abutment 桥墩accessory 辅助设备admixture 掺合剂aggregate 骨料alignment 定线anchorage 固定支座 aqueduct 沟渠asphalt 沥青backfill 回填 barrier 挡板basement 基础 bench 阶地 bituminous 含沥青的blast 爆破boring 钻探budget 预算bulldozer 推土机cable 钢索capillarity 毛细管现象catchbasin 截水沟compact 压实compressed air 压缩空气 compressibility 压缩系数 computer-aided 计算机辅助 cofferdam 沉箱corridor 走廊cross-section 断面cut-and-cover 随挖随填
cylindrical shield 圆形盾构discontinuity 不整合drainage system 排水系统
dredge 挖掘driveshaft 主动轴durability 耐久性earthquake-resistant 抗地震的 elastic modulus 弹性模量elasticity 弹性力学excavate 挖掘 execution 施工expressway 高速公路fiber-reinforced concrete 纤维增强混凝土fiberglass 玻璃丝flange 翼缘footing 基础geotechnical 岩土工程的 girder 桁架gradation 级配guardrail 栏杆grout 水泥浆habitation 住宅headroom 净空heterogeneity 不均匀性 hyperbolic paraboloid 双曲抛物面inclination 倾角 infrastructure 基础设施infiltrate 渗透 intermediate pier 中间桥墩 jack 千斤顶jumbo 隧道盾构lock 水闸 mat foundation 板式基础 metropolitan 大城市muck 软泥municipal 市政的
neutral axis 中和轴outlet 排水口pedestrian 行人 pin joint 铰接
pilot tunnel （隧道）导洞 plain concrete 素混凝土plotter 绘图机 plotting 测绘pneumatic-tired roller 汽胎压路机porous 疏松的 precipitation 降水量
preliminary design 初步设计 ramp 斜坡 reaction 反力runoff 雨量 rupture 破裂 shaft 竖井silo 竖井slab foundation 平板基础slant 倾斜slate 板岩
slip form滑动模板 statically indeterminate structure 超静定结构stiffness 劲度strata 地层subcontractors 转包合同 subsoil 天然地基subside 沉降 sump水坑 sunken-tube tunnel 沉管隧道supervise 监督 survey 测量 suspension bridge 悬索桥swell 膨胀 tamp 夯实tensile strength 抗拉强度terrace 阶地timber 木料
topography 地形tremor 震动 underclearance 桥下净空valley 河谷 weather 受侵蚀 yield strength 屈服强度
句子：
The sizes of footing are determined by dividing the loads to be imposed at the base of the footing by the allowable bearing pressure which can be imposed on the soil or rock of the earth
基础的尺寸是由可能施加在基础底部的荷载除以地基和岩石能够承当的容许支承压力来确定的。
Retaining walls are those walls subject to horizontal earth pressures due to the retention of earth behind them
挡土墙是指那些因墙后有土而承受水平土压力的墙
Mat or raft foundations are large,thick,and usually heavily reinforced
concrete mats which transfer loads from a number of columns or columns and walls to the underlying soil or rock
板式基础或浮筏基础通常是指把荷载从柱子或者柱子和墙传到地基土或岩石的面积、厚土、重量都很大的钢筋混凝土底板
Well points,pumping from deep wells,or pumping from sumps are methods used to dewater construction sites during foundation installation 从深井中抽水或从集水井中抽水的井点是在基础施工期间用于施工现场排水的方法。
If dewatering operations are performed in an area surrounded by exising structures,precautions must be taken to protect them,as the lowering of the groundwater may cause the soil on which they are suppored to subside 如果排水作业在有现存建筑物包围的场地进行，就必须采取预防措施来保护这些建筑物，因为降低地下水可能会引起支承这些建筑物的下沉。
Compressibility is an important soil characteristic because of the possibility of compacting the soil by rolling,tamping,vibratin,or other means,thus increasing its density and load-bearing strength
因为可以通过碾压、夯实、捣鼓或其它方法压实土以增加其密实和提高其承载强度，所以可压缩性是土的一个重要特性
Shock waves also are utilized to determine the depth of bedrock by measuring the time required for the shock wave to travel to the bedrock and return to the surface as a reflected wave
通过测定震动波传到基岩和作为反射波回到地面所需的时间，可确定基岩的深度。
Shield can be steered by varying the thrust of the jacks from left side to right side of from top to bottom,thus varing the tunnel direction left or right or up or down
盾构可由从上到下或从左到右改变千斤顶的推力来驱动，这样就可以上下左右改变隧道的方向
In large shields,an erector arm is used in the rear side of the shield to place the metal support segments along the circumference of the tunnel 在大型盾构中，盾构后面的起重臂用来沿隧道的周边安装金属支撑管片
A circular shield has proved to be most efficient in resisting the pressure of soft ground,so most shield-driven tunnels are circular
实践证明，圆形盾构抵抗软土压力是最有效的，所以大多数盾构掘进的隧道都是圆形的。
They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems form the pressure of their weight on the earth.
他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最少。
They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work. 事实上，他们协调工程中每个人的活动。
They may also manage private engineering firms ranging in size from a few employees to hundreds.
他们也可能管理规模为从几个到数百个雇员的私营工程公司。
Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in construction materials and methods. 许多从事教学的土木工程师参与会导致建筑材料和施工方法技术革新的基础研究。
Piles of stone were placed at short intervals across the river, providing the bridge piers,and then a path from bank to bank was made by laying flat stone slabs across adjacent piers.
横跨河流以很小的间距布置石堆作为桥墩，然后用平坦的石头横过相邻的桥墩就建成连接两岸的通道。
In an ordinary cantilever bridge,the gap between the ends of the cantilevers is closed ,providing a continuous deck for the roadway, but if the bridge were cut in two at the point of closure each cantilever would support itself.
在普通的悬臂式桥梁中，悬臂梁端部之间的间隙是闭合的，为道路提供了连续的桥面，但是假如把这种桥梁在其闭合点断开，那么每一根悬臂梁都不需另外设置支撑而可保持稳定。
Because tensile strength is not necessarily required for arch construction,arch bridges can be made of bricks or stone blocks that are held together by the compressive force characteristic of the arch. 因为拱结构不一定要求材料具有抗拉强度，所以拱桥可以用砖或石块通过拱传递压力的特性结合在一起。
Special attention must often be given to the design of the bridge piers, since heave loads may imposed on them by currents, waves, and floating ice and debris.
对桥墩的设计通要给予特殊的关注，因为桥墩承担水流，浮冰和漂浮物而产生的重荷，桥墩通常还有被船撞击的可能。
For constructing foundations in deep water , caissons have long been used.
在深水中建基础一般用沉箱法。
Workers inside the caisson, which is filled with compressed air to keep out the water , dig deeper and deeper , and the caisson sinks as the digging proceeds.
工人们在为挡水而充满压缩空气的沉箱里，越挖越深，沉箱随着开挖的进行而下沉。
Stresses in a partly completed bridge---constructed by the cantilever method---can exceed the stresses in a completed bridge because of the totally different conditions of support and loading.
在用悬臂梁法施工的桥梁中，因为完全不同的支撑和荷载条件，未竣工桥梁内的应力可能会超过已竣工桥梁内的应力。
It also utilizes modern techniques of planning and designing new highways to allow for the habits and abilities of motorists and pedestrians and the characteristics of vehicles.
它也利用现代规划设计新型公路的技术，以顾及驾车者与行人的习惯和能力以及
车辆的特性。
In the built-up parts of cities freeways generally are either depressed below ground level or elevated.
在城市建筑密集区，高速公路一般建在地下或者高架。
In most cities a system of streets protect by traffic signs generally gives motorists using through streets right-of-way over cross traffic and provides positive control at intersections with other through streets.
在大多数城市中，由交通信号和停车标志保护的街道系统通常给予驾车者使用直通接到越过横向交通的权力，在与其他直通街道相交的十字路口处提供有效的管理。
Intersection redesign is usually aimed at eliminating bottlenecks,such as narrow pavement sections or awkward turns,or at enhancing safety by improving visibility.
道路交叉口再设计通常是针对消除道路的瓶颈，例如狭窄路段或使用不便的转弯，或通过改善视野提高安全。
similarly ,the use of terraced earth sheltered housing on steeply sloping hillsides can help preserve precious arable flat land in mountainous regions.
同样地，在陡峭的山坡上使用阶地掩土住宅会有助于在多山地区保护宝贵的可耕平地。
This planning must consider long-term needs while providing a framework for reforming urban areas into desirable and effective environments in which to live and work.
在为把城市改造成称心的和有效的生活与工作环境提供规划框架时，这种规划必须考虑（城市）长期发展的需要。
In science fiction , future cities often are depicted as self-contained , climate-controlled units frequently located underground for protection form the elements and possibly from a hazardous or polluted environment. 在科学的幻想小说中，常把未来的城市描述成为防避风雨和可能有害的或被污染的环境而经常位于地下的设备齐全、气候可调的单元。
Another method of building an underwater tunnel is to sink tubular sections into a trench dug at the bottom of a river or other body of water .
另一种建造水下隧道的方法是把管段沉入在江底或其他水体底部挖好的沟槽中。 Some long tunnels have been built with the aid of a small pilot tunnel driven parallel to the main tunnel and connected with it by crosscuts at intervals.
有些长隧道是在平行于主隧道开挖的小型导洞辅助下建造的，导洞与主隧道之间每隔一段距离由横巷连通。