外语系毕业论文文本规范
一、 毕业论文构成部分
毕业论文一般由题目、摘要（含关键词）、目录、正文、致谢、附录、参考文献等组成。各部分的内容与要求分述如下：
1. 题目(Title)：毕业论文题目要求简明扼要，具有概括性。英文不宜超过10个
单词，汉字不宜超过15个。题目书写或打印在论文的专用封面上，封面以后不再单独占用一页。
2. 摘要、关键词(Abstract; Keywords)：摘要应反映论文的全貌（包括概括研究
课题的内容、方法和观点以及所取得的成果和结论）。字数以300个英文单词为宜，但不得少于150词；关键词以3-5个为宜，不得少于3个。摘要、关键词均须有汉语译文。
3. 目录(Table of contents)：目标标题要求层次分明、清晰。标题字样、页码应
与正文中的标题和页码严格一致。目录按三级标题编写，即第一章、第一节?；或者I, 1.1, 1.1.1?；或者 1?? 1.1?? 1.1.1??等（参见示例1）。
4． 正文或论文主体(Body)
选题背景和依据：说明本论文课题的来源、目的、意义；简述本课题在国内外的现状和存在问题，简述本论文拟解决的主要问题及应实现的主要目标。
方案论证：说明本论文研究指导思想和研究方法，阐明为何要选取本研究（包括各种方法的对比分析以及采用本方法的优点）。
过程论述：对研究过程进行陈述，要求论点公允、论证充分、逻辑性强、层次分明、表达自然贴切。正文引文（包括直接引用和间接引用他人观点）必须表明出处，且与参考文献严格对应可查。
结果分析：对研究过程中所获得的主要数据或主要现象进行定性或定量分析，得出推论或结论。结论或总结：对整个研究工作进行归纳整合（包括本课题研究的主要成果、本课题研究中尚存在的问题及进一步开展研究的见解和建议）。 正文总字数为5000字（以英文单词为准）左右，但不得低于4500字。
致谢（Acknowledgements）：简述自己通过毕业论文的体会；对指导教师以及相关人员致谢。
5． 附录(Appendixes)：对于一些不宜收入正文但可作为毕业论文不可缺少的组成
部分，或有参考价值的内容，可编入附录中。
6． 参考文献(Bibliography)：参考文献的引用和著录应符合APA或MLA规范（参
见示例3：论文正文及参考文献格式）。引用的资料应具有权威性，对毕业论文有直接参考价值。参考文献中英文文献在先，中文文献在后。参考文献可依首字母按照字母表顺序排列，也可按照在正文中出现自然次序排列。 参考文献的著录及引述格式参见第四条。参考文献必须与正文中引用严格一致，严禁弄虚作假，否则毕业论文按不及格处理。
二、毕业论文格式要求
1． 论文全文采用Time New Roman字体：论文英文题目三号Time New Roman字体、
加粗，论文中文题目三号黑体；一级标题（章标题）小三、加粗，以罗马字母I、II、III、IV、V等冠以序号（不必标示Chapter等字样）；二级标题（节标题）四号、加粗，分别冠以1.1, 1.2、2.1, 2.2、等序号；三级标题（节以下标题）小四、加粗，分别冠以1.1.1、2.1.1等序号，同时该标题斜体打印；正文采用四号。（注意：论文采用三级制；非三级制标题宜改写或转换为三级制）
2． 论文正文段首留5个空格；行间距为1.5倍行距;每节空一行。
3． 中英文摘要和目录的页码以罗马字母i、ii、iii、iv、v等标注；正文（包括
附录和参考文献）页码标注格式为1、2、3... 。
4． 论文采用A4复印纸单面打印。论文终稿采用Word97、Word2000或Word2000XP
排版打印。
5． 论文封面按照外语系提供的模版。
6． 论文装订次序为论文封面、致谢、英文摘要、中文摘要、目录、第一章、第n
章、参考文献、附录（若有）。除正文章节之外，上述每一部分须另页装订。
7． 所有曲线、图表、流程图、程序框图、示意图等不得徒手作图，须按工程要求
采用计算机或用手工绘制。
三、毕业论文参考文献著录及引述格式
文献的著录顺序及引文著录格式参见示例2：参考文献著录及引述格式。
示例1：论文的封面格式
安徽建筑工业学院
外语系毕业论文
论文题目（中文）从拒绝言语行为看中西文化的不同 （黑体三号）
论文题目（英文）
班 级 02英语1班 （宋体三号）
学生姓名 XXX （同上）
学 号
指导教师职 称： XX （宋体三号）
20xx年 6 月 10日（宋体三号）
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CHINESE AND
WESTERN CULTURES IN THE SPEECH
ACT OF REFUSAL
（Times New Roman,小二号）
By（Times New Roman, 三号）
Chen Yuanyuan
Under the Supervision of
XXX
A Thesis
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
in Anhui Institute of Architecture and Industry
June, 2006
示例2：致谢，摘要及目录格式
（空一行）
Acknowledgements（Times New Roman 三
号，粗体,居中）
（空一行）
(空格5格，1.5倍行距)Through the process of writing this paper, I got a lot of help from others. Here I want to express my sincere thanks to them.
Firstly I would like to thank all the teachers in our department. They are very kind. We have learnt a lot from them. They taught us how to do, how to learn and how to be. Though the four years’ study, I have learned solid knowledge of English history and culture. I have learned how to study more efficiently. What’s more, I have learned how to behave ourselves as college students. I really do not know how to thank them enough. I would especially thank Mrs Lin, who gave me
encouragement and instruction all through my writing.
Secondly I would like to thank all my friends at school. We spent 4 years
together. When I was in trouble, I can always get help from them .My college life has been very colorful.
I would also like to thank Professor Tian Huizhong. I got inspiration from his book Communicational Addressing Systems of China and Western Countries (Foreign Language and Research Press 1998) and started my research in to my thesis. (Times New Roman, 小四号)
(空一行)
Abstract
（Times New Roman 三号，粗体，居中）
（空一行）
(空5格，1.5倍行距)This paper focuses on the different kinship terms in China and western countries and their cultural connotations. As most western countries employ English kinship terminology, the comparison is mostly done between Chinese and English. In the paper, the research is conducted first on a microcosmic basis and then from a macroscopical perspective. Further, a thorough study of the culture difference between China and western countries is made. Finally a conclusion is drawn from the research. (Times New Roman, 小四号)
Key words: kinship terms; lineal kinship terms, collateral kinship terms （关键词3-5个）
(空一行)
摘 要 （黑体三号）
（空一行）
（空三格，宋体小四号，1.5倍行距）本文主要研究中西亲属称呼语的差异及其深刻的文化内涵。大部分西方国家都使用英语亲属称呼系统，文章中重点比较英语和汉语称呼语的差异。文章首先从微观角度，将亲属称呼语从直系、旁系两个方面比较。然后再从宏观角度对中西称呼的系统进行比较。在此基础上对亲属称呼语所反映出来中西方的文化内涵深入剖析。最后结合实际得出结论。
关键词：亲属称呼语; 直系亲属称呼语, 旁系亲属称呼语
Contents （三号，加粗，居中）
Acknowledgement（小三,加粗）……………………………………I Abstract (English)……………………………………………….......Ⅱ Abstract (Chinese)…………………………………………………..Ⅲ Contents………………………………………………………….......Ⅳ List of Tables........................................................................................V 1. Introduction（小三） …………………………………………1
1.1 Significance of the Study（四号）………………………… ……….1
1.2 Need for the Study……………………………………………………1
1.3 Purpose of the Study.…………………………………………………2
2. Literature Review（小三）…………………………………………2
3. Different Kinship Terms between China and Western Countries
（小三） ………………………………………………3
3.1 Lineal Kinship Terms（四号） ……………………………………3
3.2 Collateral Kinship Terms…………………………………………....5
3.3 Possible Reasons for the Differences………………….………….....8
4. Conclusion ………………………………………………..………….10
4.1 Summary of the Stud y……………………………………………...11
4.2 Limitation of the Study ………………………………………….....11
References（小三）…………………………………………………....12
List of Tables （小三）
Digram 1 ElderGenerations on Paternal Side(四号)…… ……………....3
Digram 2 Younger Generations on Paternal Side……………...……… ..3 Digram 3 Elder Generation on Maternal Side…… …………...…….… .4
Digram 4 Younger Generations on Mternall Side ……………….… …...4 Digram 5 Ego’s Father’s Generation……………………… …… ………6
Digram 6 Ego’s Generation ……………………………………………....7
Digram 7 Ego’s Son’s Generation………………………………………...7
示例3：论文正文及参考文献格式
1. Introduction (Times New Roman，小三，加粗)
1.1 Necessity and significance of the study （Times New Roman，四号，粗体）
（空格5个，小四，行距1.5）Languages contain the quickest and the most efficient means of communicating within their respective cultures. As a poet and philosopher put it “As many languages as one speaks, so many lives one lives.” To learn a foreign language is to learn another culture. Effective communication, no matter what the situation, goes beyond mere language learning. Therefore, it is important to know the patterns and modes of communication as well. A mode of communication may be either direct or indirect, and a keen awareness of that difference has a tremendous impact upon the quality of communication. To discuss the cultural differences between Chinese and English will make the language learners be aware of the cultural differences and avoid culture shock.
We communicate with others for many purposes through the use of language. Speech act theory, developed by Austin and Searle, argued that when we use language we are also performing certain acts. Speech acts included requests, apologies, compliments, and, increasingly, refusals, and so on. Refusal is one of the speech acts that people use to express their intended purpose. However, the number of research on the speech act of refusal is limited.
Therefore, we are expected to focus more on the detailed studies on the speech act of refusal in Chinese and western cultures. And this research aims to shed new light on the different way of expressing the act of refusal in Chinese and English.
（每节空一行）
1.2 Purpose of the study （四号，加粗）
This study aims to achieve the following purposes:
1) To explore the differences in the ways of expressing refusal between Chinese and Western cultures.
2) To analyze the possible reasons for the differences in the speech act of refusal in Chinese and Western cultures.
2. Literature review (小三，加粗)
Before we go further on the issue of the act of refusal, we will introduce the following concepts relevant to the speech act of refusal.
2.1 Concept of Cooperative Principle （四号，加粗）
The Cooperative Principle (CP) is a principle of conversation that was proposed by , stating that participants expect that each will make a “conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange”.
According to Grice, cooperative behavior in conversation can be described in terms of four conversational maxims (Grice, 1975:45-46):(注意参考文献)
3.2 Difference in using addressing term
The Chinese use more indirect refusals, although both Americans and Chinese preferred indirect refusal strategies. Both Chinese and westerners apply certain downgrader to smooth the threat of refusal. Using addressing term is typical in demonstrating the difference between the two cultures.
With the purpose to restore friendship with people, Chinese tend to be more economical in their choices of the number of the tokens of the refusal strategies. The politeness refusal strategy of “marginally touching the point” is their favor. One polite mode of refusing is “addressing term + apology + reasons”. For example:
1) 严书记呀??李市长刚刚睡着了，你看是不是??（张平《抉择》）（宋体，小四）
2）妈妈钱带的不够，下回吧。
3）孩子，很贵的玩具不一定好玩。 (唐玲, 2004)
The addressing terms “严书记呀”，“妈妈”，“孩子” are used for the purpose of downgrading.
However, influenced by the individualistic culture (self-oriented), the Americans tend to use a “question attentiveness” strategy. One polite mode of
refusing is “ I would like to + reasons + apology”). They try to employ different refusal strategies in order that the problems in question could be solved (Liao & Bresnahan,1996) such as “ I really wish I could but I’ve got other things to do, I’m sorry. ” , “Yes I would love to help, but, sorry, I would have to leave early.” or “Oh, I’d like to go. But I have a date at that time.”
References （Times New Roman, 四号，加粗，
居中）
[1] Brown, P. and Levinson, S. Universals in language usage :Polite-ness phenomena. In E. N. Goody (ed.), Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction (pp. 56-289). New York: Cambridge University Press. 1978.（小四）
[2] Leech, G. Pragmatics [M]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 1981.
[3] Levinson, Stephen. Pragmatics [M]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research
Press. 2001.
[4] Sapir, E. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech[M]. New York:
Harcourt Brace& Company.1921.
[5] Ting-Toomey, S. Cross-Cultural Face-Negotiation: An Analytical Overview [J]. April 15, 1992.
[6] Wilkins, D.A. Linguistics in Language Teaching [M]. Edward Ltd.1972
[7]邓炎昌.语言与文化[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，6.1995.（宋体，小四）
[8]顾日国,礼貌,语用与文化[J].外语教学与研究,1992,(4)
[9]胡文仲,跨文化交际学概论 [M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1999
[10]罗常培,语言与文化[M]. 北京：语文出版社, 1989
[11]马月兰,中美拒绝言语行为比较研究[J].青海师范大学学报（哲学社会科学
版）,1998 ,（4）
[12]唐玲,汉语间接拒绝言语行为的表层策略分析[J].广西社会科学，2004，(10)
[13]许余龙,对比语用学[M]，上海外语教育出版社,2002
[14]徐晓燕 夏伟蓉,英语“拒绝”言语行为语用策略对比研究[J].西南民族学院学
报（哲学社会科学版）,2003,(2)
[15]姚俊.英汉拒绝策略的语用对比研究[J].外语与文化研究,论文第2辑. 2002
[16]朱跃 李家玉.中英商业购物中“拒绝”言语行为对比研究[J].外语2004，（1）
说明: 英语参考资料在前,汉语参考资料在后。除了在左边标上编号，英语参考资料按人名字母先后排列，汉语则按人名汉语拼音先后排列。正文中引用的参考资料
只需标作者，年代，写在括号里，放在引用部分之前或后。