The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was a great work published in 1885 and it was written by Mark Twain. As it known to all Mark Twain is a world-renowned literary giant and a gifted humorist. As a prolific writer, he makes great achievements in novels and short stories. However, what makes him popular are mainly his novels, in particular this book.

The story happens along the Mississippi River. Huckleberry Finn, a little uneducated white boy of about 13 years old. He comes from the lowest level of society. His father is a poor town drunkard. The other boy Jim is an ignorant, uneducated black slave named Jim. The book tells the story of Jim’s escape from slavery, and, how Huckleberry Finn tries his best to help Jim.

This is the first time that I read this book, when I finished it, was lost in contemplation. It takes me back to a children’s world. Finn’s unique personality, only the children can really understand. One the one hand, it’s a description of children’s world, they are naughty, innocent, and they have their own dreams. Huckleberry Finn and the group of children always want to do something big. Even though he is only a small boy, he can do something that adults dare not to do .Huck is a kid who naturally loves freedom. He grew up homeless and had no chance to receive family, school and church education. He liked independent life, hated life around the stagnant and hypocritical courtesy. He did not go to church to pray,

not wear decent clothes, and not learn from these “civilized” and the “gentle manner”. In the beginning, kindhearted widow Douglas, adopted the poor little Huck, and attempted to teach him and transformed him into a “civilized boy”. However, Huck soon tired of this decent, and felt that the days of “too sulk” is simply all day long, “a pain”. So “I put on my body worn clothes and drill down to my empty sugar barrel by myself. Then I feel free and satisfied”. Huck distained the “civilized” society’s enlightenment, and even questioned the sacred religious tenets: If a person can pray to get what he wants, then why still the loss of Wayne’s by selling pork do not come back? Why the widow’s galactic disk which was stolen do not come back......”So he constantly played hooky, and ran into the forest to have some “fresh air”. Even together with the “noble” person, he felt “itch”. Huck finally could not stand the stagnant life and the enlightenment of civilization, and he escaped to seek for his ideal free life.

On the other hand, Mark Twain’s three years’ life on the Mississippi left such a fond memory with him that he returned to the theme more than once in his writing career. Mark Twain------The half savage, tender, god-worshipping, believing boy, playing with rivers and man, ending on the Mississippi on the broad river that is the great artery flowing out of the heart of the land. It’s the miniature of real Mark Twain.

第二篇：《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中的反奴隶制

廊坊师范学院

本科生毕业论文

题目：《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中的反奴隶制 精神

姓名：杨芳

指导教师：许素波

系别：英语系

专业：英语教育

年级：02接本

完成时间 20xx年5月20日

The Spirit of Anti-slavery in The Adventures of

Huckleberry Finn

By

Yang Fang

Prof: Xu Subo

Submitted to the B.A. committee in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the English Department of Langfang Teachers College.

2004/5/20

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题目：《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中的反奴隶制精神

摘要:马克·吐温 是美国19世纪伟大的批判现实主义作家。他的不朽的杰作《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》仍被世代人爱不释手，这在于小说的反对奴隶制，追求自由的鲜明主题。这部小说被誉为一部 “反对种族歧视的伟大著作”。因此在美国文学史上保持着永久的艺术魅力。本文着重分析了密西西比河的象征意义——自由和仁慈; 及哈克从良心上逐步觉醒, 以至最后他坚定了反对奴隶制的 “良心”。由此可知, 哈克是当时社会一个反奴隶制的典型代表形象, 而越来越多的人也开始意识到必须废除奴隶制, 追求属于他们自己的民主和自由。

关键词：反奴隶制精神；自由；内战前；哈克；吉姆

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Title: The Spirit of Anti-slavery in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Abstract：Mark Twain is a famous American realistic writer in the nineteenth century. Generations of people have been reading with undiminished affection, his masterpiece The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, with opposing slavery and pursuing freedom as its theme. Providing Huck Finn with its ever-lasting charm in American literature, the novel has been considered as a great work against racial discrimination. This paper focuses on the analysis of the symbol of the Mississippi River—freedom and goodness, and the gradual process of Huck?s being awakened from conscience to anti-slavery consciousness. The analysis finally contributes to the conclusion that Huck is regarded as a representative of anti-slavery spirit of the then society in which a growing number of people are beginning to realize the great necessity of the thorough abolition of slavery and of the possession of freedom and democracy.

Key words: anti-slavery spirit; freedom; pre-civil; Huck; Jim

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Contents

I. Introduction ········································································································6

8

8 II. Mississippi—the Symbol of Freedom and Goodness 1. The Symbol of Freedom ···························································································

2. The Symbol of Goodness ···································································10 III. Awakening of Huck?s Anti-slavery Spirit

1. The Life Experience of Huck

2. The Awakening of Huck ·········································11 11 ···························································

····································································12

IV. The Influence of Jim on Huck?s Anti-slavery Spirit V. Conclusion

Notes ·····················16 18 20

21 ·································································································································································································································Bibliography ··········································································································

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I. Introduction

Mark Twain is the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Born in the Hamlet of Florida, Missouri, in 1835, Clemens grows up in the Mississippi River town of Hannibal that is later fictionalized in one of his most important, loved, influential and controversial novels: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain works on the novel in 1879-1880 and completes it in 1883. By 1883, he is more enthusiastic about the novel. “ This summer it is no more trouble to me write than it is to lie”. [1]The novel is banned by the Concord Public Library in 1885, the year of its publication, but it ranks number five in the American Library Association?s list of the most frequently challenged books of the 1990s. Lauded by literary critics, writers and the general reading public, Mark Twain?s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn commands one of the highest positions in the canon of American literature.

The main character in the novel, Huck, a boy about 13 years old, has been living with the Widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson, in the town of St.Petersburg. They have been trying to civilize him with proper dress, manners, and religious piety. He finds this life constraining and false and would rather live free and wild. Hearing that Huck has come into a large amount of money, his father kidnaps him and locks him in an old cabin across the river. To avoid his father?s cruel beating, Huck elaborately stages his own death and then escapes to Jackson?s Island, where he finds Jim run away, and the two decide to hide out together, and plan to connect with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois, which will lead them north into the free states, where slavery is outlawed. They miss Cairo in the fog one night and they are separated because of a steamship hitting the raft and damaging it. Huck swims ashore where he meets the feuding Grangfords and Shephsons. After 6

witnessing a violent eruption of the feud in which many people are killed, he finds Jim, and they return to the raft.

Huck and Jim feel secure and comfortable on the Mississippi. But the idyll is interrupted shortly thereafter and evil comes into this world with the Duke and the Dauphin imposing their unsavory world upon Huck?s. In one of the towns the King and the Duke impersonate the two brothers of Peter Wilks, who has been dead and left a small fortune. Their treachery tricks and despicable deeds repulse Huck to the extreme. So Huck manages to escape. However, his escape from the Duke and the King varies from his previous ones. Huck thwarts their plan to swindle Wilks and family out of their inheritance. The King and the Duke escape, but further down the river the two decide to sell Jim to Silas Phelps, who turns out to be Tom Sawyer?s uncle. To look for Jim, Huck enters the house of Tom?s uncle, Silas Phelps. Coincidentally, Tom, an old friend of Huck, is visiting his aunt and uncle. They meet and Tom persuades Huck to join him in an elaborate, ridiculous plan to free Jim. Huck prefers a quicker escape for Jim but caves into Tom?s wishes. Only after Tom?s plan has been played out, and Jim is recaptured, does Tom reveal that Miss Watson has actually freed Jim two months earlier, just before she dies.

The rapid development of the United States in terms of politics, economy, and culture in the first few decades of the nineteenth century leads to the growing acuteness of the clashes between the North and the South, which focus on slavery. At the beginning of 1830, many anti-slavery organizations are established. More and more people support the free slave policy and approve that slavery must be abolished. In the meantime, moribund southern slave plantation owners hold and raise hundreds and thousands of black slaves, who are regarded as “ the livestock of two feet.” and “ sociable tool.” Slave owners are free to curse and beat and buy 7

and sell, even murder slaves. Nobody will think it is illegal. After the Civil War, the government issues a declaration to emancipate the black slaves. Actually, Slaves still do not get freedom, let alone economical and political rights and interests. So, how to ensure the rights of the black and make them enjoy the real equality in terms of economy and politics still remains the problem of the time and is the major concern of the then society, especially of the intellectual circle. Mark Twain, as a representative of democracy and a humanitarian, writes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn that has immediate significance. It describes real life situations in a fictional story line perfectly. Twain puts the real life happening of slavery in a fun and fictional story and shows his opinions about slavery in the eyes of children.

II. Mississippi—the Symbol of Freedom and Goodness In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain uses the Mississippi River as an escape from society for the two characters: Huck and Jim. Twain is showing examples of his own life through the character Huck. The reason for saying this is that Mark Twain grows up in the Mississippi River town of Hannibal. His experience along the river plays an essential part in his later literary creation. In the novel, Huck goes through many adventures on the Mississippi River and escapes from Pap and sails down a way with an escaped slave named Jim. Throughout the story, the Mississippi River is an important symbol to the story?s plot.

The Mississippi River is not only the channel where Huck and Jim are floating, but it also has several kinds of symbolic significances. First of all, for Huck and Jim, the Mississippi River is the ultimate symbol of freedom. The river carries them toward freedom. For Huck, it is the way escaping from his abusive 8

father and the restrictive “civilizing” of St.Petersburg. As Huck says: “It?s lovely to live on a raft.” [2]“Sometimes we?d have that whole river to ourselves for the longest time”. [3] Huck?s picaresque journey down the river trying to help the Negro Jim escape slavery being full of inconsequentially interspersed and apparently aimless adventures, and can be regarded as his continued fight against civilization—the civilization of nineteenth-century American society. Huck feels relaxed on the Mississippi River with Jim. He is free, and no one can control him but himself. Huck is so relaxed and just enjoys the free living. Returning to the river, Huck gives lyric descriptions of the freedom, comfort and beauty of the river and the loveliness of life on a raft:

I was power glad to get away from the feud, and so was Jim to

get away from the swamp, we said there wasn?t no home like a raft,

after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft

don?t. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft.”[4]

Here Huck finds peace and reassurance out on the river away from the haunts of man. The mother of nature fills maternal love and cares into Huck and provides him with a sincere guidance towards his growth unconsciously. This guidance is critical to Huck?s final epiphany, which helps his sound heart triumph his deformed conscience. In all, The River makes him be whoever he wants to be. The river is home and freedom. For Jim, it is the way to the free states. When he gets enough money, he will ransom his wife who is owned on a farm close to where Miss Watson lives; and they will both work to buy the two children. For him, the river represents freedom and poverty. Huck agrees to help Jim by following along his journey to Cairo. Jim depends on the Mississippi River and believes it will lead 9

him to find his family and help him realize his dream of family reunion and freedom. For both of them, the river is a place for freedom and adventure.

The river is also a symbol of goodness. Huck and Jim are rafting down the river; they are free of society and the laws. This is not to say that they are lawless. However, the laws they obey are their own. This is an indirect contrast to being on land under the control of unjust morality and inequity concept. For Huck, both sides of the Mississippi are lined with fraud and hatred, as though the river were a dream. But in the middle of the great natural river, when one is naked of civilization and in company with an outcast more untarnished and childlike than himself—there is a peace. And very often, human society is such an ugly place that one must make a separate peace in order to maintain his moral entity intact. On the Mississippi River, Huck has many adventures and each of them is a try in which Huck seeks his dream of freedom. The river allows Huck to be his real self. Meanwhile, the river also has its own personality. It is always moving, and at times calm and relaxed. And at other times fast and dangerous and sometimes foggy and confusing, it always takes Huck and Jim to new adventures, and to new places, it is their backbone.

In taking us down the central, arterial waterway of America, Mark Twain unmistakably refers to the larger paradigm of the human journey. The river is compared to life itself, a track recording defeats and gains, errors and awakening. The river, like Holden?s Manhattan streets, becomes both a moving road and the greatest character in this novel. As a teacher of the nature, it teaches Huck that truth is usually weak, trouble best avoided and evil often inevitable. It also confirms his love of beauty and peaceful security. The people who live along the river are, by and large, corrupt and hypocritical, and whenever Huck comes into contact with 10

them he is forced to assume a false identity which represents a kind of symbolic death.

In short, the Mississippi River is important in the novel because it plays a very big role and represents many things. To the main characters, Huck and Jim, it symbolizes freedom and adventure. They want to break away from society; therefore, they escape to the Mississippi River where it is peaceful and calm. It is only when he is in the company of Jim on the Mississippi that he feels secure and natural.

III. Awakening of Huck’s Anti-slavery Spirit

Much of the book is concerned with Huck?s inner struggle. Through this internal struggle, Twain expresses his opinions of the absurdity of slavery and the importance of following one?s personal conscience before the laws of society. Huck is about thirteen years old from the low bottom of the white middle class. His abnormal experiences help to create his unique personality. His ingenuity, morality, and intelligence are consistent throughout the story. On the one hand, Huck develops his own morality; however, it is difficult for him to accept the norm of the society at that time. An example of his morality is how he does not tell on Jim when he runs away, although the society will see this as wrong; Huck accepts Jim?s morality and finally decides to help him. Huck also shows his morality when he tries to return the stolen money to the girls and escape from the Duck and the King after the burial. This is another trait that keeps being shown throughout the book. On the other hand, superficially Huckleberry Finn might appear to be a racist although he is not. It is also important to remember that this description is probably accurate, although it is quite saddening. In this scene Aunt Sally hears of a 11

steamboat explosion.

“Good gracious! Anybody hurt?” she asks.

“No?m” corns the answer. “Killed a nigger”.

“Well, it?s lucky; because sometimes people do get hurt.” Says

Aunt Sally.[5]

When referring to the “nigger” as if he is not a person at all.

While living on the island, Huck meets Jim who is a slave, but Huck soon learns that he is a run-away and now in the process of making his way up north to Cairo. Here Huck is faced with his first tough decision, to go with Jim and help him, or report the case to the officials and get the reward. Huck reluctantly joins Jim and promises him to get him to free land for the sake of a good adventure, but he still feels guilty to be conversing with a runaway slave, let alone help him escape. At last, Huck makes a monumental decision, not to turn Jim in. Two opposing forces confront him: the force of society and the force of friendship. Many times throughout the novel Huck comes very close to rationalizing Jim?s slavery. However, he is never able to see why Jim, his only friend, should be a slave. All the way Huck is confronted with many such challenges. It is truly remarkable for a child to be able to break away from the influence of society and go with his heart and the right thing, which the society considers wrong.

In chapter15, the reader is told of an incident that contradicts the original “childlike” description of Jim. It is also presented with a very caring and father-like Jim who becomes very worried when he loses his best friend Huck in a deep fog. A relationship of Huck and Jim does not exist between a man and his property. Huck 12

is deeply moved by Jim?s behaviors. Huck?s conscience is so troubled that “ It made me feel so mean I could almost kissed HIS foot to get him to take it back.”[6] Huck begins to change his attitude: “It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger; but I done it, and I warn?t ever sorry for it afterwards, neither.”[7] Later in the story, Huck becomes a caring friend and he is very protective toward Jim.

When the raft arrives in Cairo. Jim will become a “freeman”. He expresses great gratitude toward Huck for his help, but Huck at this moment is suffering from “conscience”:

I tried to make out to myself that I wasn?t to blame, because I

didn?t run Jim off from his rightful owners; but it wasn?t no use,

conscience up and says, every time, ?But you knowed he was running

for his freedom, and you could?a? paddled ashore and told somebody.?

That was so-I couldn?t get around that noway. That was where it

pinched. Conscience says to me, ? What had poor Miss Watson done to

you that you could see her nigger go off right under your eyes and

never say one single word? What did that poor old woman do to you

that you could treat her so mean? Why, she tried to learn you your

book, she tried to learn you your manners, she tried to be good to you

every way she knew how. that?s what she done.[8]

Huck tries every means to help Jim look for free state-Cairo. However, he gets hesitant and timid when he goes to the destination, because he cannot help thinking what he does violates the law and disobeys his “conscience”. He has a 13

difficult choice to make: whether to send Jim to the Nation of freedom or denounce and hand over Jim in accordance with “admonishing” of “conscience”. A climax is reached when Huck saves Jim from two the slave catchers by tricking them into thinking Jim is Huck?s father who is stricken by small pox. The dialogue between Huck and Jim also illustrates that Jim is more than someone?s property:

“Jim!”

“ Here I is, Huck, is dey out o?sight yit? Don?t talk loud.”

“ I was a-listenin? to all de talk, en I slips into de river en was

gwyne to shove for sho? if they come aboard. Den I was gwyne to

swim to de raf? agin when dey was gone. But lawsy, how you did

fool?em, Huck! Dat wuz de smartes? dodge! I tell you, chile, I?spec it

save? ole Jim-ole Jim ain?t going to forgit you for dat, honey.”[9]

He is a human being with feelings and hopes for a better future. He is not some ignorant, uncaring sub-human, but plainly the opposite. Mark Twain does not necessarily come out and say that slavery is evil. That is far beyond Huck?s understanding, but Twain gives us the motivation needed to make that decision for ourselves.

It is only when Huck is in the company of Jim on the Mississippi River that he feels secure and natural. But the idyll is interrupted shortly therefore and evil comes into this world with the Duck and the Dauphin imposing their unsavory world upon Huck?s. Because of the temptation of money, they sell Jim for only 40 dollars instead of 200 dollars. While Huck superstitiously thinks this deed is the punishment because of his helping runaway black slave. So he is determined to 14

write a letter to Miss Watson to denounce Jim in order to atone for his crime.

However, Huck?s great struggles with his conscience are all about Jim: should he give him up? The dilemma is whether he should obey social conventions or his personal will. The morality of St.Petersburg, which Huck defies, condemns the Negro running away from the God-determined order of society, while it tolerates or condones feuding, murder and selfishness. Huck?s conscience has been formed by such morality and he never quite succeeds in freeing himself from the corrupt standards of that society. His personal moral code seems always to run counter to his duty to society. Huck chooses to be damned rather than give him up to Miss Watson. Huck?s conscience overcomes the so-called duty to society.

Huck even in one triumphant moment comes over his doubts about the morality of slavery. Huck states “ Alright that I?ll go to hell.”[10] Huck in this one simple statement defines his opinion. No matter what the consequence of his action, if it were hell, or jail or whatever, he will not betray Jim. Huck in this mental struggle comes to realize what is the right thing to do and in doing so becomes a man who is able to think for himself and make his own conscience decision.

His last decision to remain loyal to Jim is a devastating comment on the shore civilization. Huck?s resolute action of tearing the letter and decision of setting Jim free serve as a milestone of his growth, which manifests his courage of shouldering responsibility and thus implies his full maturity. Huck wants to find out for himself, what is right and wrong through the conscience struggles within him. He sees Jim?s compassionate nature and good-will and realizes that slavery is immoral and is in fact the opposite. Huck?s decision in his moral confliction truly impresses people with how courageous he is for the sake of his friendship and how he does not take any regard to the law. It is a triumph of a good heart over the 15

deformed conscience, a triumph of compassion, decency, goodness, friendship, the triumph of these qualities over prejudice, ignorance, hypocrisy, cruelty, first of all, the triumph of freedom over slavery. Through this, Twain is trying to show people that there is hope for the future and that if an ignorant child can realize how awful slavery is then someday the nation will wake up and put a stop to it.

IV. The influence of Jim on Huck’s Anti-slavery Spirit

In all the analyses of Huck, scholars and students alike have neglected to give a rightful place to one of the most important protagonists in American literature—Jim. Without Jim?s provision for Huck, Huck?s spiritual journey would have failed. Jim shows love and goodwill as a father to Huck. Jim has not been given all the freedom enjoyed by the whites but he helps Huck unselfishly without hesitance. Although he cannot get equal rights from society, Jim offers his help and warmth with the ignorance of his unfortunate. So Jim represents love and symbolizes true goodwill. While Huck and Jim are traveling down the river Jim tells Huck why he is running away. He is not running away for his own sake, but for the freedom of his wife and children. This is truly a character that is trying to do well and make the best of a bad situation, not for himself but for others. During the adventurous journey, he gives limitless love for Huck. In the meantime, Jim shows his unselfishness and loyalty for friends. After the King and the Duke selling Jim, he is held by Tom?s aunt?s Phelps?s house. They may have freed Jim easily because of the innocent Silas Phelps having taken so few precautions to guard Jim. However, Tom proclaims that they will have to invent all the obstacles to Jim?s rescue. When they run away, Tom makes a noise going over the fence, attracting the attention of the men, who shoot at them as they run. Tom has a bullet in the leg 16

as a souvenir. But Huck and Jim do not realize until they get to the boat and float to the island. On the island, Jim ought to escape successfully regardless of Tom?s wound, but at last Jim takes Tom back to Tom?s aunt and sacrifices his freedom to help Tom who he really does not like. Jim symbolizes love throughout the story, and is willing to sacrifice his freedom to get Tom back to Aunt Sally?s house to get medical attention for Tom?s wounded leg. Jim proves to be a great man. He would rather give up his freedom in order to save Tom, but he himself is doomed to be sold and bought. His miserable life is a mirror of all the black people. The image of Jim reveals the devils of slavery and shows the necessity and emergency of abolishing slavery. In Mark Twain?s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Jim plays the role of a father to Huck by providing for his physical, emotional, and moral well-being.

He first provides food and shelter for the runaway boy. Jim is continually catching fish and fixing meals for Huck. Later on, he tries his best to protect Huck. He passively protects Huck from the different people in society by having the raft ready to escape back to the protection of the river. Also, Jim actively protects Huck by lying to the King and the Duck after they catch up with and threat him on the river. As a slave, Jim has no ability to protect Huck, what he does gains Huck?s respect.

Then Jim plays the role of the father by providing for Huck?s emotional well-being. One of the memories that causes Huck to make his final decision to help free Jim is that of how Jim will “always call me honey, and pet me”. [11] This is a welcome change to the lonely boy who has got nothing but abuse and whipping from his real father and scolding from the widow and Miss Watson. Jim also provides friendship for Huck, and makes him fall love.

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Jim plays the role of the father by providing for Huck?s moral well-being. A famous literature critic argues that Jim?s function has been to test Huck?s growing moral strength and mature independence.This reveals that Jim himself provides Huck?s moral strength. When Huck mockingly asks him to interpret the meaning of the trash on the raft, Jim?s action reflects his kindness and concern on Huck in the course of their adventures and defines for the boy, perhaps for the first time in Huck?s life, he understands the meaning of friendship, loyalty and filial or family responsibility. By apologizing to the slave, Huck is not only accepting as his friend, but he is also accepting his moral values. It is Huck?s friendship with Jim that makes possible his moral growth. Jim?s comment “ You?s de only fren?ole Jim?s got now”.[12] It is these words that stop Huck from paddling off to turn Jim in. The memory of Jim?s friendship keeps Huck on the right track, when Huck remembers their friendship and “ couldn?t seem to strike no places to harden me against him, but only the other kind”.[13] He makes the decision to “ go to hell”.[14]

As Jim satisfies Huck?s physical, emotional and spiritual needs, he takes on the role of a father. And because of the importance of this role, Jim becomes the real hero of the story rather than just an oppressed and insignificant black slave. He is the true visionary center of the novel. Without Jim, The Adventures of Huckleberry Fin would be merely a simple action, and not what it is, a great novel about anti-slavery.

V. Conclusion

To conclude, Huckleberry Finn can be said to be autobiographic; it attacks slavery for its cruelty and racial discrimination through the two main characters: Huck Finn and Jim. Huck Finn, a white boy, through whose inner struggle, Twain 18

expresses what he believes to be the foolishness of slavery. Jim is a black slave, whose friendship causes Huck to stay true to his original decision to free Jim. However, the novel is by no means an attempt to call for the abolition of slavery from mercy, but from a political and revolutionary fight. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is regarded as the greatest novel of American literature. “All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”.[15]

In My Mark Twain, Howells once says that no man more perfectly senses and more entirely abhors slavery and no one ever pours such scorn on the second-hand Walter Scotticized pseudo-chivalry of the southern ideal. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, his anti-slavery spirit is revealed fully. As a literary forerunner, Mark Twain makes immortal contribution to the development of American literature and to arousing people?s awareness of the great necessity and urgency to abolish the then slavery system.

（4355words）

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Notes

1. Bernard. De V1932) 423.

2.孔庆华，哈克贝利·芬历险记 (青岛: 青岛出版社, 2003) 143.

3. Ibid. 143.

4. Ibid. 140.

5. Ibid. 265.

6. Ibid. 104.

7. Ibid. 104.

8. Ibid. 106.

9. Ibid. 111.

10. Ibid. 257.

11. Ibid. 256.

12. Ibid. 107.

13. Ibid. 256.

14. Ibid. 257.

15. George Mc Michael, (New York Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc, 1974 )332.

20

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14. 钱青. “马克·吐温与《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》”. 北京:中国人民大学书报资料中心, 1993.

15. 熊玉鹏.“ 健全的心灵战胜了畸形的良心——论《哈克贝利·芬历险记》”. 北京:中国人民大学书报资料中心, 1993.

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