1.1 许多天然物质，如粘土、砂子和岩石，甚至树枝和树叶都已经被用作建筑材料。
Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings.
1.2 砖块是由窑中烧制材料作成的块体，通常由粘土或页岩制成，但也可由炉渣制成。
A brick is a block made of kiln-fired material, usually clay or shale, but also maybe of lower quality mud.
1.3 与水混合后，水泥便发生水化反应，并最终形成像石头一样的材料。
After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually hardens into a stone-like material.
1.4 金属可用作大型结构的框架，也可用来装饰建筑物外表。
Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering.
1.5 明亮的窗户不但能使光线进入建筑物，而且也能将恶劣气候隔绝于建筑物之外。
Clear windows provided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the same time keeping inclement weather outside.
2.1 材料的抗拉强度是一种广延性质，因此它并不因试件尺寸的不同而改变。
Tensile strength is an intensive property and, consequently, does not depend on the side of the test specimen.
2.2 屈服强度是材料从弹性变形到塑性变形转化时的应力。
Yield strength---the stress at which material strain changes from elastic deformation to plastic deformation, causing it to deform permanently.
2.3 由于应力作用区的碳原子的相互作用和脱位，有些钢材在屈服强度后出现应力下降现象。
In some steels the stress falls after the yield point. This is due to the interaction of carbon atoms and dislocations in the stressed steel.
2.4 颈缩过后，材料将断裂，所储蓄的弹性能将以声和热的形式释放出。
After a period of necking, the material will rupture and the stored elastic energy is released as noise and heat.
2.5 对于混凝土和铸铁等脆性材料，其抗拉强度与抗压强度相比可忽略不计。
For brittle materials such as rock, concrete, cast iron, or soil, tensile strength is negligible compared to the compressive strength.
3.1 梁是主要承受弯矩和剪力作用的构件，可由钢材、木材或混凝土等材料制成。
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. Beams are typically made of steel, reinforced concrete, or wood.
3.3 梁受到的内力有压力、拉力、弯矩和剪力，它们使梁发生挠曲。
Beams experience compressive, tensile and shear stresses as a result of the loads applied to them.
4.2 所有的杆件和节点处于二维平面的桁架称为平面桁架，如果它们处于三维空间，则称为空间桁架。
A planar truss is one where all the members and nodes lie within a two dimensional plane, while a space truss has members and nodes extending into three dimensions.
4.4 对于给定跨度，桁架越高，其上下弦用材越省，但其竖杆和斜杆的用材越多。
For a given span length, a deeper truss will require less material in the chords and greater material in the verticals and diagonals.
4.5 这种桁架为超静定结构，这是因为其杆件内力不但取决于平衡方程而且还取决于它们的相对刚度。
They are called statically indeterminate structures, because their member forces depend on the relative stiffness of the members, in addition to the equilibrium condition described.
5.1 本章将讨论在稳定平衡状态下结构的应力和变形的分析方法。
The procedures of stress and deformation analysis in a state of stable equilibrium were discussed in the preceding sections.
5.2 仅考虑材料强度并不能确定这种结构的特性，我们还必须考虑其几何尺寸。
The consideration of material strength alone is not sufficient to predict the behavior of such members.
5.3 为了确定此柱的临界荷载，让其产生如下图所示的变形。
In order to determine the critical load for this column, the compressed column is displaced as shown in Fig.
5.4 柱的临界应力随其长细比的增大而减小，随其回转半径的增大而增大。
Note that critical stress always decreases with increasing ratios of L/r, and increases with increasing radius of gyration.
5.5 使柱发生屈曲的最小力为欧拉临界荷载。
The least force at which a buckled mode is possible is the critical or Euler bucking load.
6.1 结构模型应尽可能准确的反映其真实材料、结构构造、荷载和边界条件。
The structural model should relate the actual behavior to material properties, structural details, loading, and boundary conditions as accurately as is practicable.
6.2 对受对称荷载作用的规则结构，可将其理想化为构件相互正交的二维框架。
For structures that have a regular layout and are rectangular in shape, subject to symmetric loads, it is possible to idealize them into two-dimensional frames arranged in orthogonal directions.
6.3 铰结点不容许位移，但可使与其相连的构件无摩擦的相互转动。
A hinge or pinned joint does not allow translational movements. It is assumed to be frictionless and to allow rotation of a member with respect to the others.
6.4 如果结构在一荷载系统作用下达到平衡，它必需满足六个平衡方程。
If a structure is to be in equilibrium under the action of a system of loads, it must satisfy the six static equilibrium equations.
6.5 结构承受外加荷载的能力不仅取决于其支撑构件的个数，还取决于它们的排列方式。 The ability of a structure to support adequately the loads applied to it is dependent not only on the number if reaction components but also on the arrangement of those components.
7.1 对于有支撑框架，由于其框架和支撑能用单一模型分析，因此没有必要将它们分离开来。 In the case of a braced frame, it is not necessary to separate frame and bracing behavior because both can be analyzed with a single model.
7.2 刚结框架的节点设计必须使其具有足够的强度和刚度，以及忽略不计的变形。
The joint shall be designed in such a manner that they have adequate strength and stiffness and negligible deformation.
7.3 整个铰结框架的稳定性必须通过将其与某种支撑体系相连接来提供。
The stability of entire structure must be provided for by attaching the simple frame to some form of bracing system.
7.4 实践中所有连接都是半刚性的，因而铰结和刚接只是一种理想化处理。
Practical connections are semi-rigid in nature and therefore the pinned and rigid conditions are only idealizations.
7.5 高层建筑结构必须能足以抵抗导致其水平方向剪切变形和倾覆变形的侧向荷载和重力
荷载。
The structural system must be adequate to resist lateral and gravity loads that cause horizontal shear deformation and overturning deformation.
9.1 钢筋混凝土中含有提高混凝土强度的钢筋或纤维，否则混凝土将是脆性的。
Reinforced concrete is concrete in which reinforcement bars or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be brittle.
9.2 楼盖体系的小的变化将对材料造价、施工进度、结构极限强度和运行费用等产生很大影响。
Small changes in the design of a floor system ban have significant impact on material costs, construction schedule, ultimate strength, operating costs.
9.3 混凝土的热膨胀系数和钢筋的很接近，从而在钢筋混凝土中消除了热胀冷缩的差异所产生的反应。
The coefficient if thermal expansion if concrete is similar to that of steel, eliminating internal stresses duo to differences in thermal expansion or contraction.
9.4 有时在混凝土结构中设有通风孔以控制混凝土的温度和湿度。
Reinforced concrete structure sometimes have provisions such as ventilated hollow cores to control their moisture and humidity.
9.5 在钢筋混凝土中，混凝土抵抗压力，钢筋抵抗拉力。
In the reinforced concrete, the concrete resist the compression and steel resist the tension. 10.1 混凝土硬结后的强度通常由在潮湿环境下养护28天的标准立方体试件确定。
The compressive strength of hardened concrete is usually determined from standard specimens after they have been moist cured for 28 days.
10.2 试验机加载板与试件表面之间的摩擦力使试件两端处于三向应力状态。
The friction between the test specimen and the metal bearing plates of the test machine introduces a set of biaxial state of stress at both ends of the specimen.
10.3 由于混凝土的抗拉强度很低，通用钢筋对其进行加劲。
Due to the tensile strength of concrete is low, the reinforced concrete is commonly used to add strength.
10.4 大量研究和工程实践表明，一般情况下，现场混凝土的强度低于相应标准试件的强度。 There is enough evidence from research and practice that in general, in-place strength of concrete is expected to be lower than that of the corresponding standard samples.
10.5 大多数非破损实验方法都不会损伤混凝土结构的表面区域。
Most of nondestructive methods do not damage the near surface zone of concrete.
11.1 在容许应力设计法中，将使用构件荷载下的应力与其所谓的容许应力相比较。
In allowable stress design, members stresses computed under service loads are compared to some pre-designated stresses called allowable stresses.
11.2 安全系数用来考虑结构的超载、材料强度不足以及结构分析中的近似性。
The factor of safety is introduced to account for the effects of overload, under-strength, and approximations used in structural analysis.
11.3 逐渐屈服称为逐渐塑化，表示当屈服开始时截面并未出现破坏。
This phenomenon of progressive yielding, referred to as plasticization, means that the cross section does not fail at first yield.
11.4 只有当足够数量的断面屈服，形成塑性破坏机构后，才出现整个结构的破坏。
Failure will occur only when enough cross sections have yielded, rendering the structure unstable,
resulting in the formation of a plastic collapse mechanism.
11.5 在极限状态设计中，结构或其构件按照它们有用性的极限进行设计，这种极限可能与强度有关，也可能与适用性有关。
In a limit state design, the structure or structural component is designed in accordance to its limits of usefulness, which man be strength related or serviceability related.
12.1 .测量和大地测量是一种技术和科学，用来精确测定点的大地或三维位置及其它们之间的距离和角度。
Surveying or land surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them.
12.2 有史以来，测量就是人文环境发展的一个主要元素，而且也用于几乎所有结构的规划和施工。
Surveying has been an essential element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history and it is a requirement in the planning and execution of nearly every form of construction.
12.3 为了测量水平距离，要根据温度将卷尺拉紧以减小其下垂。
In order to measure horizontal distances, these chains or tapes would be pulled taut according to temperature, to reduce sagging and slack.
12.4 测量高度的最简单方法就是采用高度计，本质上讲就是气压计，它以气压作为高度指示。
The simplest method for measuring height is with an altimeter ~ basically a barometer ~ using air pressure as an indication of height.
12.5 单人式自动操纵全站仪能使测量人员取得精确测量结果而无需额外的人员来观看和拧动望远镜或记录数据。
One-person robotic-guided total stations allow surveyors to gather precise measurements without extra workers to look through and turn the telescope or record data.
13.1 土的力学性能直接取决于其三相的相互作用和所受到的各种势能作用。
The mechanical properties of soils depend directly on the interactions of these phases with each other and with applied potentials.
13.2 尽管非粘土材料的量要大于粘土和有机材料的和，但后者对土性能的影响更大。
Although, the amount of non-clay material is greater than that of clay and organic material, the latter have a greater influence in the behavior of soils.
13.3 初始条件决定了具有高孔隙率的新近堆积土或新压实土的结构。
Initial conditions dominate the structure of young deposits at high porosity or freshly compacted soils.
13.4 由于粘土的质量极小，其性能取决于表面的静电引力和斥力。
As the clay’s mess is extremely small, their behavior is governed by forces of electrostatic attraction and repulsion on their surface.
13.5 有效应力是对土骨架应力的测度，且决定了土的抗剪能力。
Effective stress is a measure of the stress on the soil skeleton, and determines the ability of soil to resist shear stress.
14.1 基础的沉降量取决于许多因素，如地基土的类型、土压力、基础埋深和基础类型等。 The amount of settlement depends on many factors, such as the type of soil, the load intensity, the depth below ground level, and the type of footing.
14.2 如果基础上荷载的合力与基础底面的型心不重合，便会在基础上产生弯矩。
If the resultant of the applied loads does not coincide with the centroid of the bearing area, a bending moment develops.
14.3 筏基能使结构物浮于地基土上，由于其刚度很大，不均匀沉降将很小。
In effect, the raft foundation enables the structure to float on the soil, and because of its rigidity it permits negligible differential settlement.
14.4 容许基底压力通过荷载试验或其他实验方法以土力学的原理加以确定，
Allowable bearing pressures are established from principles of soil mechanics on the basis of load tests and other experimental determinations.
14.5 基础设计应使其有足够的强度以抵抗外荷载所产生的弯矩、剪力和其他内力。
The footing must be designed to develop the necessary strength to resist all moments, shears, and other internal actions caused by the applied loads.
16.1 由地震引起的震动产生于结构与地基、或与其毗邻结构、或海啸引起的重力波等的接触面。
It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with adjacent structures, or with gravitational waves from tsunami.
16.2 抗震性能就是建筑物或结构在其经历一次特定地震期间和之后完成其预定功能的能力，如其安全性和适用性。
Earthquake or seismic performance is an execution of a building’s or structure’s ability to sustain their due functions, such as its safety and serviceability, at and after a particular earthquake exposure.
16.3 工程师必须知晓建筑物受到特定地面震动后真实或预计的抗震性能水平。
Engineers need to know the quantified level of an actual or anticipated seismic performance associated with the direct damage to an individual building subject to a specified ground shaking. 16.4 了解结构抗震性能的最好方法就是将结构置于模拟地震的振动台上，并观察可能发生的现象。
The best way is to do it is to put the structure on a shake-table that simulates the earth shaking and watch what may happen next.
16.5 一般而言，抗震分析是基于结构动力学中的方法，如地震反应谱法。
In general, seismic analysis is based on the methods of structural dynamics.