计的图表，其题材为说明文，图表是文章的结构图，它反映了文章本身的逻辑思路，也是反映命题人的设题思路。图表共5个空格，其答题信息均可直接从原文中找到。
三、对考生要求：尽管样题的答题信息均可从原文中直接找到，但为了使考生万无一失，以不变应万变，我们还是对考生相关能力提出了更高要求。
1.阅读理解能力。对文章的整体把握，领略大意。对文章的结构和层次把握，弄清局部和整体的关系。对文章局部的透彻理解，提取有用信息。
2.对图表的识读能力。考生要迅速把握图表的结构分布层次，命题人的出题角度，哪个空是考察细节，哪个空考察结论，哪个空考察标题。
3.分析、概括、推断能力。图表试题中有的可以直接从原文中提取到，有的则需要对原文信息进行再加工处理，得到原文相一致的文外词汇。
4.正确书写能力。这就需要考生具有一定的词汇储备，而且能够认识句子结构和句子成分，根据句子结构和成分来判断所填词的词性。当然，考生也应该具有构词法的知识。例如，词性转换，形容词、副词的比较级、最高级，名词的复数形式等。此外，还有提炼出文章主旨或者重要信息的能力，也就是在语篇结构解读基础上的信息转换能力。
四、解题步骤 ：
第一步，浏览图表。划分板块，标题块、结论块、主题块、细节块。标题块和结论块里的空放在最后做，然后按主题块次序先做细节空，再做主题空。
第二步，快速略读全文，把主题块和相应的段落对应起来。
第三步，在图表中领任务，第一主题块对应的细节中的空，带上任务精读相应的段落细节，提取信息，填空完成试题。然后完成主题块，最后完成标题块。
五、题目的设置类型及答题策略
1.信息捕捉题(文中原词)
要求学生能快速在文章中查找相关细节，锁定信息来源，并用文章中的词来填空。例如：样题中第58题可从原文第一句It lies in Taoyuan County and is 23 km away from Changde.直接得出。样题中第59题可从第一段最后一句The tour area today is made up of four parts－the Taohua Mountain, the Taohualing Hill, the Taoyuan Mountain and the Qinren Village.直接得出。
2.同义转换题
灵活考查学生在知识重组基础上，运用多中表达方式表意的能力，突显遣词造句能力的考查。比如，用意义相同或相反的词完成句子的能力。同时，在限定不超过3个词的要求下，更需要考生有逆向思维的能力。这种类型的题目一般不能直接在文章中找到题目给出的句子，需要考生在捕捉到相关信息之后，将捕捉到的信息进行加工转换。2014长沙中考样题56题所给答案（56. Places of interest / Scenic spots / Scenic area / Attractive places…）就充分的体现了这一点。
3.信息综合题(综合概括题)
要求考生能够准确无误地概括出文章的主题或行(栏)的标题，考查学生概括与推断的能力，归纳、抽象并提炼出文章主旨或者重要信息的能力，也就是在语篇结构解读基础上的信息转换能力。例如样题的第57.Changde Poem Wall
常见英语摘录要点概括性词汇：
标题title 主题topic 原因cause/reason 结果result
措施/步骤measure/step 方法solution/way/manner/method
态度attitude 趋势tendency 结论conclusion
建议suggestion/tip/advice 要求requirement/demand 问题problem
观点opinion/view/idea 意义significance
目的/目标 purpose/aim/goal 影响effect/influence
定义definition 来源source 数量quantity
质量quality 优劣advantage/disadvantage 特色.特征feature
人物/角色character. 类型type/kind/sort 情节plot
内容content 行为behavior 重要性importance
必要性necessity/must 情感feeling/emotion
异同difference/similarity 外表appearance 信息information
人口population 贡献contribution 想象力imagination
创造力creativity 概括、总结summary 要点、提纲outline
其它time/place/situation/condition
六、专题训练
第一组
（1）
阅读下面的材料，然后在表格中完成内容摘要，每空不超过三个单词。
It lies in Taoyuan County and is 23 km away from Changde. The temples here were built in the 10th century. During the reign (统治) of Guangxu (1875-1908) of the Qing Dynasty, a scenic spot (景点) appeared according to the article“On the Land of Peach（桃）Flowers”written by Tao Yuanming, a famous writer of the Jin Dynasty. The tour area today is made up of four parts－the Taohua Mountain, the Taohualing Hill, the Taoyuan Mountain and the Qinren Village.
Changde Poem Wall
Changde Poem Wall is a 3-kilometer-long riverbank alongside the Yuanjiang River, which is engraved (雕刻) with poems, handwriting and painting and it is listed as the longest wall with engraved arts in Guinness Record.
Taohuayuan
（2）
A recent report from Zhuzhou Daily says about 18% of Zhuzhou teenagers can have problems with their minds（内心，精神）. Some students become worried because they have to study very hard. Others have trouble getting on well with people like their parents and classmates. Zhang Qiang, a Junior 2 student from Zhuzhou , could not understand his teachers in class and was doing badly in his lessons. He was afraid of exams. When he looked at the exam paper, he couldn’t think of anything to write. Another student, a 15-year-old girl called Wu Yan often argued with her classmates even her parents because of some different ideas. She became so annoyed about them that she started to cut her finger with a knife. However, many students who have problems won’t go for advice or help. Some think they will look stupid（愚蠢的）if they go to see a doctor. Others don’t want to talk about their secrets. In order to solve the teenagers’ problems, here is some advice :
●Talk to your parents or teachers often.
●Take part in group activities and play sports.
●Go to see a doctor if you feel unhappy or unwell.
（3）
In most Chinese tea villages, March is the time of year in which locals start to pick and process tea. The usually quiet villages suddenly become crowded centers of activity, as people take out special tools and prepare for tea processing. In some villages, local residents hold traditional ceremonies, thanking heaven for its blessing. The price of tea picked in March is extremely high because it is fresh, tender and contains multiple trace elements.
China has been famous for tea production since ancient times. Of the goods transported and traded along the Old Silk Road linking China to the Middle East and Europe, the importance of tea was matched only by silk. China produces Oolong, black, green, white, yellow and dark tea. The Oolong, green and black varieties are most famous for their high quality.
Most of China's tea villages are found in remote mountainous areas in the country's south and southwest, where the beautiful scenery is often hidden under clouds.
1. Title: _______________
答案：（1）56. Places of interest / Scenic spots / Scenic area / Attractive places…
57. Changde Poem Wall 58. 23 km / 23 kilometers
59. (the) Taohualing Hill 60. painting
（2）1. their minds 2.doing badly 3. different ideas 4.advice/tips/suggestions 5.taking parting in
（3） 53. Chinese Tea/China’s Tea 54. ancient times 55. Old Silk Road 56. Famous products 57. Reasons
第二组
(1)
（本大题共5小题，每小题1分，共5分）
Some birthday customs are quite similar in many parts of the world---- birthday candles(蜡烛), birthday games，and birthday cakes. But some customs are more specific to certain countries. Here are some children talking about their customs.
Linda---I am fourteen. I come from Aruba. In our country,Children take something special to school for their classmates and all teachers. Each teacher gives the birthday child a small gift like a pencil, an eraser or a postcard. The birthday child is also allowed to wear special clothes instead of the school uniform.
Lucy---I am one year older than Linda. Denmark is my country. A flag is flown outside a window to show that someone who lives in that house is having a birthday. Presents are placed around the child's bed while they are sleeping so they will see them at once when they wake up.
Tom---I am as old as Linda. I am from Brazil. The birthday child receives a pull on the earlobe(耳垂) for each year in my country. The birthday person also gives the first slice of cake to his/her most special friend or relative, usually mom or dad.
根据短文，完成下面表格，每空不超过3个单词，并将其答案写在答题卡中相应题号的横线上。
(2)
(3)
Last Tuesday, a little girl died after eating some friedchicken. Her father bought the chicken for her from a street seller in Fenzhuang Village, Fengtai,Beijing. After testing the girl, the doctor said she was poisoned (中毒) by nitrites (亚硝酸盐). Some experts suggest that we should buy foods with QS signs. They are safer.
After hearing about the accident, many people feel more worried about the food safety because there have been many food safety problems in our country these years. For example, poisonous(有毒的) rice, oil, milk and so on have been found out recently. People feel quite afraid because these poisonous foods are rather bad for their health and even kill them. They want the government to do something to stop such poisonous foods and drinks appearing again so that they can have safe and healthy foods and drinks.
Information Card
(4)
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Many kinds of birds live in the United States, but the number of the birds is becoming smaller every year. One of the leading reasons is the growing number of pet cats. By keeping your pet cats in your home, you can help give birds a better possible chance to live.
Of the 90 million pet cats in this country, about two—thirds are allowed to go outside. It is said that these cats kill hundreds of millions of birds each year, as well as billions of small animals such as rabbits and field mice.
They can also bring illness to the animals that live in people's yard(院子), further weakening the health of the natural populations.
Allowing pet cats to go outside is not just bad for birds and wildlife, it's also bad for the cats themselves. Outdoor cats can get sick very easily. They are in danger from traffic and attacks (攻击) from other animals. In fact, outdoor cats usually don't live past the age of five, while indoor cats often live to be 17 or older.
Keep your pet cat inside! If you raise a young cat, it's your duty to let it play inside.
(5)
The idea of Mother’s Day is a very old idea. It was started by the ancient Egyptians (埃及人),who celebrated(庆祝) a day to honour (向……表示敬意) Isis, the mother of the pharaohs. The early Christians(基督教徒) celebrated a day to honour Mary, the mother of Jesus.
Later, English Christians celebrated to honour all mothers. This English holiday was called “Mothering Sunday”.When the English came to America, they did not have time for Mothering Sunday, so the holiday was not celebrated in America. In 1914,the U.S passed a law which designated(规定) the second Sunday in May as Mother’s Day to honour the mothers who had lost sons in war.
Today, Mother’s Day is celebrated in many other countries for all mothers. In Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Mother’s Day is celebrated on the same day as in the United States—the second Sunday in May. Children give their mothers cards, gifts, and flowers. Schools plan Mother’s Day’s special activities.
In China, the holiday is celebrated to show the respect(尊重) the Chinese have for the old people, and the love they have for their parents. Ten top mothers are chosen by the government. People all over the country try different ways to help mothers who are poor.
(1)_______________________
（6）
An American named Crum invented potato chips in 1853, although that was not his intention（意图）. He was a chef at a beautiful restaurant in Saratoga Springs, New York. A regular dish on the menu was fried(油炸的) potatoes, which was an idea that had started in France. At that time, French fried potatoes were cut into thick slices(片).
One day, a dinner guest at the restaurant sent back his fried potatoes to the chef because he did not like them so thick. So Mr Crum cut the potatoes a little thinner and fried them. The guest did not like those either. That made Mr Crum angry, so he thought he would just show the man. He sliced the potatoes paper-thin and fried them, thinking that the man would say nothing about it. However, to his surprise, the man loved the thin potatoes very much. Other guests tried them and also liked them. So, Mr Crum’s potato chips were added to the menu. They called Saratoga Chips.
Finally, Mr Crum opened his own restaurant to sell his famous chips. Now potato chips are packaged （包装）and sold in stores.
(7)
New Energy in the Twenty-first Century
Energy from the wind
Wind is a kind of clean energy, and there is lots of it, But, if there's no wind, there is no wind energy.
Energy from the water
When water moves from a high place to a lower place, it can make electricity(电）without pollution. However, people have to build dams(水坝) to use this energy, and building dams is very expensive.
Energy from the earth
There is heat in the rocks under the earth. Scientists use the heat to make geothermal(地热的)energy. This kind of energy is cheap, but itis only possible in a few places in the world.
Energy from the sun
Solar panels (太阳电池板) on the roofs of houses can turn energy from the sun into electricity. Solar power is clean and plentiful(丰富的).but when the weather is bad, It doesn't work.
New Energy in Twenty-first Century
(8)
请阅读下面有关希望工程帮助失学儿童的报道，根据所提供的信息，完成信息卡。
Almost every child in cities has the chance to go to school,but not all children in the countryside are so luckly.
There is a girl called Xiao Juan.She is ten years old and lives in a small village.When she was seven,she wanted to go to school.But she could not,because her family was too poor to afford the school fees(学费) for her,so her parents had to keep her at home.Instead of studying,Xiao Juan
looked after her brother and worked in the fields every day.Then Hope Project heard about Xiao Juan.It agreed to help Xiao Juan to go to school.Her wish of study came true,and now she is studying in a school.
Unluckily,there are many thousands of children who can not go to school.You can join in Hope Project and help these chilren.You know all the good work needs money.Hope Project needs yor help.
If you give Hope Project ￥300 each year,it can pay for one child to go school for a whole year.With more money,Hope Project can build new schools,buy good desks,chairs,blackboards and books.Let’s help the children together and give them a chance to have a good start in life.
Information Card
第二组答案（1）答案：1. his/her students 2. 15/Fifteen 3. a flag 4. Brazil 5. The first slice
（2）【主旨大意】本文介绍了三处旅行的好地方—三亚、哈尔滨和北京。文章从它们的地理位置、气候、景观和住宿等方面作了详细说明。
1. Price / The price 归纳概括题。从该表格下方的内容可知答案为Price。
2. warm 细节理解题 由第一个表格中“It’s still warm in winter.”可知。
3. Harbin 推理判断题 由表格后面的内容可知答案为Harbin。
4. 230 细节理解题 由文中“A Hotel room is about 230 yuan a night”可知。
5. rain or snow 细节理解题 由文中“It doesn’t often rain or snow”可知。
（3）1.some fried chicken 2. QS signs 3.more worried 4.rather bad 5. to do something
（4）1. smaller 2. danger 3. allowed 4. raise 5. duty
（5）【主旨大意】本文介绍了母亲节的由来，发展以及今天母亲节在中国和其他国家的庆祝情况。
1.The Mother’s Day
2. passed a law
3. school’s special activities
4. the old people
5. help poor mother
（6）文章大意：本文是一片记叙文，讲述了炸土豆条的发明过程。它由一名厨师偶然发明的，很快受到欢迎。
1. potato chips 整体理解题 通读全文可知，本文就是讲的炸土豆条的发明经过。
2. Crum 细节理解题 文章开头就告诉我们一个叫Crum的美国人发明了炸土豆条，他是一名厨师。
3. sent back 细节理解题 从文章的第二段的第一句 “One day, a dinner guest at the restaurant sent back his fried potatoes to the chef because he did not like them so thick.”可知答案。
4. He opened his own restaurant to sell chips. 推理判断题 从文中最后一段的 “Finally, Mr Crum opened his own restaurant to sell his famous chips.”推断厨师可能很高兴。
5. in stores 细节理解题 从文章最后一句 “Now potato chips are packaged （包装）and sold in stores.”可得出答案。
（7）1. wind 2. No pollution 3. Cheap 4. (fine) weather
（8）1. Xiao Juan 2. ten years old 3. small village 4. the school fees 5. Hope Project