园丁学校( 五 )年级小学语文整体改革导学案
第二篇:研究报告1
研究报告
人力资源管理专业 林晓霜 学号:1091407069
一、 基本信息
1.1论文题目:RIVALRY BETWEEN MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES: AN EVENT HISTORY APPROACH
1.2作者:TIEYING YU(Boston College) ,ALBERT A. CANNELLA JR.(Arizona State University)
1.3期刊:Academy of Management Journal,2007, Vol. 50, No. 3, 665–686
1.4基本框架:
1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1.1The Awareness-Motivation-Capability Framework(AMC)
1.2Response Speed
2. HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT
2.1Resource-Related Factors
2.2Distance
2.2.1. Home–host country distance.
2.2.2. Home–initiating country distance.
2.3Government Constraints
2.3.1. Host government constraints.
2.3.2. Home government constraints.
2.4 Subsidiary Control
2.5 Market-Related Factors
2.5.1. Initiating country importance
2.5.2. Within-country response.
2.5.3. Multimarket contact.
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Data Description
3.2. Identification of Competitive Actions
3.3. Dependent Variable: Response Speed
3.4. Independent Variables
3.4.1. Distance.
3.4.2. Government constraints.
3.4.3. Subsidiary control.
3.4.4. Initiating country importance and within-country response
3.4.5. Multimarket contact.
3.5. Control Variables
3.6. Analytical Methodology
4. RESULTS
5. DISCUSSION
5.1. Implications
5.2. Limitations
6. REFERENCES
APPENDIX A Frequency Counts of Actions
APPENDIX B Data Structure Example
1.5理论基础
1.5.1波特的市场竞争理论 (Porter, 1980)How a firm acts and reacts with regard to rivals is a vital determinant of its performance
1.5.2竞争行为,也即下面所说的actions. (Delios & Henisz, 2000; Graham, 1990; Knickerbocker, 1973)macro competitive actions such as market entry and foreign direct investment
1.5.3组织变革,组织学习,决策理论Drawing on diverse streams of research on organizational change, learning, and decision making (Allison, 1971; Dutton & Jackson, 1987; Kiesler & Sproull, 1982; Lant, Milliken, & Batra, 1992; Schelling, 1960),
1.5.4资源论(Barney,1991)resources available to a firm and factors related to the effective deployment of resources
1.5.5AMC动态竞争战略(Chen, 1996; Smith, Ferrier, & Ndofor, 2001)awareness, motivation, and capability
1.5.6此外,在确定每个变量前都有相关理论引入(如:引入政府限制因素时的理论Governments can affect the strategic actions and survival prospects of foreign-based MNEs by creating barriers to their access to critical resources and increasing their cost of doing business (Delios & Beamish, 1999; Loree & Guisinger, 1995; North, 1990; Rugman & Verbeke, 1990).)。
1.6主要解决的问题
研究跨国公司(MNEs)应对竞争行为(rival’s attack or actions)的反应速度(response time)是如何受到市场相关因素(initiating country importance, location of the response in the initiating country, and multimarket contact)和资源相关因素(distance, government constraints, and subsidiary control)影响的。
1.7创新点
本文不同于以前单一国家背景下的研究,而是将跨国公司组成the rivalry of MNE dyads,也即rival dyads,一对竞争主体来进行。(Our study describes several factors that are important to rivalry between MNEs, but not considered in previous research,primarily because past research has been limited to single-country settings.)
二、 研究设计
2.1 变量的选择
the initiator is the MNE that took an initial action,
and the responder is the MNE that is expected to respond.
Home country refers to an MNE’s nation of origin—whether it is initiator or responder.
Host country refers to any country where an MNE competes except its home country.
Initiating country refers to a country where a rival’s attack takes place.
Inititor代表有竞争初始行为的跨国公司
Responder代表有反应的跨国公司
Home country代表跨国公司的的母国
Host country代表东道国,也即跨国公司处发生在母国的一切竞争行为的发生地
Initiating country代表竞争行为发生的国家
首先是与资源相关的因素
2.1.1变量:距离
对distance的定义 : the geographic distance between an MNE’s home and a given host country, 由此提出了hypothesis1。在垄断竞争发生的地点与跨国公司所在地的地理距离也需要研究,跨国公司在东道国时,其对竞争做出反应的快慢受到自己母国和东道国地理距离远近的影响。因此提出 hypothesis2。We argue that when an attack occurs in a geographically distant country, the MNE’s awareness of the action as well as its motivation to respond swiftly are hampered,其中跨国公司在东道国时,对竞争的察觉意识和动机强弱都会受到竞争者所在国家地理距离远近的影响。由此提出了hypothesis2。
2.1.2.变量:政府约束
在东道主的国家里,就必须遵循他国的政府规定进行竞争,host
government : propose that host government constraints hinder the motivation and capability of an MNE to respond to rivals’ attacks.(主要方式有法律law、法规regulation,政坛危机political hazards等),这些都会减慢跨国公司的反应速度,提出hypothesis3。相应的,在跨国公司的母国,也即home country,一般都会有贸易保护制度,以保护本国企业的利益,所谓的a safe backyard ,它的政策是positively作用于跨国公司的,因此提出hypothesis4。对于―政府政策‖是一个很广的范围,本文中只研究防御性政策defensive policies(如:constraints on foreign MNEs’ daily operations)。
2.1.3.变量:对子公司的控制力
研究母公司与分公司信息流传递的有效性和可靠性,决定母公司对国外分公 司在运营和战略决策上的指挥程度。因此提出hypothesis5
接下来是与市场有关的因素,主要受Porter理论的影响。
2.1.4.变量:Initiating country importance市场的重要性
2.1.5.变量: Within-country response. 单个市场内的反应
2.1.6.变量: Multimarket contact. 各个市场之间的联系
The degree of threat an action poses to a potential responder is a strong predictor
of response speed.一般说,公司的市场越重要,受竞争者影响的力度越大,公司的反应就越快(即increases an MNE’s awareness of an attack and enhances its
motivation to respond quickly.),提出hypothesis6。研究完最初发生竞争的市场后,相继提出单个市场内的反应和各个市场之间的联系,并提出最后两个hypothesis。
2.2研究样本的选择
在样本的选择上,本文选择global automobile manufacturers from 1995 to 2001,有以下几点原因,首先汽车行业是寡头垄断(oligopolistic),文中可以找出一组an identifiable and manageable set of firms。第二,汽车行业的市场已经可以清楚的被定位,且不同国家市场还是有明显区别的。再次,这些跨国公司的数据是可获得的。最后,汽车制造业是商业的主线之一,成熟完善,不易混淆。
首先,文中从1995–2001 volumes of Ward’s Automotive Yearbook书中找出13 largest firms。这些汽车制造公司分别是DaimlerChrysler, Fiat, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, Mitsubishi, Nissan, PSA Peugeot Citroen, Renault, Suzuki, Toyota, and Volkswagen. 在这7年中,这13家公司的汽车占全球机动车销量的76%-88%,共涉及27个国家,这些国家占据全球99%的机动车销售额
对于竞争行为方面的数据,来源于Automotive News。We used structured content analysis to identify competitive actions。首先一人搜索出关键词与―竞争、竞赛、战争‖有关的文章,然后搜索1995-20xx年内所有与上述13个汽车公司有关的文章(至少在关键词中出现一个),最后阅读这些文献,确定2,207 对竞争行为(dyad-level competitive actions),每个action被归类于6个action type中,分别为capacity action, major product action, pricing action, marketing action,
distribution and service improvement, and minor product action。如果有的action 不属于任何一个类别,被视为a single action,统一归类到multiple action type中。举例,大家可以看表A。
当Automotive News刊登一篇文章时,文中会提到action发生的国家或者区域。如果是区域(eg: Europe),文中就会找出这个区域里所有重要的国家,把这些
国家视为action的发生地(geographic classification法),最终得出,有77%的action仅发生在一个国家,99%的action发生在少于6个国家的区域内,这说明geographic classification方法的误差对数据分析的影响不大。
为了检验Automotive News中文章的可靠性,文中随机抽取了30篇文章,在其他商业核心期刊上查阅,证实了Automotive News中文章是可靠的。
2.3因变量和自变量的数据处理
2.3.1.因变量:response speed反应速度,实质为一位竞争者对一个跨国公司出击,跨国公司相应反击,两个行为之间的时间差。
2.3.2.自变量:
首先是距离,自己measure, 还用了four dimensions of the Hofstede index (Hofstede, 1980)来测cultural distance
然后是政府约束,用了World Economic Forum的Executive Opinion Survey(This survey collects information on the perceptions of 4,000 top executives about the competitive characteristics of 59 countries),并从中挑选了三个变量
(1―Administrative procedures are not an important obstacle to starting a new business,‖ 2―Government regulations do not impose a heavy burden on business
competitiveness,‖ and 3―Irregular payments connected with import and export permits, business licenses, exchange controls, tax assessments, police protection or loan
applications are not common‖)选这些变量主要是想知道跨国公司的管理者对于区域保护条例的认知度如何,用因子分析法分析上述三个变量,得出composite measure.同理,这种方法也用来测量host government constraints 和 home government constraints
对子公司的控制力。运用他人已得的数据。used the percentage of a subsidiary’s equity held by its MNE headquarters (Curhan, Davidson, & Suri, 1977; Delios & Henisz, 2000). Who Owns Whom: The Directory of Corporate Affiliation was our source for equity ownership data.
Initiating country importance and within-country response。设定虚拟变量 we included a dummy variable, within-country response, indicating whether or not the focal host country was also the initiating country.
多个市场间的联系Multimarket contact. 市场的联系用下面的公式说明:dyadic measure developed by Baum and Korn(1999)。We used the measure below to capture the level of multimarket contact between two firms, i and j, at time t (for all ∑Mit[Dimt× Djmt] ﹥1,otherwise =0):∑Mit_[Cimt ×(Dimt × Djmt)]+ ∑Mjt_[Cjmt ×(Dimt ×Djmt)]/ Mit + Mjt, where m denotes a given market in the set of markets,Mit or Mjt served by either or both firms i and jat time t. Cimt and Cjmt are the
centralities集中性 (strategic importance) of market m to firms i and j at time t.Dimt and Djmt are indicator variables set equal to 1 if firms i and j are active in market m at time t and 0 otherwise
2.3.3.控制变量:
为控制host country characteristics,文中引入host GDP growth(World
Development Indicator database);为控制host market concentration,文中引入虚
拟变量(dummy variable)initiator’s home(coded 1 if the initiating country was also the initiator’s home country and 0 otherwise);为控制characteristics of a responder,文中引入responder size(the log of the firm’s world production)和responder international experience(United Nation’s World Investment Report);为控制the characteristics of an initiating action,文中把6种action types 分为2组:major moves和minor moves ,同时文中做出一个虚拟变量major initiating move(1是0否),文中用所有涉及initiator’s attack和变量initiating countries来控制initiating move的数量。而initiating move的复杂性是所有包含在initiator’s action的action的种类数目;为控制the characteristics of an initiating firm,引入变量dyad partner distance。
三、 数据处理
遵循―竞争的公司---国家‖的研究模式,对于初始竞争行为的发生有两种表现
(1) the responding firm responded in any country or countries where both competed
(2) the same initiator took another action against the responding firm in one or more countries where both competed
对正两种初始竞争行为,制定一组observations,每个observations的反应时间是一样的,但结果不一样。对于第一种情形中的observations,设―reponse‖为结果可以观察到,设―censored‖为结果不可以观察。对于第二种情形中的observations,均设为―censored‖。另外,还一种情形为在特定的一个公司做出反应之前,观察就已经结束了。在20xx年11月31号前的所有observations都被检查了,初始行为发生日和被观察日之间的天数都被编号。
在所有的observations被记录下后,文中删掉了所有的母国(home country observations)的观察记录,这些记录不在文章的研究视野中,因为:文中的理论假设主要是对东道国而言,对母国并不适用;许多自变量只对东道国有意义,如home–host country distance, subsidiary control, host government constraints ;跨国公司们更易在东道国展现不同的竞争行为(有引入文献)。尽管文中没做出关于母国的模型,但样本设计中都包含了母国的行为(actions),每一个在母国的行
为都会影响跨国公司在东道国的反应。另外,在东道国没有测出反应的observation,都可以在母国追根溯源,以免漏掉数据。
文章对每个变量的标准平方差、均值、关联系数、方差膨胀因子(VIF)进行分析。并把反应天数作为因变量,对数据进行了OLS回归。所有的VIF值在
[1.03~1.30]间。下表提供了自变量的系数和比值比(odds ratio:比值大于一为正比例变化; 比值小于一为反比例变化),其中模型一只包含控制变量,模型二加入了自变量。表中所有的相关系数都是odds ratios,这些数据代表自变量变化所能带来hazard rate相应倍数的增加。对于H6,文中又增加了2个分析,重建一个只包含控制变量和strategic importance of an initiating country的模型,不包含其他自变量,得到同样的不显著结果;重新加入变量home country response,结果仍一样。
由下图可以得出文中所有假设的真伪。
Hypothesis 1. The speed of an MNE’s response in a host country to an action taken by a rival in any country is negatively associated with the geographic distance between the MNE’s home country and the host country.
Hypothesis 2. The speed of an MNE’s response in a host country to an action taken by a rival in any country is negatively associated with the geographic distance between the MNE’s home country and the initiating country (i.e., where the action was taken).
Hypothesis 3. The speed of an MNE’s response in a host country to an action taken by a rival in any country is negatively associated with the level of government constraints in the host country.
Hypothesis 4. The speed of an MNE’s response in a host country to an action taken by a rival in any country is positively associated with the level of government constraints in the MNE’s home country.
Hypothesis 5. The speed of an MNE’s response in a host country to an action taken by a rival in any country is positively associated with the MNE’s degree of control over its subsidiary in the host country.
Hypothesis 6. The speed of an MNE’s response in a host country to an action taken by a rival in any country is positively associated with the strategic importance of the initiating country (i.e., the country where the action was taken) to the MNE.
Hypothesis 7. The speed of an MNE’s response in a host country to an action taken by a rival in any country is increased when the host country is where the initiating action took place.
Hypothesis 8. The speed of an MNE’s response in a host country to an action taken by a rival in any country is positively associated with the degree of multimarket contact between the MNE and its rival.
四、 对结论的解释
文中使用与资源相关的和与市场有关的因素来研究跨国公司的反应速度,在以前的学者对跨国公司研究的基础上,聚焦全球竞争的互动性和动态性。通过考察一个跨国公司,利用传统的文献研究方法,历史事件的方法等,并进行抽样设计,设定每一个竞争行为都是由一个先前的行动引发的,也即这个竞争对手的行为是他下一个反应引发剂。
本文分别对每一个变量的数据分析结果进行解释,主要顺序依据前面定下的八个假设,对于每个假设,解释的结构如下:―每个变量对应的观点(即假设的真伪)---以前学者在此方面的研究(引入文献)---之处以前研究的可取之处获不足---强调自己的观点---总结‖,在Implications中每一段都大致遵循这种表述结构,我在此翻译了头两端。
本研究的理论意义是多方面的。
首先,文中指出发现,无论是母国和东道国之间的距离还是有初始反竞争行为国家和母国的距离,都会影响跨国公司的反应速度。前期学者也对距离进行了广泛的研究, 地理上的距离是影响个体反应能力和灵活性的重要因素,从而影响个体能否对竞争对手迅速作出反应。Ghemawat(2001)建议说,要全面衡量国与国之间的距离,研究人员需要把重点放在在四个基本层面:文化,行政,地理和经济。文中能够分析并制定明确的预测只其中一个,文中不能明确说明其他三个怎样影响反应速度。随着Ghemawat指出,距离有不同的形式不同的影响。因此,需要更多的工作来区别不同类型的距离。
政府的作用在全球商业环境法规的约束下长期得到认可。然而,尽管以前的学者广泛研究政府规章制度对跨国公司的入境模式和地点选择的影响,((e.g., Delios & Beamish, 1999; Gomes-Casseres, 1990; Loree & Guisinger, 1995; Rugman &Verbeke, 1998),但目前大多数研究的仅是政府如何影响日常跨国公司的竞争行为。通过展示政府在东道国对跨国公司响应速度的影响,文中研究弥补了这一空白。此外,文中趋向对于非市场战略(如:政府政策)潜力全球竞争(Baron, 1995)。 Boddewyn and Brewer (1994)认为波特(1980)的三个通用战略是不完整的。当企业参与全球竞争,他们会发现非市场力量控制了很多机会。因此,企业应努力物尽其用。Boddewyn and Brewer的―第四通用战略‖,充分利用政府政策以协助他们进行更有效的竞争。文中的研究支持了政府政策是跨国公司在全球经营中力量的源泉,文中鼓励,今后,研究者能将非市场战略因素纳入竞争分析。