英语专八改错解题思路
1. 宏观层面分析
(1)句子结构(理顺整个句子的结构,必要时检索上下文)
(2)逻辑关系(关联词选择:并列、递进、因果、转折、假设、让步等)
(3)时态和语态(完成时和虚拟语气是考查重点) 2. 微观层面分析
(1)缺漏(介词、代词、引导词) (2)冗余(两个主语、同义重复)
(3)误用(词性、分词、正反义、主被动、形容词和副词级别)
(4)一致性(名词单复数、主谓一致、先行词) (5)词义与固定搭配 3. 注意事项
(1)即使按照语感很快找到了疑似错误,也要坚持读完全句再做判断,可能会有新的发现。过于相信第一感觉而带来的失分是划不来的。
(2)分两次改比较合理,因为毕竟只有少数人能够在第一遍看材料的时候就找出所有的错误,尽管这些错误不见得隐藏得多深。
(3)常考题型,高度警惕。 冠词:the变a, a变the,补the补a,删a删the,每年都玩的把戏。
单复数:无非是his变their之类的,关键是细心。 近义词:例如distinct和distinctive,move和movement,interest和interests…
反义词:尤其看到dis, un, im,in,non之类的,更要琢磨一下。
关联词:几乎是保留节目,and, but, however, though, moreover, therefore…
非谓语动词:见了ing想ed,见了ed想ing, 就是这么贱。
形容词比较级:多半是把原形改为比较级。考的频率也蛮高的。 虚拟语气:注意一下还是比较容易看出来的,多长个心眼儿吧。
It:有时要加,有时要删,有时要变itself,总之多盯“它”几眼。 动词词组:其实主要是介词的问题,这个没办法临时抱佛脚,要靠积累.
改错:
1、改错虽然为主观题,但错误类型相对集中,可分为以下几种情况:
定冠词:a, an, the误用,甚至多出来;解决办法:分析定冠词的主语及上下文有无指代;
级:分两类错误,第一种是原级用成比较级,比较级用成最高级,反之亦然。有一种除外,是两者比较谁最好,可以用最高级;第二种是意思相反,如most改为least;
连词错误:也分两种,第一种为连词误用,应该表示转折的用成了并列,比如while改为and;第二种为近义词。在不同语境中用However, Nonetheless, 比用but更合适,更合乎语法;(与逻辑关系也有关,看上下文,联系语境)
词性错误:多出现为形容词转变为副词,反之亦然;也有可能是限定,如adv.+adj.+n.,如下所说;形容词改为动词或名词等,多出现在一词多性的情况下;
形容词限定错误:出现在adj.+adj.+n.要知道第1个adj.是限定第2个adj.还是限定n.;若是限定第2个adj.,大多改为副词adv.;
搭配错误:多为介词搭配错误,如in some extent改为to,rely in改为on等;也有搭配词没有给出,需要自己添加,比如define...as;
词义错误:比如:rather than改为other than;(此项比较难)
近义形容词错误:例如:respective, respectable, respectful, respecting, respected;(此项比较难)
缺失:例如the fact 后面直接接了句子,中间缺少that,表明同位关系;
多余:有的地方莫名其妙多出一个词,多为介词,是没有用的;
词义相反:多出现在形容词,需要在前面添加或去掉in-, im-, ir-, un-等否定前缀;
主动被动:分析主语与谓语动词的逻辑关系是主动还是被动,多出现在分句中;
三单:主语与谓语是单数还是复数,主语是否为不可数名词,是的话如何判断谓语动词是单数还是复数,还是有特殊用法;
时态:现在时用为过去式,或者进行时用成了现在时等;
定语从句用错先行词:which用成了that;难点儿的比如:for which用成了which,要知道for which=why, in / at which=where;还有什么情况下必须用that,比如人和物搭配,序数词,the one, the only,不缺任何成分,有否定词,有all等;
以下八大高频考点的分类出自《华研·专八人文知识与改错》,现将八大类错误整理如下,主要包括:1.短语搭配错误;2.易混词错误;3.逻辑关系错误;4.代词错误(一致错误);5.冠词错误;6.形容词和副词使用错误;7.成分残缺或冗余;8.动词时态或语态错误。 笔者认为这八类错误基本涵盖了改错考试中出现的错误,首先了解错误类型,对应对改错具有重要意义。 另外,笔者在总结《华研·专八人文知识与改错》和《星火·专八改错满分突破60篇》两本练习册中近100篇改错题的基础上,搜集其中出现的所有典型错误例子(语法词汇类错误居多),并根据所属错误类型整理如下。
(注意:带—>的表示前边的是错误的,后边的是改正之后的;其他的没有正确错误之分)
1.短语搭配错误 (大部分为介词错误)
carry/get with things –> carry/get on with things to let alone –> let alone
in return to –> in return for the need of –> the need for
substitute A with B –> substitute A for B account 70% --> account for 70%
under the grounds of/that –> on the grounds of/that
attitude on life –> attitude towards/to life
in a quick speed –> at a quick speed with many respects –> in many respects
at the face of –> in the face(s) of considerations to… –> considerations for…
become victims of … --> become victims to … ride in a train –> ride on a train
the problems with the government –> the problems for the government
resistive against –> resistive to resistance of –> resistance to
embark sth –> embark on sth with the belief that –> in the belief that
at advance of sth –> in advance of sth interpret… to –> interpret… as
in line to –> in line with to varing degrees –> in varing degrees
take pride of –> take pride in leap out to me –> leap out at me
inject them lethal strains –> inject them with lethal strains
charge him with the same price –> charge him the same price
imbalance of A and B –> imbalance between A and B
shortage of protein with them –> shartage of protein among them
fortify sb for sth –> fortify sb against sth (加强…以抵御…)
shed light to sth –> shed light on sth in proportion with –> in proportion to
pay for it with dollars –> pay for it in dollars be in liberty to –> be at liberty to
begin at doing –> begin with doing be contrasted to –> be contrasted with
commit an offence to –> commit an offence against modern time –> modern times
ability of (doing) sth –> ability in (doing) sth defend sth against –> defend sth from
at the first place –> in the first place pay money in doing –> pay money for doing
take to do –> take to doing (“求助于,开始”,to为介词)
yearn to –> yearn for at average –> on average
identify oneself to –> identify oneself with be successful on doing –> be successful at/in doing
get one’s teeth on –> get one’s teeth into(埋头做,认真做)
the action of formation –> the action of forming (of后应接动名词而非名词)
approach to do … –> approach to doing … one contributor of –> one contributor to
consumers demand of luxury goods –> consumers demand for luxury goods
on one’s 30s –> in one’s 30s balk to –> balk at (回避,绕过)
differ A from B –> distinguish A from B suit to sb/sth –> suit for sb/sth
vary by – vary with emphasis of – emphasis on
2.易混词错误
(1)形近异义词
imaginative – imaginary adapt – adopt confirm – conform
former – formal diary – dairy personal – personnel
beside – besides principal – principle intelligent – intelligible
conscious – conscientious stationary – stationery considerate – considerable
affect(影响) – effect(致使、达成) contact – contract moral – morale
industrious – industrial desert – dessert require – acquire – inquire
presence – presentation sensible – sensitive transformation – transmission
value – evaluate tense – tension anything – something
cooker – cook complexity(复杂性) – complex(合成体) insurance – assurance
provide(提供) – provided/providing(假设,如果) perceive – conceive
effective(有效的) – affective(受…影响的,由…引起的)
(2)形近(形异)近义词
latter – later late(迟的,已故的) – latest(最晚的,最新的)
farther(距离更远) – further(程度更进一步) healthy(健康的) – healthful(有益健康的)
effective – efficient continual(连续的) – continuous(持续不断的)
respectable – respectful historic – historical
rise – arise – raise – arouse sure – insure – ensure – assure
in return to – in response to opposite – opposition
producing – productive lonely – alone across – cross impressed -- impressive
permit(n.通行证) – permission relating – related memorizing – memorable
normal(n.常态,通常标准,一般水平) – norm(规范,行为标准)
favorite – favorable acceptability – acceptance economical – economic
few – little a few – few little – a little invent – discover
before – ago another – other
agent(代理人) – agency(代理机构) reward(回馈) – award(奖赏)
special – specific
(3)兼有两种形式的副词
firstly – first (firstly用于列举条目或者表示顺序,first表示时间上“第一次、首次”)
hardly(几乎不) – hard(努力地) sure – surely late – lately
clear(完全地、径直地) – clearly(显然、清楚地)
high(高度高地) – highly(程度高地、非常)
close(接近地、紧密地) – closely(紧密地、严密地) most(最) – most(大部分)
(4)反义词
with – without possible – impossible subjective – objective
import – export better – worse employee – employer
employment – unemployment modifiable – unmodifiable
natural – unnatural discernable – indiscernable lent – borrowed
exclusive – inclusive independency – dependency willing – unwilling
nothing more than – nothing less than agree – disagree
rarely – frequently / often specific – general
less – more (still more– still less) most – least known – unknown
respective – irrespective (irrespective of表示“不管…”) majority – minority
result in – result from fortunately – unfortunately powerful – powerless
easiness – uneasiness professional – amateur
aware – unaware include – exclude
(5) 名词单复数异义
moral – morals(作名词时用复数形式,表示“道德、伦理”)
collection(不可数名词表示“各种因素集合体”) – collections(可数名词表示“收藏品”)
manner(方法,方式) – manners(礼仪,礼节) saving – savings(复数表示“存款”)
specie(硬币) – species(种类)(species只有单数) mean(n.平均值) – means(方法)
(6) 易混短语
live with(同…一起生活,忍受) – live by(靠…过活)
go about (doing) sth(开始做某事,四处走动,流传,经常从事于) – go around(四处走动,绕道走)
tend to – intend to
in next week(以当下时间为基准点) – in the next week(以过去的时间为基准点)
spend… in doing sth – spend… on sth die of(内部) – die from(外部)
rather than – other than have sb do sth – have sth done
take on(从事,开始对付,呈现) – go on(继续) take place – take the place of
consist in(在于) – consist of(包括) in all(总共) – after all(毕竟)
in return(作为报答) – in turn(反过来,轮流)
one reason for +短语 – one reason why +句子
bring out(使显露,使显现) – bring up(教育,培养,提出,(船)抵达目的地)
be worth doing – be worthwhile to do
react to(对…作出反应) – react with(以…作出反应)
apply… to(将…应用于) – apply for(请求,申请)
3.逻辑关系错误(连词使用错误)
therefore – nevertheless/however (大部分therefore都要改为however,反之亦然)
and – but / while or – and but – because moreover – however
after – before since – although there is no…– there is also…
that – if from now on – from then on all – none besides – yet
if – unless besides – except therefore – because so – because
so does he… – neither/nor does he… that’s why +结果 – that’s because +原因
as if – even if whether – if
4.代词错误(一致错误)
their – its that – those (需要特别注意)
which – that (有些情况下关系代词只能用that)
which – what it – itself (主宾相同,宾语用反身代词)
that/this – it (只有it可作形式主语)
his – one’s (泛指时用one) you – yourself it – they this – such
XX is less sophisticated than what they are today – XX is less sophisticated than they are today
5.冠词错误
(1)定冠词多余
on the either side –> on either side in the Europe –> inEurope in the winter –> in winter (季节前不加定冠词)
Kaufman, the/an author of a recent book – Kaufman, author of a recent book(同位语间完全对等关系,不必使用冠词)
take the issue –> take issue(对…持异议,不同意)
(2)定冠词缺漏
among most –> among the most one of first –> one of the first
atmosphere –> the atmosphere(表示独一无二的事物)(另外还有如:the Equator, the Outerspace)
between us and rest –> between us and the rest
in minority –> in the minority around floor –> around the floor
piano –> the piano (西洋乐器的前面要有定冠词)
English language –> the English language at heart of –> at the heart of
world –> the world(表示“地球”这种独一无二的事物要加定冠词)
in long run –> in the long run
(3)定冠词与不定冠词之间的误用
illustrate the further difference –> illustrate a further difference (diference第一次提及)
注意以下短语的区别
in church – in the church
at college – at the college in court – in the court in hospital – in the hospital
in office – in the office
in prison – in the prison at sea – at the sea in school – in the school
at table – at the table
6.形容词与副词使用错误
have been currently –> current be well equipped as –> be as well equipped as
heavy industrialized –> heavily-industrialized
spread colossal –> spread colossally similar strong –> similarly strong
keep the number constantly at X a year –> keep number constant at X a year
feel hopeless thwarted –> feel hopelessly thwarted
comparative high proportion –> comparatively high proportion
(quakes) start deeply in the earth –> start deep in the earth
in the passed 5 years –> in the past 5 years
culture embedded attitudes –> culturally embedded attitudes
as much as –> as often as
from one meter afar –> from one meter away increasing –> increasingly
simple –> simply pure –> purely much –> many many –> more
large –> largerearly –> earlier
7.成分残缺或多余(单复数错误)
a world which I could get… –> a world in which I could get…
shows –> that shows (先行词在定语从句中作主语,关系代词不可省略)
take for granted that –> take it for grated that
1980 –1980s
one of the most glaring form –> one of the mist glaring forms
their jobs engage in their interest –> their jobs engage their interest (engage单独使用表示“占用(某人时间),吸引(某人注意力)”)
complain about sth –> complain sth work sth –> work out sth
believe in –believe (believe单独使用表示一般的“相信”,believe in表示“信任某人,信仰…”)
point sth –> point out sth 20 percents –> 20 percent
eyes contact –> eye contact seven – seventh
the process which it function –> the process by which it function
communication service –> communications service (通信服务、通讯服务)
average incomes –> average income (income为不可数名词)
the like of –> the likes of(诸如此类的)
be referred to XX –> be referred to as XX
be viewed as work of are –> be viewed as a work of art(work作为“作品”讲时,为可数名词)
8.时态或语态错误
went – go agreeing – agreed consisted – consisting
bored – boring favoring – favored
if she was –> if she were(非真实条件句) involves – involving
will – would (虚拟语气中) delaying – delayed (已完成概念或者被动概念)
the promise of improving quality of life –> the promise of improved quality of life (已完成概念或者被动概念)
assure – assures (第三人称单数) have – has (要看清句子真正的主语)
developing – developed confronting – confronted
the least understanding –> the least understood
what the have told – what they have been told
if circumstances become favorable – if circumstances should become favorable