Part Three The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution
第三部分 英国资产阶级革命时期
I The English Revolution and the Restoration 英国革命和复辟
Literature of the Revolution Period 革命时期的文学：
The spirit of unity and feeling of patriotism ended with the reign of Elizabeth I, and England was then convulsed with the conflict between the two antagonistic camps, the Royalists and the Puritans. English literature of this revolution and restoration period was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time. Milton, one of the greatest poets of England, defended the English Commonwealth with his pen.
随着伊丽莎白一世统治的结束，人们统一的精神和爱国主义的感情也随之而去。英国因为量大对抗阵营——保皇党和清教徒的冲突而骚乱。英国革命和复辟时期的文学主要与当时的社会巨变有关。英格兰最伟大的诗人之一弥尔顿用他的笔来捍卫英国共和制。
II Milton 弥尔顿
1.Life and Work 生平和作品
(1)Life: John Milton was born in London in 1608.
约翰·弥尔顿1608年出生于伦敦。
(2)Work:
a.While in Cambridge, Milton wrote his first important work, On the Working of Christ’s Nativity. L’Allegro and II Penseroso, the twin lyrical poems, were probably written during his years at Horton. They describe respectively the cheerful social mood and the meditative solitary mood of the poet, and their ease and lightness make them today perhaps the most generally read of his poems.
作品：在剑桥的时候，弥尔顿写下了他的第一部重要作品，《在基督诞生的早上》、《快恶劣的人》和《幽思的人》，这两首姊妹篇抒情诗很可能写于他在霍顿的那些岁月。两首诗分别描述了欢快的社会氛围和沉默诗人孤寂的心境。其悠闲、轻淡的格调使它们成为弥尔顿诗歌中拥有最广泛的读者群。
b.His reply was Lycidas, an elegy. Expressing the pathos of his friend’s premature death, Milton took the occasion to attack “the corrupt clergy” of the time and prophesy their ruin.
米尔顿回复一首挽歌《莱西达斯》，表达了对友人早逝的悲伤与惆怅。他还借此机会攻击了当时“腐败的神职人员”并预言他们的灭亡。
(3)His Travel on the Continent 在大陆的旅行
Leading intellectuals, including Galileo, the famous Italian scientist.
还看了因为自己的科学发现而遭受老于迫害的意大利著名科学家伽利略。
2.Paradise Lost 《失乐园》
(1)Paradise Lost 《失乐园》
Paradise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece. It is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse.
《失乐园》是米尔顿的代表作。这是一部用无韵诗写成的包含12卷的长篇史
诗。
(2)Theme and Characterization 主题与人物刻画
a.The poem, as we are told at the outset, was “to justify the ways of God to man.” i.e. to advocate submission to the Almighty. But after reading it one gets the impression that the main idea of the poem is a revolt against God’s authority.
就像开篇告诉我们的那样，这首诗是要“为上帝对待人类的方式正言”，即提倡服从全知全能的上帝。但读完之后，我们就会发现这首诗的主要意思是反叛上帝的权威。
b.It has been noticed by many crisis that the picture of God surrounded by his angels, who never think of expressing any opinions of their own, resembles the court of an absolute monarch, while Satan and his followers, who freely discuss all issues in council, bear close resemblance to a republican Parliament. This alone is sufficient to prove that Milton’s revolutionary feelings made him forsake religious orthodoxy. 许多批判家注意到，上帝被从未想过要发表自己意见的天使簇拥着这一幅画面就与专制君主的宫廷很相似，而在会议上自由讨论问题的撒旦及其追随者正与共和党议会十分相似。仅这一点就足以证明，米尔顿的革命情感使他放弃了宗教的正统学说。
(3)The Image of Satan 撒旦形象
a.The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and Satan is the real hero of the poem.
《失乐园》最精彩的部分就是对地狱的描写，而撒旦则是这首诗歌真正的主人公。
b.Though feebler in force, he remains superior in nobility, since he prefers independence to happy servility, and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty, and a joy.
他虽在力量上越来越弱，但在精神上却越来越高贵，因为他宁愿自由独立，而不愿接受快乐的奴性生活。他迎接自己的失败与痛苦，并把这种失败与痛苦视为一种光荣、自由和乐趣。
c.Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.
撒旦有一种挑战上帝权威的精神。
d.These are the proud and somber political passions of the persecuted Republicans after Restoration. Milton was “of the devil’s party without knowing it.”
这些多体现了复辟后受迫害的共和单人骄傲而阴郁的激情。弥尔顿“与魔鬼同党自己还不知道”
3.Brief Summary 小结
(1)Milton was political in both his life and his art. He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet of the 17th century. It is no wonder that every progressive English poet since Milton owed much to his influence.
米尔顿在生活与艺术生都是具有政治性的。他是英国革命时期宣传小册子的作者，也是17世纪英国最伟大的革命诗人。难怪弥尔顿之后英国每一位进步诗人都收他影响良多。
(2)Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse.
弥尔顿创作了英国文学中最伟大的史诗。他和莎士比亚总是被视作英国诗文的两个典范。
(3)Milton is a master of the Blank verse. He first used blank verse in nondramatic works. In Paradise Lost, he acquires an absolute mastery of the blank verse.
弥尔顿是以为无韵体诗创作大师。他首先在其戏剧作品中运用无韵体诗。《失乐园》中他对无韵体诗的把握已经到了无懈可击的地步。
(4)Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style.
弥尔顿是一位伟大的文体学家。它以其宏伟的文风著称。
(5)Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.
弥尔顿向来以思想的高尚和表意的宏伟气势而备受尊敬。
III Bunyan 班杨
The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》
The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory. It tells of the spiritual pilgrimage of Christian.
《天路历程》是一部宗教寓言。这本书讲的是基督的精神历程。
1.Though an allegory, its characters impress the reader like real persons. The places that Bunyan paints in words are English scenes, and the conversations which enliven his narratives vividly repeat the language of his time. In reality, the Celestial City in the Pilgrim’s Progress is the vision of an ideal happy society dreamed by a poor tinker in the 17th century, through a veil of religious mist.
虽然是一部寓言书，其中的人物却像真人一样给读者留下了深刻印象。班杨用语言描绘的场景在英国确有其地，书中神气活现的对话也是用当时的语言创作的。《天路历程》中的神圣之域，虽然这上了一层宗教的面纱，事实上，是17是一个穷苦补锅匠所梦想的理想社会的一幅美好图画。
2.One of the most remarkable passage is that in which Vanity Fair and the persecution of Christian and his friend Faithful are described.
最值得注意的段落之一就是对名利场以及基督徒和他的朋友忠信受到迫害的那段描述。
3.Bunyan’s prose is admirable. It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible. Spenser’s allegory in The Faerie Queene appears ornate when compared with Bunyan.
半羊的散文是值得仰慕的。他的散文糅合了通俗语言和英文圣经中严肃、高尚和简洁语言的特点。先比之下，斯宾塞的寓言作品《仙后》就显得辞藻华丽了。 IV Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets 玄学派诗人和骑士派诗人
1.Time: About the beginning of the 17th century appeared a school of poets called “Metaphysicals” by Samuel Johnson, the 18th century writer. The works of the Metaphysical poets are characterized, generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.
时间：大约17实际支出，就出现了一个被18世纪作家塞缪尔·约翰逊称为玄学派诗人的诗歌流派。大致上讲，玄学派诗人的作品都以内容神秘而形式荒诞为特点。
2.John Donne 约翰·邓恩
(1)He is the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.
他是玄学派诗歌的创始人。
(2)His poems can be divided into two categories: the youthful love lyrics, published after his death as Songs and Sonnets in 1633, and the later sacred verses, published in 1624 as Devotions upon Emergent Occasions.
他的诗歌可分为两类：：死后出版的青年爱情诗，如1633年出版的《歌与十四行诗》和晚期发表于1642年的宗教诗文《突变引起的诚念》。
(3)Donne is a poet of peculiar conceits, having his own way of reasoning and comparison.
邓恩是一个会运用奇思妙喻的诗人，他有自己的推理与比较方法。
(4)Being impatient of conventional verse forms and well-worn similes, Donne often seeks out complex rhythms and strange images. This originality of his poetic art won for him a number of followers among the poets of his time and is still the study of modern poets.
邓恩厌烦了传统的诗节形式和陈腐的比喻，他经常寻找复杂的节奏和奇特的意向。他在诗歌艺术上的原创性在当时赢得了很多诗人的追随崇拜。他同时也是现代诗人的研究对象。
3.George Herbert 乔治·赫伯特
4.Andrew Marvell 安德鲁·马维尔
5.Henry Vaughan 亨利·沃恩
(1)Another school of poetry prevailing in the period was that of Cavalier Pets, i.e. those verse-writes, often knights and squires, who sided with the King against the parliament and Puritans.
这一时期流行的另外一个诗歌学派就是骑士派，这些诗人经常是骑士和乡绅，他们站在国王这边反对议会和清教徒。
(2)They mostly delt in short songs on the flitting joys of the day, but underneath their lightheartedness lies some foreboding of impending doom.
他们大都以短歌的形式描写轻松快乐的生活，但是在他们轻松的外表下隐藏了世界末日即将来临的预感。
(3)Between the Metaphysicals and the Cavaliers there is a similar awareness of mortality, which is expressed as an intense melancholy by the former, and by the latter as a bitter consciousness of the transitoriness of human glory and joy. This spirit of pessimism is typical of the aristocratic class in decline.
玄学派与骑士派有一个共同特点，那就是人生必死意识，前者以深切的忧思将之表现出来，而后者痛苦的意识到人类光荣与快乐的短暂。这种消极精神在没落贵族阶级中非常典型。
V Restoration Literature 复辟时期的文学
1.Restoration Comedy 王超复辟时期的喜剧
(1)Background: The Restoration period ( 1660-1688 ) was a period of reaction and degeneration.
王朝复辟时期（1660-1688）是一个反动与堕落的时期。
(2)The spirit of the age was best expressed by the drama on the London stage. 这一时期的精神还是在伦敦舞台上的戏剧中得到了最好体现。
(3)Feature of Restoration Comedy: The Restoration comedy was often witty and clever, but on the whole cynical and immoral. The pure, heart-and-soul and faithful
love touchingly depicted and eulogized in Shakespeare’s great comedies had degenerated into the pleasure-seeking of the court rakes and roguish Cavaliers, which constitute the whole atmosphere of Restoration comedy.
复辟时期喜剧的特点：复辟时期的喜剧经常诙谐机智，但从总体上讲都是自私、可耻和不道德的。莎士比亚伟大的戏剧中描写和讴歌过的单纯的、全心全意的、忠实的爱情蜕变成了宫廷无赖和流氓骑士的自私寻欢作乐，这构成了复辟时期戏剧的总体氛围。
2.John Dryden 约翰·德莱顿
(1)The most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden, poet, playwright and critic.
复辟时期最杰出的文学人物是诗人、剧作家和批评家约翰·德莱顿。
(2)His most famous prose composition is An Essay of Dramatic Poesy, which established his position as the leading critic of the day. Poet Laureate and Historiographer Royal.
他最著名的散文作品《论戏剧诗》奠定了当时主要批判评家的地位。德莱顿被封为桂冠诗人和皇家史官。
(3)English literature of the Restoration period was modeled on the literature of France where classicism was then prevailing. The classicists upheld reason, law and order in literature instead of the free expression of man’s individuality in the Renaissance. The English poets and writers of the Restoration wrote under this influence. So did Dryden. Following the standards of classicism, he established the heroic couplet as one of the principal English verse forms, clarified the English prose and made it precise, concise and flexible, and raised English literary criticism to a new level. Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.
复辟时期的英国文学模仿了当时古典主义盛行的法国文学。古典主义者主张文学中的理智、法律和秩序。而不是文艺复兴时期主张的个人自由表达。复辟时期的英国诗人和作者是在这一影响下创作的，德莱顿也受此影响，他遵从古典主义准则，将英雄双韵体创立为英国的主要是个形式之一，他还阐明了英国散文的形式，使之精确、简洁和灵活，同时还把英国文学批评提高到了一个新的水平。的来顿时18世纪英国文学中古典学派的先行者。