校对与改错是英语专业八级考试的第二部分。该部分采用主观测试题型。该项目包含两个部分：答题要求和一篇要求修改的短文。答题要求部分说明修改短文的三种方法：加入、删去和改动某一单词，并举例说明。要求修改的短文长度为200字左右。短文的体裁和题材不超出学生所熟悉的范围。短文内含10个错误；错误都出现在标有题号的行内。错误一般涉及单个词；每行只出现一个错误。要求修改的单词既有功能词（如介词、冠词等），也有实义词（动词、名词等）。错误既涉及句内也涉及句际。
校对与改错部分的测试目的是检查学生在实际语境中灵活运用语言的能力。该项目考查学生的语法和词汇知识，但更侧重评估学生的综合语言能力。校对改错部分要求学生在15分钟内找出10个错误，并根据要求用三种方法之中的一种改正错误。这一部分要求考生掌握三种知识：
1、语法知识
众所周知，英语语言能力包括众多因素，其中之一是语法知识。没有系统的语法知识，学习者就很难全面、准确地以口头或书面的形式表达思维或意念。对于把英语作为外语的学生来说，语法知识的掌握尤为重要，因为它有助于提高语言的准确性、逻辑性。鉴于此，校对改错项目的一个测试点是检验高年级学生语法知识的掌握程度及其运用能力。一般地说，该项目中要求改正的错误里包括一些语法错误。
校对改错项目要求学生运用已学过的语法知识，来判断句子的正误，找出语病，并作修正。这里要强调的一点是，八级考试的这个项目不是孤立地测试学生的语法知识；它更偏重学生运用语法知识的能力，即怎样把书本知识转化成实际能力。因此，对于学生来说，在平时一要巩固已学过的语法知识，理清概念；二要注重提高运用语言知识解决具体问题的能力。
19xx年试卷的第5题 as an hour of gathering produces 240．（5）____ （把as改成while）
对第二类错误的判断要求学生从篇章角度出发，把文中的句子看作表达一完整意思的有机体。只有这样，学生才能找出错误所在。
在历年的考试中，学生大都能判断出第一类错误，而对第二类错误（句际错误）的判断准确率就相对较低。历年试卷中难易度系数偏低的题目也大都为此类错误。因此，学生平时要加强对篇章的理解能力的训练，了解、熟悉篇章结构的特点：语段内句子之间的关系、语段之间的关系；它们的类别；各种不同关系的表示法，等等。只有在此基础上，学生才能灵活正确地使用语言知识，做到准确答题。
2.词汇与搭配
校对改错项目的另一测试点是学生对常用词汇、搭配和用法的了解及运用。比如： 外层空间应为outer space，而不是out space（19xx年第 5题），
做动作应为 perform an act，而不是 make an act（19xx年第 8题），
姿式应为posture，而不是post （19xx年第10题），
站起来应为 get to their feet，而不是get on their feet（19xx年第 4题），等等。
词汇测试面涵盖各类词性的词，同时侧重考核它们的搭配与用法。归根结底，词汇测试部分主要是检验高年级学生在词汇方面是否达到英语专业高年级教学大纲所规定的要求。词汇的积累不是一朝一夕即可完成的，它需要在平时的学习过程中逐步积累，积少成多。因此，对于学生来说，平时自己在学习中要注意扩大、巩固已有的词汇量，这点是非常重要的。同时，在学习、掌握词汇的过程中，特别要注意提高自己灵活运用词汇的能力。
3.篇章结构
在第1、第2点中我们提到校对改错项目的两个测试点：语法和词汇。同时我们也再三强调，这个项目尽管涉及以上两点的评估，但它不是简单、孤立地检验学生的语法词汇知识。 该项目仍着眼于语言的运用。也就是说，该项目旨在测试在具体语境或上下文中使用语法或词汇的能力。在校对改错这个特定的考试环境中，它所提供的具体语境或上下文是一篇200来字的短文。这篇短文由十来个在意义上相关联的句子构成；而需要修改的语病都出现在这些意义上相互关联的句中。鉴于这个特点，学生就要从篇章结构这个角度去判断句子的正误。也就是说，学生要跳出单句的框架，从语段（表达一相关层次意思的句子组合）的角度来进行判断。
从语篇角度看，校对改错项目内的错误可大致分为两类：
1）句内错误：一般对此类错误的判断无须超越句子本身。如：
96年试卷的第6题
water rising away from the depths of the earth during（6）_____
（删去away）
19xx年试卷的第4题
hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible calories（4）____
（把in 改成 on）
2）句际错误：对此类错误的判断要基于上下文之上，也就是牵涉到句与句之间的关系了。如：
19xx年试卷的第5题
departure．This is what his body wants to do，therefore（5）____
（把therefore 改成but）
第二篇：专八改错1-17[1]
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(一)
About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could
be avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____ pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____ University.
The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal
Deaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____
within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____ families to moderate size.
This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal
deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____
the United Nation?s Children?s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Control
respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____
risk categories.
The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____
maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____
pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____
mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10____
two years apart.
参考答案及解析:
1 将had used 改为 used。
因为此句是虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反，故条件从句中应使用一般过去时。例如： Many would be wise if they did not think themselves wise. 许多人原本会成为聪明人－如果他们不自以为聪明的话。
2 将publishing改为published
report和publish时逻辑动宾关系，故应使用publish的过去分词短语来修饰report。例如： Any discovery that we may make, however small, will remain acquired knowledge. 任何可能的发现，不管多么微不足道，都将成为知识宝库中的一部分。
3 将theirs改为their
4 将among改为between
在两次怀孕期间留出足够的间隔时间，故用between。
5 将过去分词excluded改为介词excluding。
excluding意为“不包括?”
6 将respectably改为respectively
respectively 意为 “分别地 ”，符合句子的意思。而respectably意为 “可敬的，值得尊敬地 ”。
7将evidences改为evidence。
evidence是不可数名词。
8将ill改为illness。
9将year改为years。
10将lesser改为less
“Home, sweet home” is a phrase that express an essential attitude in the United States. Whether the reality of life in the family house is sweet or no sweet, the cherished ideal of home _____1_____has great importance for many people.
This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream, dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlers of American West, was to find a piece of place, build a house _____2_____for one?s family, and started a farm. These small households were _____3_____portraits of independence: the entire family- mother, father, children,even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to ___4_____support each other. Anyone understood the life-and-death importance _____5_____of family cooperation and hard work. Although most people in the United States no longer live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership _____6_____is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth.
When U.S soldiers came home before World WarⅡ, for example, _____7_____they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was _____8_____a tremendous boom in home building. The new houses, typically in the suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied _____9_____a deep need. Many regarded the single-family house the basis of their _____10_____way of life.
答案：
1 将no改为 not
2 将place改为land
place是可数名词，作“地方”讲，而land意为“土地，田地”是不可数名词。例如： Solitude is a good place to visit but a poor place to stay.
当你偶尔光顾时，独处是一个美妙的境地，但是如果久留，它却是一个糟糕的地方。 There is a vacant piece of land near the house; we can build there.
3 将started改为start
start应使用不定式，以和前面的find，build一致。
4 将working改为work。
work应该用第三人称复数，和live一致。另外，family在这里作“家人”讲，是复数。 5 将anyone改为everyone
这里是要用everyone指每个人，而不是要用anyone泛指。
6 将but删除
7将before改为after
根据上下文判断，这里要表达的是二战之后。
8 将But改为 And
根据语意，这里要表达的是递进关系，而不是转折关系。例如：
When I do good, I feel good. When I do bad, I feel bad. And that?s my religion.
当我行善事，我感到坦然；当我行恶时，我感到内疚。这就是我的人生之道。 9 将it改为they
10 在house the中间加入介词as
regard…as 作“把……当作……”讲。
We live in a society which there is a lot of talk about science, but I would say _____1_____ that there are not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with school, including
college, to understand scientific reasoning. We are more ignorant of science as people _____2_____
with comparable education in Western Europe.
There are a lot of kids who know everything about computers—how to build
them, how to take them apart, and how to write programs for games. So if you ask _____3_____
them to explain about the principles of physics that have gone into creating the _____4_____ computer, you don?t have faintest idea. _____5_____
The failure to understand science leads to such things like the neglect of human _____6_____ creative power. It also takes rise to blurring of the distinction between science and _____7_____
technology. Lots of people don?t differ between the two. Science is the production of _____8_____
new knowledge that can be applied or not, and technology is the application of
knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like. The two are
really different, and people who have the faculty for one very seldom have a
faculty for the others. _____9_____
Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But as soon as it can provide technology,
it?s not necessarily harmful. No society has yet learned to forecast the consequences of _____10_____
new technology, which can be enormous.
答案：
1.在which前加in，或将which改为where
在这里which引导限制性从句，修饰先行词the society。in which 在从句中作状语，当然也可以用关系副词where引导定语从句，并在从句中作状语，例如：
Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.
2.将as 改为than
3.将So改为But或者However或者Nevertheless。
因为这里上下文是转折关系。
4.将about去掉
因为explain是及物动词。
5.将you改为they
6.将like改为as
因为such as 是固定搭配。
7.将takes改为gives
give rise to表示“引起，导致”之意。
8.将differ改为 distinguish
牵着表示“有区别”。后者表示“区分，找出……的差别。
9.将others改为other
这样the other就和上文的one构成固定搭配，表示在两个中“一个……；另外一个……”
10.将harmful改为harmless，只有这样才可以表达上下文的对比关系。
What is a black hole? Well, it is difficult to answer the question,
as the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon __1__
are adequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is __2__
a region of space which matter has fallen and from which nothing can __3__
escape—not even light. But we can?t see a black hole. A black hole __4__
exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only
space—or thus we think. How can this happen? __5__
The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases
to a particular point; they “collapse” and sometimes a supernova occurs.
The collapse of a star may produce a “White Dwarf” of a “neutronstar”— a star which matter is so dense that if continually shrinks by the force of __6___ its own gravity. But if the star is very large, this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results in. Imagine the earth reduced to the __7__
size of a marble, but still having the same masses and a stronger __8__
gravitational pull, and you have some ideas of the force of a black hole. __9__
And no matter near the black hole is sucked in. __10__
答案：supernova 名词，[天]超新星
1 将as 改为since或者because。在表示原因的连接词中，只有as引导的原因状语从句不能位于主句之后，只能位于句首。
2 将adequate 改为inadequate，或者在are后加not。从逻辑上分析，因为我们拥有的科学术语“不充足”，所以才无法回答这个问题，所以用否定形式。
3 在which 前加into。这是一个定语从句，意思是“黑洞是太空中物质可以掉进去的地方”，所以定语从句应该为“into which matter has fallen”。
4 将but 改为 so。 上文已提到“连光都无法从黑洞中逃出”，所以我们根本无法看到黑洞。这里应该是因果关系，而不是转折关系。
5 将thus改为so。这句话的意思是“那只是空间—或者我们认为它只是空间”。so做 think 的宾语，thus 只能做连词，不能做宾语。
6 将which 改为whose。这个定语从句的意思是“它是一颗星，其密度非常大，由于自身的引力，它在不断地收缩”。matter 属于star，所以关系代词应该用whose。
7 去掉in。result为不及物动词，意为“形成了”，而“result in sth。”意为“导致某结果”。 8 将masses 改为mass。mass 可指“大量的物质”，而“the masses”特指“劳动群众”，用在此处不妥。
9 将ideas 改为idea。“idea”在表达“印象”时，为不可数名词，不可以用复数。 10 将no改为any。分析便知，任何在黑洞附近的东西都会被吸进去。
The great whales are among the most fascinating creatures which __1__
have ever lived on the earth, and one of them, the blue whale, is the largest.
People in ancient times thought whales as fearsome __2__monsters of the
ocean depths. So to hunt a whale, when one occasionally swam toward shore,
he was high adventure. People __3__found the adventure was rewarding, too,
for the oil and meat from one whale alone could heat and feed a village for a
whole winter.Whales resemble huge fish. They were referred by the ancients
as __4__“great fish,” and any whale beaching along the coasts of England was
designated “the King?s fish” because it automatically belonged to the Crown.
Ever since those early times, human have felt whales a sense of __5__wonder mixed
with an intense desire to capture, slaughter, and exploit. Now the slaughter has reached alarming proportions. __6__Even though some species are protected by the regulations of the International Whaling Commission and theoretically all whale hunting is regulated, but the earth?s stock of whales is still being __7__depleted. In fact, some scientists
worry that 100 years since now __8__there may be no whales left. If this happens, mankind
will be blame for removing from the earth forever a remarkable and __9__awe-inspiring creature that always fed man?s imagination and __10__made the world a more exciting place Key
1 将which改为that。先行词由最高修饰时定语从句的关系代词只能用that。
2 在thought 后面加of，或者将thought 改为regarded。“think of A as B”，指“把A看作B”，为固定搭配。
3 去掉he。这句话的主语是“to hunt a whale”，“to hunt a whale was high adventure”。中间的
“when…”只是插入的状语从句。
4 在referred后加to。“refer to A as B”只“把A称作B”，这句话的意思是“古人把鲸称作大鱼”。
5 在felt 后加for。这句话实际的结构是“feel a sense of wonder for whales”指“对鲸怀有惊奇的感觉”，for引出对象。
6 在exploit后加them。capture，slaughter，exploit都是及物动词，后面必须加宾语。 7 去掉but。前面已有“even though”，后面就不应该再用but。
8 将since改为from。“100 years from now”指“从现在起100年后”since 只能用于完成时。
9 在blame前加to。“be to blame for sth ”指“对某事应负责任”，为固定搭配。
10 在always前加has。这个定语从句强调对现在的影响，很明显应该用完成时，不能用过去式。
We use language every day. We live in a world of words. Hardly any moment passes with someone talking, writing or reading. Indeed, __1__languages is most essential to mankind. Our lives increasingly depend on fast and successful use of language. Strangely enough, we know __2__more about things around us than on ourselves. For example, language __3__is species specific, that is, it is language that differs human from __4__animals. However, we do not know yet how exactly we inquire language __5__and how it is possible for us to perceive through
language; nor we __6__understand precisely the combinations between language and thought, __7__language and logic, or language and culture; still less, how and when language started. One reason for this inadequate knowledge of language is that we, like language users, take too many things for granted. __8__Language comes to every normal person so naturally that a few __9__of us stop to question what language is, much less do we feel the necessity to study it. Language is far more complex than most people have probably imagined and the necessity to study it is far greater than some people may have assured. Linguistic is a branch of science which __10__takes language as its object of investigation.
答案如下：
1 with 改为 without。”hardy any moment passes without someone…” , 两个否定: without 和hardly，意思是“每一时刻有人……”。
2 fast 前面加the因为fast and successful use 这个词组后边有一个前置词短语 of language 修饰use，所以被修饰的词前面加定冠词。
3. than on ourselves 改为than things on ourselves。在这里比较的是两件事：things around us and things on ourselves(我们周围的事物和我们自身的东西)。第二个things不能省略，否则引起误解。
4 differs 改为distinguishes。语言区分人与动物，differ是不及物动词，后面不能带宾语，只能用介词，如：Man differs from animals in that man possesses language。
5 inquire改为acquire“习得语言”应该是acquire language，名词短语是language acquisition。 Inquire 是“询问”的意思。
6 we前面加上 do 副词nor放在句首表示强调，应用倒装句，一般现在时强调句是在主语前面加助动词 do。
7 combination改为relationships.语言和思维的关系，不是结合；语言和思维的关系是当代语言学研究的重要领域。
8 like 改为as。根据上下文，要表达的意思是“作为语言的使用者”，不是“像语言的使用者”。
9 a 去掉 这里是否定的意思：“我们没有多少人……”而不是“我们一些人.….”。
10 assured 改为 assumed. 这句的后半部分意思是“研究语言的必要性比我们想象的要大得多”。Assure译为“确保”；assume译为“假设”或者“想象”的意思。
Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years before, you can?t help being strucked by the __1__appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too __2__short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous.
The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable. __3__There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created __4__by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men __5__have successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their __6__style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year,a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and London lay down __7__on the law and women around the world run to obey. The __8__decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial.Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and __9__waists will be height; hips are in and buttons are out. __10__
答案：
1 strucked改为struck或者stricken。过去分词形式有误。strike的过去式是struck，过去分词为struck或者stricken。
2 date改为dated或者outdated，
3 on other hand 改为 on the other hand
4 entire改为entirely，副词修饰形容词different，并与different一起修饰age。
5 minority改为majority。 从上下文以及常识判断，多半男性成功地抵制了改变他们服装款式的企图，即多年来，男性大服装款式跟女性服饰相比没有多大的变化。
6 it改为them，them指代the great majority of men。
7 fewer改为few，此处没有比较的意味。
8去掉on。lay down为习语，表示“规定(规则，原则，法规等)”。
9 sometime改为 sometimes。
10 height改为high。形容词作be 的表语。
Demographic indicators show that Americans in the post war period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height __1__after more than a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” __2__These young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large families that went for more than two decades and caused a major but temporary __3__reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From the 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate and at a ounger age than their __4__Europe counterparts. __5__Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who formed __6__families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the divorce rate after a __7__postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of __8__couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. Since the United States __9__maintained its dubious distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world,the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in Europe. __10__Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.
答案：
1 将height改为high/peak。整句话的大意为他们把男女的婚龄降了下来，使出生率达到了20世纪的高峰。high可以用作名词，意为“高峰”，“高水准”，“最高纪录”。height可以作“极点，顶点”解释。例如：The height of cleverness is to conceal one?s cleverness。
2 将第二个不定冠词a 去掉。steady decline 意为持续的下降，前面不用加冠词。又如：years of hard work。根据语感可以判断出来。
3 在went后加on，或将went改为lasted。此处是“持续”的意思，所以可以用went on 或者last来表达。
4 将high改为higher。此处意为美国人结婚率比以前提高了，有与战前相比的意思，因此应用比较级。
5将Europe改为European。
6 删掉more。此处的大意为战后离婚率也下降了，这个现象不大有人注意，但同样也很重要。另外，more与equally相矛盾。
7 将nevertheless改为also或者删掉nevertheless。此处上下文之间不是转折关系，而是递进关系。
8 将that 改为those。此处的代词应指marriages这个复数名词，因此应用those。此处考察代词与先行词一致的问题。
9将Since改为Although/Though/While。此处是转折关系，不是因果关系。
10 将in改为to。短语to the extent是固定搭配。
When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately start meeting difficulties.
Many people just cannot agree what they mean. We asked a
lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the __1__way they occupied the space around them—for example, when such a person walks down a street he or she is constantly unaware of others. Such people never __2__bump into other people.However, a second person thought that this was more a question of civilized behavior as good manners. Instead, this other person told us a story, __3__it he said was quite well-known, about an American who had been invited __4__to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East. The American __5__hasn?t been told very much about the kind of food he might expect. If he had __6__known about American food, he might have behaved better. __7__Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, to him, very much as a napkin. Picking it up, he put it into his collar, so that __8__it falls across his shirt. His Arab host, who had been watching, __9__said of nothing, but immediately copied the action of his guest. __10__And that, said this second person, was a fine example of good manners.
答案如下：
1将on改为by。“by the way”作“根据……方式”讲。
2 将unaware改为aware.根据下文中的“Such a person never bump into other people”判断，这种人不会“目中无人”。
3 将as改为than.“more + adj/of + n + than”是固定搭配。
4 将it改为which.which在此引导一个非限制性定语从句，which在从句中作主语，需要注意的是，在从句中he said是插入语。
5 将at改为in.名词the country前要用介词in。
6 将hasn?t改为hadn?t.根据上下文我们可以看出这里需要使用过去完成时。
7 将American改为Arab。根据上文，我们可以看出，这里讲述的是赴“阿拉伯”传统宴会的“美国人”的故事，而不是赴“美国”传统宴会的“美国人”的故事。
8 将as 改为like.介词as意思为“作为”，like意思为“像”。
9 将falls改为fell.这里要使用一般过去时。
10 将第一个of删掉。say作为及物动词，后面可直接跟名词作宾语。
A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which are nothing new in the history of cities, except in their scale. Some cities have lost their original purpose and have not found new one. And any large or rich city is __1__going to attract poor immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes of __2__prosperity which are then often disappointing. There are backward towns on the edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were on the edge of __3__seventeenth-century London or early nineteenth-century Paris. This is new is __4__the scale. Descriptions written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of Mexico City, and the enormous contrasts that was to be found there, are very __5__dissimilar to descriptions of Mexico City today—the poor can still be numbered __6__in millions.The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosperity, but behind it lies __7__two myths; the myth of the city as a promised land, that attracts immigrants __8__from rural poverty and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of the __9__country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations late, sends them flood __10__-ing out again to the suburbs.
答案：
1 在new one前加a.这里one指代上下文中的可数名词purpose，因此该词前要有限定词。
2 将filling改为filled.在这里，非谓语动词fill与句子的who（poor immigrants）之间是
逻辑动宾关系，因此要使用过去分词来表示被动意义。
3 去掉though.
4 将this改为what.根据句子结构，我们可以看出这里需要一个关系代词，它既能引导主语从句，同时也可以在从句中作主语，这个关系代词就是what。如：What I like in a good author is not what he says，but what he whispers。
5 将was改为were.that引导定语从句，其先行词是descriptions…and the enormous contrasts,因此谓语动词be要用复数。
6 将dissimilar 改为 similar.这里要表示的是“共同，相似”之处。
7将lies 改为lie.behind it lie two myths 是个倒装句，主语为two myths，可见谓语动词要使用复数。
8 将that改为which.这里是一个非限制性定语从句，因此不可用that，而要用which。 9 将it改为them.复数名词immigrants的代词，所以要用复数形式。
10 将late改为later
Artists use caricature to distort the human face or figure for comic affect, __1__while at the same time capturing an identifiable likeness and suggests the essence __2__of the personality or character beneath the surface. The humor lies in the fact __3__the caricature is recognizable, and yet exaggerated.
From their origin in Europe as witty sketches, caricature grew through __4__the eighteenth and nineteenth century, becoming enormously popular in __5__the United States early in this century. In 1920s and 1930s especially,
this lively form of illustration was appeared in newspapers and __6__magazines throughout the country. The caricaturists in this era drew his __7__portraits of important figures primary to entertain. In spirit their work was __8__close to the humor of the fast-developing comic strip and gag cartoon than to the __9__string of political satire. Their subjects were more often amusing than offended __10__by amiable attacks.
答案：
1 将affect改为effect,affect是动词。effect是名词。
2 将suggests改为 suggesting,这是一个以while引导的从句，其中suggest应该与capturing并列。
3在fact后面加上that,因为引导同位语从句的关系词不可以省略。
4 将their改为its,这里its指代单数名词caricature
5 将century改为复数形式
6 将was省略,appear是不及物动词，不应用于被动语态。
7 将his改为their,这里指代复数名词 the caricaturists
8 将primary改为primarily,primarily在这里做状语，修饰不定式短语
9 将close改为比较级形式closer,从后面的连词than，可以看出，这里使用了比较状语从句
10 将amusing改为 amused,主语subject（受攻击的人）和amuse的逻辑关系是动宾关系，应使用过去分词形式。
Most people would describe water like a colorless liquid. They __1__would know that in very cold conditions it becomes a solid called ice and that when heating on a fire it becomes a vapor called steam. __2__However, water, they would say, is a liquid. We have learned that water consists of molecules composed with two atoms of hydrogen __3__and one atom of oxygen, which we describe by the formula H2O.
This is equally true of the solid called ice and the gas called steam.Chemically there is no difference between the gas, the liquid, and the solid, all of which is made up of molecules with the formula H2O. __4__This is true of other chemical substances; most of them can exist as gases or as liquids or as solids. We may normally think of iron as a solid, but if we will heat it in a furnace, it will melt and become a __5__liquid, and at very high temperatures it will become a gas. Nothing
very permanent occurs when a gas changes into a liquid or a solid.Everyone knows that ice, which has been made by freezing water,can be melted again by warmed and that steam can be condensed __6__on a cold surface to become liquid water. In fact, it is only because water is so a familiar substance that different names are used for __7__the solid, liquid and gas. Most substances are only familiar with __8__us in one state, because the temperatures requiring to turn them __9__into gases are very high, or the temperatures necessary to turn them into solids are so low. Water is an exception in this respect, which is another reason why its three states have given three different names. __10__
答案：
1 改like为as.describe sth as sth 是把……描述成……的意思。
2 改heating为heated.在时间，条件，让步等状语从句中，当从句主语和主句主语是一致的时候，可以将从句的主语和be的变化形式省略。
3 改with为of.be composed of 意思为“包括，由……组成”
4 改is made up 为 are made up.which 指代上文中的 the gas， the liquid，and the solid，表示复数概念，所以要用are
5 将第一个will去掉,在时间条件状语从句和条件状语从句中要用现在时表示将来时。 6 by改为when.when warm 相当于 when it is warmed 7 改so为such. 8改with为to.短语familiar to 后面才能接“某人” familiar with 是接sth
9改requiring为required.过去分词短语作后置定语时，和被修饰的名词时逻辑动宾关系。 10 have 后加 been.动词give和主语three states 是动宾关系
Classic Intention Movement
In social situations, the classic Intention Movement is “the chair-grasp”. Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an ppointment to keep and can get away. His urge __1__to go is held in cheek by his desire not be rude to his guest. If he did __2__not care of his guest?s feelings he would simply get up out of his chair __3__and to announce his departure. This is what his body wants to do, __4__therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him __5__raise. It is at this point that he performs the chair-grasp Intention __6__Movement. He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push himself upwards. __7__This is the first act he would make if he were rising. If he were not __8__hesitating, it would only last the fraction of the second. He would lean, __9__push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lasts much longer. He holds his “readiness-to-rise” post and keeps on holding it. It is as if his __10__body had frozen at the get-ready moment.
答案：
1 将can改为must。根据上下文的意思“主人有一个约会，必须离开”是客观要求，而不是“能不能”或者“可不可以”的问题。
2 not后面加to。desire 后应该加动词不定式to do something。
3 将of 改为about。care about意思为“对…在意，在乎”，而care of 意思为“转交”。（觉得还可以直接去掉 of，care 本身也有在乎的意思，可是答案不这么写，你怎么看嘞？） 4 删掉and或者to。
5 将therefore 改为 yet或but。这两部分之间应是转折的关系。
6 将raise改为rise。raise 是及物动词，后面必须加宾语，而且在此与文章意思不符。rise意为“起身”，“站起来”，符合文义。来源：
7 在as 和 about之间加上if或者though。此处的意思是主人身子往前倾，双手抓着椅子，好像就要站起来一样。as if/ though to do something 意思为“仿佛要做什么事情”。
8 将make改为perform或do。此处考查搭配问题，动词make与前面的act不能搭配。 9将the改为a。a fraction of a second 意思为非常短暂的时间。
10 将post改为posture
The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human __1__ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods __2__An analysis of 58 societies of modern hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one-half emphasize gathering plants foods,
one-third concentrate on fishing, and only one-sixth are primarily hunters,Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherer?s calories come from _3__plants. Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University of London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible __4__calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. __5__Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung diet, and no __6__one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if they escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence __7__of medical care. They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, no heart disease, and their blood cholesterol levels are very low (about half of the average American adult). __8__If no one is suggesting that we return to an aboriginal life style, we certainly __9__could use their eating habits as a model for healthier diet. __10__
答案：
1 将as 改为like。此处的意思是“像史前人类祖先那样生活”。
2 将supplementing改为supplemented。supplemented 修饰diet，可以看作which is supplemented with animal foods的简化形式。
3 将and 改为or。
4将in改为on。on average 是固定用法。
5 将as 改为while或者whereas
6删掉for，或者将provide改为account。此处provide 是及物动词，后面不用介词for 7 删掉第一个of。despite 做介词，后面直接接名词。
8 在half后加that。that 指代前面的blood cholesterol levels，不能省略，因为这里是将部落成员的胆固醇含量与美国人的胆固醇含量相比较。
9将if改为whereas或者while。此处意思为“尽管没有人……,但是……”，是转折关系。 10在for后面加不定冠词a。
There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronun-ciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt ?naturally? and unconsciously, and orthography __1__is learnt deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds __2__like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock when we __3__firstly hear a recording of
ourselves. It is not a voice we recognize at once, __4__whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. We __5__begin the ?natural? learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and __6__practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every __7__day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult English spelling.
This is ? natural?, therefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our im- __8__mediate circle; after all, as we have seen, speech operates a means of holding a community and to give a sense of ?belonging?. We learn quite early to recognize a __9__?stranger?, someone who speaks with an accent of a different community—perhaps only a few miles far. __10__
答案：
1将and改为whereas/but/yet
2 将with改为of。unconscious of 是固定搭配。
3 删掉out。speak out 意思为“大胆地说”，“大声地说”，与此处意思不符。
4将firstly改为first
5将which改为that或者将which删掉。限制性定语从句前面的先行词是something，因此要用that引导定语从句。也可以将which删掉，不用任何引导词。
6将went改为go
7删掉per或者every
8将This改为It。It在此处做形式主语，后面的that从句是真正的主语。 9 在community后面加together。此处的大意为“语音是把社区团结在一起的工具”。 10将far改为away。“只有几英里远”应是 a few miles away。
Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior.
Viewing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised __1__hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football
and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate and he scores a goal, __2__enjoys the hunter?s triumph of killing his prey. __3__To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a million __4__year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival depended on success __5__in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their __6__bodies, became radically changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group __7__attackers.
Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long formative __8__period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence,
so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new use—that of penning, __9__controlling and domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms,awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer __10__essential for survival.
答案：
1 将viewing改为viewed。非谓语动词view和句子的主语是逻辑动宾关系。
2 将inaccurate改为accurate。如果真的目标不准确，也就不可能进球了（he scores a goal）。
3 在enjoys前面加he。由于前面if his aim is accurate and he scores a goal 是条件状语从句，因此可见这里是主句，主句的主语he是不可以省略的。
4 将look up at的up省略
5 将year变为复数
6 将if去掉
7 将co-operate 改为co-operated 8 将when改为after 9将were改为was。该谓语动词的主语是Their improved intelligence，是单数。 10 将farming改为hunting。纵观全文，在从事种植业后，“狩猎”而不是“农耕”的危险和不确定性对人们的生存已经不再那么重要了。
During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood
of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yields and the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if they were growers. The marketing of wheat __1__
became an increasing favorite topic of conversation. __2__
War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop.
For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling as carried on through
the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn,
so farmers could not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often that __3__ they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, __4__ just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions, producers __5__ groups asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become __6__
involving, at least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild. __7__ Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal government appointed __8__ a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries from the crops of 1917
and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices
fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 1919, the government appointed __9__
the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices. __10__ 答案：
the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood
of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yields and the price of wheat
in almost as much feeling as if they were growers. The marketing of wheat 将in改为with became an increasing favorite topic of conversation. 将increasing改为incresingly War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop.
For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling as carried on through
the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn,
so farmers could not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often that 将so改为but
they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, 删掉soon或者shortly
just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions, producers 将just改为only groups asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become 在asked 后面加上for
involving, at least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild. 将involving改为involved
Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal government appointed 将life改为living
a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries from the crops of 1917
and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices
fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 1919, the government appointed 删掉with或将handle改为deal
the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices. 将total改为full/complete/absolute/overall