被动语态用法浅议
请观察下列4组句子，注意归纳被动语态的用法特征。
1. A. As everybody knows, history is made by the people.
B. The 29th Olympics was held in Beijing on August 8, 2008.
C. You won’t be allowed to take so much luggage with you.
D. I thought thousands of people would be helped.
E. A new railway is being built now in my hometown.
F. The roads were being widened when I passed by.
G. His novel has been translated into 10 languages since he finished it. H. The car had been repaired when I arrived at the garage.
I. Sometimes bad things can be turned into good things.
2. A. The students are made to do their homework after class by the teacher.
B. She was heard to move about in her room upstairs last night.
3. A. She was given some money by her father yesterday.
B. A ticket was shown to me by him.
4. A. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse in the hospital.
B. The fire had been put out before the firefighters arrived.
[总结归纳]
从以上第1组例句中，我们可以归纳总结出各种时态的被动语态及带情态动词的被动结构的构成形式：
☆ 一般现在时：am / is / are + done
☆ 一般过去时：was / were + done
☆ 一般将来时：will / shall + be + done
☆ 过去将来时：would + be + done
☆ 现在进行时：am / is / are + being + done
☆ 过去进行时：was / were + being + done
☆ 现在完成时：have / has + been + done
☆ 过去完成时：had + been + done
☆ 情态动词：情态动词 + be + done
从以上第2组例句中，我们可以归纳总结出：
☆ 在主动语态中，使役动词或感官动词后作宾补的不定式省略to，但是当变为被动语态时须加上to。这类动词常见的有make, let, have, see, hear, watch, feel, notice 等。
从以上第3组例句中，我们可以归纳总结出：
☆ 含有双宾语的句子，直接宾语和间接宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，但多用间接宾语作主语。常见的动词有buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tell 等。
从以上第4组例句中，我们可以归纳总结出：
☆ 一些短语用于被动语态时，短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。常见的短语有look after, listen to, look at, pay attention to, take care of, look forward to, make use of, put out, carry out等。
[即学即练] 根据括号内所给的汉语提示完成下列句子。
1. These children ____________ (将受到很好的照料) in the kindergarten.
2. The classroom ____________ (由学生们打扫) every day.
3. The problem ____________ (正在被讨论) in the meeting room.
4. Several soldiers ____________ (已经被杀害) in the conflict.
5. She found the house ____________ (已经被暴风雨摧毁).
6. His work ____________ (被中断) for a time during the First World War.
7. The books in the reading room ____________ (绝不能被带出).
8. ____________ (他被注意到) steal the woman’s necklace.
Key:
1. will be taken good care of
2. is cleaned by the students 3. is being discussed
4. have been killed 5. had been destroyed by the storm
6. was stopped 7. mustn’t be taken out
8. He was noticed to
第二篇：(很好)get型被动语态 get的被动用法
今天，我看书的时候，看到了下面这句很普通的句子，“How Do We Get Started on These
Programs?”。我突然感到有一点糊涂，什么叫“Get started” ？这句话同“How do we start on these programs?”又有什么区别呢？
我查了词典里关于“get+动词分词”结构的解释，发现这种常见结构其实很复杂，既可以表示主动（We Get Started on These Programs），又可以表示被动（I got invited to her party yesterday）。
下面就是我整理的笔记。
首先，“get+过去分词”是一种被动形式。
我们都知道，英语中表示被动的方法是“be+过去动词”，但是其实还有第二种方法，那就是“get+过去分词”，这两者的意思基本上是类似的。但是，后者用得比较少，尤其少用于正式的书面文体。
请对比下面三句话：
a) The bus hit John.
b) John was hit by the bus.
c) John got hit by the bus.
上面这三种说法都是对的。被动的含义除了可以用“be + 过去分词”表示以外，还可以用“got + 过去分词”来表示。
请看下面的例句：
* It is upsetting when a person gets punished for a crime that he didn't commit. * The picture got damaged (= was damaged) when we were moving.
* If they make such criticisms they will get treated with the contempt they deserve. * I don't want to get mixed up with the police again.
* After working here selflessly for several years,Mr. Li got promoted at last.
* They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.
“get+过去分词”和"be+过去分词"有几个区别。
（1）在"be+过去分词"的结构中，be是助动词（auxiliary），可以用来独立构成否定句和疑问句；get不是助动词，在否定句和疑问句，必须增加助动词。
请看下面的例句。
* Was Kim attacked by a tiger?
* Kim was not attacked by a tiger.
* Did Kim get attacked by a tiger?
* Kim did not get attacked by a tiger.
以上四句话都是正确，下面两句则是错误的。
* Got Kim attacked by a tiger? (×)
* Kim got not attacked by a tiger. (×)
（2）“get+过去分词”结构可以用于进行时态，"be+过去分词"结构就不行。
请看下面的例句
* You will be getting cursed.
* My brother has been getting examined
（3）“get+过去分词”结构通常不带“by+动作主体”的部分，但这不是绝对的。 请看下面两句话，其中第二句话是错误的。
* I got caught in the rain.
* I got caught by the rain. （×）
但是，在下面的例句中可以使用by：
* He got caught by the police.
* He got hit on the head by the burglar.
* Raghu got kicked in the shin by a donkey.
* He got punched in the nose by his opponent.
（4）“get+过去分词”结构极少用于无生命的物体。
请看下面两句话，其中第二句话是错误的。
* Gunfire was heard in the auditorium.
* Gunfire got heard in the auditorium.(×)
除了表示被动以外，“get + 过去分词”结构还可用于谈论为自己做的事，表示主动的行为而不是被动的行为，即起到了强调主语、加重语气的作用。
请对比下面两句话：
a) Joe was dressed [by someone]
b) Joe got dressed.
a句表示其他人帮助Joe穿衣服，b句则表示Joe自己穿衣服。
除了get dressed（穿衣服）以外，类似的常用短语，还有以下这些：get divorced（离婚）、get engaged（订婚）、get confused（迷惑不解）、get lost（迷路）、get washed（洗脸） 、get married（结婚）等。
为什么英语中有两种表示被动的结构？为什么“get+过去分词”结构既可以表示主动的行为，又可以表示被动的行为，它们之间是否有联系？
在普通的“be+过去分词”结构中，动作主体（subject）与动作受体（object
）之间的关系一般是同等重要的。下面两个例句是完全等价的：
* Marconi invented the radio.
* The radio was invented by Marconi.
但是，“get+过去分词”结构不是这样。不管加不加动作主体，关注的重点永远是在动作的受体上。这也是，这种结构为什么通常不带“by+动作主体”的原因。（即使带了，句子的重心也依然是在前半部分。）
所以，只要使用了“get+过去分词”结构，一定是强调句子的主语的。
我不清楚get used to是不是这种结构。资料中都没有提到这个短语，所以可能不是。 学习了这么久，又是这么麻烦的东西，太伤脑筋了。
下面是轻松一刻，贴几张漫画。
He got hit!
I got caught.
I got lost.
We got married.
Mike got dressed for bed.
[练习]
（1） I don't know how it happened, but I ____ in San Francisco.
a) was lost b) got lost
（2） That evening the Greek embassy was having a party. I ____ by a friend who worked there.
a) was invited b) got invited
（3） I had been out all day sightseeing. When I returned it was late, so I ____ quickly and left the hotel.
a) was dressed b) got dressed
（4） Fortunately, I ____ a map before I left the hotel.
a) was given b) got given
（5） As I was leaving the hotel, I almost ____ by a taxi.
a) got hit b) was hit
（6） The embassy was only a few blocks away. So I walked. Somewhere along the way, I ____ .
a) got disoriented b) was disoriented
（7） I took a wrong turn and walked the wrong direction. Finally, I hailed a taxi and ____ to the party.
a) was driven b) got driven
答案：（按下右键，拖动鼠标察看）
（1）b （2）a （3）b （4）a （5）a/b 两者都正确 （6）a （7）a
References
* http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1795330
*
/deccanherald/dec222005/dheducation152010200512
21.asp
* .cn/en/2002-08-07/4742.html
* http://smccd.net/accounts/sevas/esl/reviewlesson/passive2.html
（阮一峰，20xx年6月25日）