初中语法总结及练习
〔九〕非谓语动词-动名词及分词
动名词 动名词同时具有 ____ 特性及____的特征，它的动词特征是它可有宾语和状语；它的名词特征是它可做主语、宾语。
动名词的形式：否定式为 _________ doing, 完成式为 ____________，被动式为 ____________ /having been done
□动名词可充当： 主语(Seeing is believing);※谓语动词必须用 ___ 数形式; 作表语(be+:注意比较His job is washing clothes/he is washing<现在分词> clothes)；作定语reading room ※动名词与所修饰的名词没有逻辑主谓关系，试比较missing<现在分词> bike);作补语I saw this robbing Peter to pay Paul.(我把这叫做拆了东墙补西墙); 作_______词、______ 词的宾语(如enjoy doing, look forward to doing)
□动名词与不定式作直接宾语时在含义上的区别
①forget doing/to do sth. ②remember doing/to do sth. ③stop doing sth.和stop to do sth. ④regret doing sth. 表示“后悔过去做过的某一件事情” regret to do sth.意思是“对正在做的，或者是还未做的事情表示后悔”。⑤want, need, require表示“需要”的意思时，后面常使用动名词或不定式的被动式。This car needs repairing. →This car needs____________ (repair).
□动名词的常用句型 ①go + doing sth. 去做……②be worth doing sth. ③can't help + doing sth. ④be used to + doing sth. ⑤It is no use(good)+doing sth. ⑥forgive sb. for doing sth./prevent sb. from doing sth.⑦ without + doing sth. 没有做……就……She kept sitting there without saying to anybody.她一直坐在那里，默不做声。⑧ no + doing...表示“禁止，不准”。No parking.
分词分为 _____ 分词和 _____ 分词两种形式。
□现在分词与过去分词的比较
①所表示的语态不同: 现在分词具有主动和进行的含义，常用于修饰______；而过去分词含有被动的意思，经常用于说明_____的情况。如：an exciting film/the excited people
②所表示的时间不同：现在分词表示正在进行的动作、行为；而过去分词是说明 ________了的动作或行为。如：developing countries /developed countries
③所表示的语义不同：多数现在分词可译为“使人怎样……”；用来说明事或物的性质；而过去分词的含义为“某人感到怎样……”，说明人的感觉。
其它：moving/moved, amusing/amused, boring/bored, astonishing/astonished,
discouraging/discouraged, disappointing/disappointed, frightening/frightened,
inspiring/inspired, amazing/amazed
④所用的修饰语不同: 现在分词之前常用表示程度的修饰语 ______，而过去分词之前常用much。The game is very exciting. We’re ______ excited at the game.
现在分词有____词和形容词的双重特性，可作定状补表，有时式和语态的变化，有逻辑主语。
①现在分词常可用作定语、表语<常表示性质，不表动作>( interesting,)※现在分词短语一般置于所饰的名词之_____ The car parking under the tree.
②现在分词用作补语 ※表示感官的动词接现在分词，表示动作正在发生(notice, watch等)或使役动词 (have, get, keep, leave等) 如：I kept the boy _____ (wait).※用作主补，常用于被．．．．
动语态中 如：He was seen stealing money.
③现在分词常可用作状语 ※ 表时间，可置于句首、中、末，如：She drove away_____ (cry).分词动作与谓语动作同时发生; Climbing to the top, I saw it. 分词动作与谓语动作先后发生; Not___________ (finish)the homework, he had to stay up late at night .谓语动作之前发生。※现在分词之前可用连词when或while(e.g. when sleeping) 强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生。※表原因，可置于句中、末，如: _____ (be) sick I stayed at home.※表条件，可置于谓语之前或之后，如：I’ll be better off walking.
※表让步，如：_________ (know) this, they made me pay for this coat.※表结果、方式，如：She threw the doll on the floor _______ (break) it to pieces;
④现在分词短语具有替代从句的作用※替代定语从句 Students wishing to go hiking should sign their names here.（=Students who wish to go hiking should sign their names here.）※替代状语从句的作用Knowing that he couldn't solve the problem in this way, he changed his mind. (＝Because he knew that he couldn't solve the problem in this way, he changed his mind.)※分词的独立主格结构 分词或者分词短语作状语使用时，其逻辑主语一定要和句子的主语一致。如果不一致，须在分词之前加上它的逻辑主语，这就是独立主格结构。After a little while, the mother came over and embraced him.
□经常使用现在分词的句型 be busy + doing sth. /spend (waste) time(money)+doing sth. /catch (find) sb.+ doing sth. 抓住、发现某人在做某事I found myself lying on the ground.(=I found that I was lying on the ground.)/have sb. + doing sth. 让(请)某人做某事 e.g. Do you have anybody sending your daughter home?/keep sb. + doing sth 让某人持续做某事
过去分词具有___词和形容词的双重特性。在句中的作用相当于形容词和副词，在句中可用作定、状、补、表语。
□过去分词可用作定语<常表已完成的动作，但过去分词短语作定语时常置于所修饰的名词之___>；用作表语，如 be surprise with <有时可用于倒装句中，如Gone are the days>。 □用作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随。※_____(When/while) Heated, the mental expands.(受热即膨胀)※_____Gone from home so long, he looks forward to the
meeting with his old friends.※_____United, we stand; divided, we fall.※_____ (Although)Fell far behind from the others, he still keeps on trying.※_____She stood there much disappointed. （填写时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随）
□用作补语※用作宾补时，其前的动作多为感官动词和使役动词<find, leave, want, ‘d like>。E.g. He is having their house_____ (paint) .※用作主补The fire is reported controlled.
□用作表语时，相当于形容词；过去分词用于被动态时，则表动作。The road is completed. (竣工)
专项练习:
1.No one enjoys _____ at.
A. laughing B. to laugh C. being laughed D. to be laughed
2.You must do something to prevent your house__________ .
A. to be broken in B. from being broken in C. to break in D. from breaking in
3.They insisted on _________another chance to try.
A.given B.giving C.being given D.to be given
4.—Where is my passport? I remember________ it here.
—You shouldn't have left it here. Remember____________ it with you all the time.
A. to put；to take B. putting；taking C. putting；to take D. to put；taking
5.His room needs _______ , so he must have it_________.
A. painting；painted B. painted；painting C. painting；painting D. painted；painted
6.After finishing his homework he went on _______ a letter to his parents.
A. write B. writing C. wrote D. to write
7.The young trees we planted last week require ________with great care.
A. looking after B. to look after C. to be looked after D. taken good care of
8.Only_______ English doesn't mean _______ the language.
A. to learn；to learn B. learning；learning
C. learning about；learn D. learning about；learning
9.She returned home only to find the door open and something _________ .
A. missed B. to be missing C. missing D. to be missed
10.She decided to devote herself ______the problem of old age.
A. to study B. studying C. to studying D. study
11. It took the workmen only two hours to finish ________ my car.
A. repairing B. repair C. to repair D. repaired
12. It's no good ________ over split milk.
A. to cry B. crying C. cried D. cry
13. Have you forgotten ___________$1000 from me last month? Will you please remember _________ it tomorrow?
A. borrowing; to bring B. to borrow; bring
C. borrowed; bringing D. borrowing; bringing
14. The classroom wants __________.
A. clean B. cleaned C. to clean D. cleaning
15. Jack said that he wouldn't mind ___________ for us.
A. to wait B. wait C. waiting D. waited
16. My brother keeps _________ me with my work.
A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped
17.We should often practice _________ English with each other.
A. to speak B. spoke C. speak D. speaking
18.Keep on _________ and you will succeed.
A. a try B. try C. triing D. trying
19.His parents insist on ____________ to college.
A. he should go B. he go C. his going D.him to go
20.The story was so funny that we ___________.
A. couldn't help laugh B. can't but laugh
C. couldn't help laughing D. couldn't help but to laugh
21._______ the news of his father's death, he burst into tears.※
A. After hearing B. On hearing C. While hearing D. Having heard
22. I regretted _____ that to her.
A. having said B. to have said C. to say D. /
23.__________ clean is a safeguard against disease.
A.To be keeping B.Kept C.Keep D.Keeping
24.Seeing is _________.
A.to believe B.believing C.believed D.being believed
25．-What's made Ruth so upset? -_____ three tickets to the folk music concert.
A. Lost B. Losing C. Because of losing D. Since she lost
26．Don't forget _____ this book to John when you see him.
A. to return B. returning C. return D. to returning
27．Only one of these books is _____.
A. worth to read B. worth being read C. worth of reading D. worth reading
28．We are both looking forward to _____ next week.
A. going on vacation B. go on vacation
C. be going on vacation D. have gone on vacation
29．He had no difficulty _____ the problems.
A. working out B. having worked out
C. to have worked out D. to work out
30．-You've done very well this time. -It's really kind______.
A. for you to say so B. for you saying so
C. of you to say so D. of you saying so
31.It is better to lose one's life than ______.
A. if you lose your spirit B. losing his spirit
C. to lose one's spirit D. your spirit getting lost
32.-I can't work it out this way. -Why not ______ it some other way?
A. try to do B. try doing C. trying to do D. trying doing
33. To say is one thing, and ______is another.
A. to do B. doing C. to do it D. saying it
34. Since you find it difficult ______a decision, you'd better ______ a discussion with your parents. A. reach; have B. reaching; have C. reach; having D. to reach; have
35. He would rather go than______ here for the night.
A. to stay B. stay C. staying D. stayed
36.The purpose of mastering a new technology is to make life easier, ______it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
37. I've worked with children before, so I know what______ in my new job.
A. expected B. expects C. to expect D. to be expecting
38.There isn't any difference between the two. I really don't know__________ .
A. where to choose B. what to choose C. which to choose D. to choose which
39. She didn't know whether to sell her books or__________.
A. to keep them for reference
B. if she should keep them for reference
C. keeping them for reference
D. kept them for reference
40. Paul doesn't have to be made _______ .He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
41. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him_______ .
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
42. The patient was warned _______oily（油腻） food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
43. I would love _________to the party last night, but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
44. Nobody noticed the thief slip（溜进） into the house because the lights happened to_________. A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out
45. My father hates________. He never allows me_________ .
A. to smoke; to smoke B. smoking; smoking
C. smoke; smoking D. smoking; to smoke
46. The girl was beginning_______.
A. get angry B. to get angry C. getting angry D. angry
47. The Internet makes it easy __________ much new information in a short time.
A. get B. to get C. gets D. getting
48. Do you mind _________ the window?
A. my opening B. my to open C. if I am going to open D. if I will open
49.If he succeeded _______ a job, his children wouldn't be suffering from hunger now.
A. to find B. to look for C. in finding D. in looking for
50._______ his mother, the baby could not help _______.
A. To see；to laugh B. Seeing；to laugh
C. Seeing；laughing D. To see；laughing