1. Civil engineering is that branch of engineering which aims to provide a comfortable and safe living for the people. 土木工程是工程学的一个分支，它的目的是为人们提供一个舒适，安全的生活。

2. Tall building development involves various complex factors such as economics , aesthetics , technology , municipal regulations, and politics. 高层建筑的发展涉及到各种复杂因素，如经济学，美学，科技，市政规章和政治。

3. Various damping strategies are employed to reduce the effect of wind loads applied to tall buildings. 各阻尼策略来降低施加到高大建筑物风荷载的影响。

4. A bridge usually controls the capacity of a transportation system ,and is the highest cost per mile of the system. 网桥通常控制一个运输系统，是每英里成本最高的系统。

5. The arch form is intended to reduce bending moments ( and hence tensile stresses) in the superstructure and should be economical in material compared with an equivalent straight, simply supported girder or truss. 拱形式是为了减少弯曲力矩（和拉伸应力）在上层建筑及用等效直，简支梁或桁架相比应该是经济的材料。

6. A road is a thoroughfare , route , or way between two places, which typically has been improved to allow travel by some conveyance , including a horse ,cart , or motorized vehicle. 一条路是两个地方，这通常已得到改进，让旅行的一些运输工具，包括马，车，或机动车辆之间的通道，路由或方式。

7. The process is often begun with the removal of earth and rock by digging or blasting , construction of embankments, bridges and tunnels , and removal of vegetation ( this may involve deforestation ) and followed by the laying of pavement material. 这个过程往往开始与通过挖掘或爆破拆除土石方，建筑堤坝，桥梁和隧道，以及去除植被的（这可能涉及毁林）和随后路面材料铺设。

8. Roadways are designed and built for primary use by vehicular and pedestrian traffic. 道路被车辆和行人交通设计和建造的主要用途

9. Processes during earthwork include excavation , removal of material to spoil ,filling , compacting ,construction and trimming.土方在流程包括采挖，除去材料破坏的，填充，压实，施工和修剪。

10. Pavements are designed for an expected service life or design life .In some UK countries the standard design life is 40 years for new bitumen and concrete pavement.路面设计为预期使用寿命或设计寿命。在一些英国国家标准设计寿命为40年，新沥青和混凝土路面

11. Providing quality control testing especially in compacted fills and structural foundations. 提供了尤其是在压实填充和结构基础质量控制测试

12. Geotechnical engineering is the branch of civil engineering that deals with soil ,rock ,and underground water ,and their relation to design , construction and operation of engineering projects.

岩土工程是土木工程的分支，涉及到土，岩石和地下水以及它们与工程项目设计，建造和运营的联系。

With the development of increasingly taller buildings using lighter members , serviceability issues like lateral sway, floor vibration , and occupant comfort need to be given more attention .

随着越来越多的高层建筑使用轻质构件，诸如侧向摆动，楼门震动和居住者舒适

度这样的适用性问题需要给予更多的关注.

Investigation Surveying Planning Design Execution Research and development

geotechnical 土工技术的 geology 地质学，地质情况

retaining wall 挡土墙 geoenvironmental 环境岩土工程

pavement 路面 shear wall 剪力墙

truss 桁架 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土

permeability 渗透性 vault 拱顶

torque 扭矩 span 跨度，跨径

pier 桥墩 anchorage 锚固

girder bridge 梁式桥 plasticity index 塑形指数

bitumen 沥青 engineering geology 工程地质学

geotechnics 土工学 foundation 基础

settlement 沉降 erosion 侵蚀

excavation 开挖 soil mechanics 土力学

rock mechanics 岩石力学

Structural Engineering : Structural engineering is concerned with the structural design and structural analysis of buildings , bridges , towers, flyovers , tunnels , off-shore structures like oil and gas fields in the sea , and other structures . 结构工程师：结构工程所关注的是结构设计和建筑的结构分析，桥梁，铁塔，天桥，隧道，离岸结构，如中海石油和天然气田，和其他结构。

Transportation Engineering : transportation engineering is concerned with moving people and goods efficiently . Safely , and in a manner conducive to a vibrant community. 交通工程：交通工程关注的是有效地运送人员和货物。安全，并在有利于一个充满活力的社区的方式。

Geotechnical Engineering ； Geotechnical engineering is an area of civil engineering concerned with the rock and soil that civil engineering systems are supported by. 岩土工程，岩土工程是土木工程的关注与土木工程系统所支持的岩石和土壤的区域。

Earthquake Engineering : Earthquake engineering covers ability of various structures to withstand hazardous earthquake exposures at the sites of their particular location . 地震工程：地震工程涵盖了各种结构承受地震危险

暴露在他们的特定位置的地盘的能力。

Construction Materials : Construction materials deal with bricks, stones, cement, concrete and steel etc. 建筑材料：建筑材料处理砖块，石头，水泥，混凝土和钢材等

Surveying : Surveying is the process by which a surveyor measures certain dimensions that generally occur on the surface of the Earth . 测量：测量是一个过程，其中一个师的措施一定规模的一般发生在地球表面上。

Construction Engineering : Construction engineering involves planning and execution of the designs from transportation , site development, hydraulic , environmental , structural and geotechnical engineers. 建设工程：建设工程涉及的规划和执行从交通，网站开发，水力，环境，结构及岩土工程师的设计。 Water Resources Engineering ；Water resources engineering is concerned with the collection and management of water (as a natural resource). 水资源工程，水资源工程是关注水的收集和管理（作为自然资源）。

Coastal Engineering : Coastal engineering is concerned with managing coastal areas . 海岸工程：海岸工程关注的是管理沿海地区。

Environmental Engineering : Environmental engineering deals with the treatment of chemical , biological, and/or thermal waste , the purification of water and air , and the remediation of contaminated sites , due to prior waste disposal or accidental contamination. 环境工程：环境工程涉及处理化学，生物，和/或热能废物，水和空气的净化和污染场地的修复，由于之前的废物处置或意外污染。

Municipal Engineering : Municipal engineering is concerned with municipal infrastructure. 市政工程：市政工程涉及市政基础设施。

第二篇：土木工程专业英语课后答案

土木工程专业英语课后答案

Unite 2

2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .

（1）cross section 截面 （2）bending moment 弯矩

（3）live load 活载 （4）force due to gravity 重力

（5）building code 建筑规范 （6）functional design 功能设计

（7）nonstructural components 非结构构件 （8）Nonprofit organization非赢利组织

（9）the Uniform Building Code统一建筑规范

（10）the Standard Building Code标准建筑规范

3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.

（1）The structural design of buildings ,whether of structural steel(结构钢) or reinforced concrete(钢筋混凝土),requires the determination of the overall proportions(整体比例) and dimensions of the supporting framework(支撑结构) and the selection of the cross sections of individual members.

建筑的结构设计，不论是用结构钢还是用钢筋混凝土材料，都要决定其整体比例和支撑结构的大小，以及选择单个构件的截面尺寸。

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（2）The architect decides how the building should look; the engineer must make sure that it doesn’t fall down.

建筑师决定建筑物的外观，结构工程师必须保证它不会倒塌。

（3）A good design requires the evaluation of several framing plans(框架平面图)-that is, different arrangements of members and their connections.

一个好的设计，要求要评估不同的框架平面图，也就是说，对构件和它们之间的连接可进行不同的布置。

（4）Before any analysis, however, a decision must be made on the building material to be used ;it will usually be reinforced concrete ,structural steel ,or both.

然而，在做任何分析之前，必须决定建筑物的使用材料，通常可以是钢筋混凝土，结构钢，或者两者公用。

（5）All of the loads mentioned thus far(目前为止) are forces due to gravity and are referred to as gravity loads.

目前为止所提到的荷载，均是由于重力而产生的，或者被当作是重力荷载。

（6）If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure ,fatigue stress(疲劳应力) becomes a problem ,and we must account for its effects.

若果荷载在结构寿命里被多次应用并撤除，则疲劳应力就会成为问题，我们必须考虑它的影响。

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（7）Since lateral loads(侧向荷载) are most detrimental(对 有害) to tall structures ,wind loads are usually not as important for low buildings, but uplift(浮托力) on light roof systems(屋顶体系) can be critical. 由于侧向荷载对高层建筑物最有害，因此，对于低层建筑物风荷载通常都是不重要的，但是浮托力对屋顶体系却是至关重要的。

（8）A structural analysis of the effects of an earthquake requires an analysis of the structure’s response to the ground motion produced by the earthquake

分析地震对结构的作用，需分析由于地震而引起的相应的地面运动。

（9）Other types of live load are often treated as separate categories ,such as hydrostatic pressure(液体静压力) and soil pressure

其他类型的活载通常被当作独立的类别，例如液体静压力和土压力。

（10）Although some large cities write their own building codes ,many municipalities(自治市) will adopt a “model” (典型)building code and modify it to suit their particular needs.

虽然有些大城市编写了自己的建筑规范，但是许多自治市仍然采用典型的建筑规范，即修改建筑规范以适应他们的特殊需求。

5、Translate the following sentence into English.

（1）作用在结构上的力被称为荷载。

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The forces that act on a structure are called loads.

（2）恒载就是固定不变的荷载，包括结构自身的重量。

Dead loads are those that are permanent, including the weight of the structure itself,

（3）活载不是恒载那样固定不变的活载，活载也可以是重力荷载。 Live loads, which can also be gravity loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead.

loads.

（4）建筑规范不规定设计方法，但规定必须满足的设计要求和强制条件。

Building codes do not give design procedures, but they do specify the design

requirements and constraints that must be satisfied.

（5）与建筑规范不同，设计规范对结构构件及其连接的设计做了详细的指导。

In contrast to building codes, design specifications give more specific guidance for the

design of structural members and their connections.

Unite 4

2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .

（1）Sustained load 长期荷载 （2）Cement gel 水泥凝胶体

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（3）Water-cement ratio 水灰比 （4）The stability of the structure结构稳定

（5）The expansion joint 伸缩缝 （6）Moisture content 含水量

（7）Cement paste 水泥浆

（8）The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete 混凝土热膨胀系

（9）Permanent plastic strain 永久塑性应变

（10）The fatigue strength of concrete 混凝土疲劳强度

3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.

(1)The cause of the volume changes in concrete can be attributed to changes in moisture content, chemical reaction of the cement with water, variation in temperature, and applied loads.

混凝土的体积变化的原因可以归结为水分含量,水泥和水的化学反应，温度以及施加荷载的变化。

(2)High-early-strength and low-heat cement show more shrinkage than normal Portland cement.

高早强和低热水泥显示超过普通硅酸盐水泥收缩。

(3)The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage. 骨料含量越大，收缩越小。

(4)Therefore, cracks may develop in concrete when a high percentage of steel is used.

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因此，当使用高比例的钢铁时将可能产生混凝土裂缝。

(5)Generally, concrete shrinks at a high rate during the initial period of hardening, but at later stages the rate diminishes gradually.

一般来说，在硬化过程中初期率很高，但在稍后阶段混凝土收缩率逐渐减小。

（6）Under sustained load, plastic deformation continues to develop over a period that may last for years.

持续负荷下，塑性变形继续发展一段时间，可能持续数年。

(7)Creep increases with an increase of stress in specimens made from concrete of the same strength and with the same duration of load. 与标本中增加的压力增大制成的蠕变相同强度混凝土和时间相同的负载

与标本中的压力相同强度的混凝土，并与负荷增加同一时间作出蠕变增加

(8)Creep is reduced with an increase in the humidity of the ambient air 蠕变的减少是由于在周围的空气湿度增加

(9) Creep is decreases with an increase in the size of the tested specimen.

蠕变是一个经过测试的试件尺寸增大而减小.

(10)High-temperature steam curing of concrete as well as per use of a plasticizer will reduce the amount of creep.

高温蒸汽作为增塑剂正确使用混凝土养护将减少蠕变量.

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5、Translate the following sentence into English.

（1）如果通过蒸发失去水分，混凝土就会收缩，但在水中硬化则会膨胀。

If it loses moisture(水份) by evaporation(蒸发),concrete shrinks, but if the concrete

hardens in water, it expands.

（2）影响混凝土收缩的因素很多，如水泥和水的含量、骨料的级配以及环境条件等。

Many factors influence the shrinkage of concrete such as cement and water content、

gradation(等级) of aggregate and ambient conditions and so on。

（3）混凝土拌合物中的水泥含量越多或含水量越多，收缩量则越大。 The more cement or water content in the concrete mix, the greater the shrinkage.

（4）混凝土不是热的良导体，而钢筋是。

Concrete is not a good conductor of heat, whereas steel is a good one.

（5）在荷载作用期间，大约80%的徐变产生在前4个月内，大约2年后完成90%的徐变。

Creep increases with the loading period. About 80% of the creep occurs within the first 4

months;90%occurs after about 2 years.

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Unite 6

2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .

（1）the magnitude of the applied load 所施加负荷的大小 （6）悬挂结构 suspension structure

（2）quasi-static loading 拟静力荷载 （7）应力应变成正比 stress is proportional to strain

（3）planar loading 平面结构 （8）结构的变形 the deformation of the structure

（4）planar loading 面荷载 （9）分析模型 analytical model

（5）plastic material 塑性材料 （10）弹性材料 elastic material

3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.

(1)Furthermore, it is the need for a safe, serviceable, feasible, and aesthetically pleasing fulfillment of a function that dictates(指示) the form, material, and manner of loading of a structure.

此外，满足结构安全性、适用性、可行性以及美观这一功能的需要决定了结构的形式，材料和加载方式。

(2)Fig.6.1 illustrates schematically(按图说明) the relationships among the function a structure is to fulfill, the form and material and loading on the structure, the behavior of the structure ,and the analytical model of the structure.

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图6.1说明：结构要实现的功能、形式、材料、结构上的荷载、结构的性能以及结构分析模型之间的关系。

(3)At this point(此时此刻) we need to discuss some of the aspects of structural behavior indicated in Fig.6.1 and to explain their respective relationships to the form and material of the structure.

此时此刻，我们需要讨论图6.1中表示出来的结构性能的某些方面，并且解释结构的形式和材料之间各自的关系。

(4)Materials may be classified as elastic, plastic, or viscoelastic. 材料可分为弹性，塑性，或粘弹性。

(5)The deformations of viscoelastic materials depend on time and therefore load history, whereas the deformations of elastic and plastic materials do not.

粘弹性材料的变形取决于时间和先前的加载历史,然而弹塑性材料的变形却不是。

(6)Energy is generally lost if a system does not recover its initial shape after unloading owing either to plastic behavior of the material or to frication forces within or between parts of the structure .

如果一个结构体系在卸载之后不能恢复到原先的形状，则能量一般会丢失，原因是材料的塑性性能，或结构各部分内部或之间的摩擦力。

(7)All these behavioral aspects of the structure will have a significant influence on the nature of the analysis used in studying the structure. 所有结构的这些性能方面将对研究结构分析的本质产生重大影响。 9

(8)In addition, in developing the analytical model it will be necessary to consider whether the structural material is homogeneous(均匀的) or nonhomogeneous and whether it is isotropic, orthotropic, or anisotropic

此外，在发展分析模型中，将有必要考虑结构材料是否是均匀的，或者是非均匀的，以及它是否是各向同性，正交异性，或各向异性。

(9)However, it is important to recognize at the outset(起初) that the concepts that will be presented can be extended to the solution of many other classes of structural problems, including those involving(涉及) dynamic response(动力响应), material and geometric nonlinearities, inelasticity, instability, and continuous systems.

然而，一开始就要认识到提出的概念可以延伸到许多其他各种类型的结构性问题的解决方法，这些问题包括涉及动力响应，材料和几何非线性，非弹性，失稳和连续的体系。

(10)Loads usually need be treated as dynamic only if they are periodic in nature or they are applied very suddenly.

只有荷载本质上是定期或者施加很突然时，则荷载通常需要被视为动态的。

5、Translate the following sentence into English.

（1）结构的分类有多种方法，普通观察者会首先根据它们各自的功能把结构分为房屋、桥梁、船舶、塔架等等。

Structures can be classified in a variety of way. The casual observer(临 10

时观测人) might first consider classifying structures(把建筑分级) according to their respective functions(各自功能): buildings, bridges, ships, aircraft, towers, and so on.

（2）结构设计中，需要考虑的是结构的安全性、适用性和可行性。 In structural design, it is the need for a safe, serviceable, feasible.

（3）如果结构对荷载的反应，比如一点的位移，与施加的荷载大小成正比，则结构为线性的。

A structure is linear if its response to loading, say displacement at a point, is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied load.

（4）各向同性材料的物理性能在任一点的所有方向是相同的。 The physical properties of homogeneous materials are the same at each point.

（5）结构的性能通常是很难清除描述的，因为结构的材料既不是线性或非线性的，也不是弹性或塑性的。

the picture of structural behavior is generally not so clear as that just painted. That is, materials are not either “linear” or “nonlinear” and “elastic” or “plastic”.

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