1. The term biological clock is applied to the means which living __1__ things adjust their activity patterns, without any obvious cue, the __2__ time of day, or the month, or the year. They are affected but little,if at all, by drugs, chemicals, or wide temperature differences—factors may alter substantially the rates of all ordinary processes of the body. __3__ The nature of the biological clocks mechanism is still a mystery __4__ two quite different theories have been advanced to account to __5__ them. According to the first of these theories, each individual have envolved, aided by natural selection, an adaptation to the rhythmic __6__environment. It has now become independent on the environment __7__ according to this view, the clocks are not perfect timers.They require regular corrections by the natural light and tide cycles and the changed lengths of the day throughout the year. __8__ The other theory holds up living things react continuously to __9__ their rhythmic physical environment. The setting of their biological clocks, therefore, involves a constant adjustment to subtle clocks which are potential perfect times. __10__
2. We Americans are incredible lazy. Instead of __1__Cooking a simple, nourishing meal, we pop a freezing __2__dinner into the oven. Instead of studying daily __3__ newspaper, we are contented with the capsule summaries on the network news. Worse of all, instead __4__of walking evenly a few blocks to the local __5__convenience store, we jump into our car. This __6__independence on the automobile, even for short __7__trips, have robbed us of a valuable experience- __8__walking. If we drove less and walked less, we __9__would save money, and become healthier, and discover __10__fascinating things about our surroundings.
3. When I decided to return back to school at the __1__age of thirty-five, I wasn’t at all worried for my __2__ability to do the work. After all, I was a grown womanwho has raised a family, not a confused__3__teenager freshly out of school. But when I __4__started classes, I realized that those “confused teenagers”who sitting around me were in __5__more better shape for college than I was. They still__6__had all their classrooms skills in bright, shiny__7__condition, while mine grown rusty from disuse. I__8__had totally forgotten how to locate information in a library, what to write a report, __9__or even how to speak up in class discussion. __10__
4. Many of the home electric goods which are advertised as liberating the modern women tend to have the opposite effect, so they simply __1__change the nature of work instead of eliminting it. Machines have a certain novelty value, as toys for adults. It is certainly less __2__tired to put clothes in a washing machine, but the time saved does __3__not really amount too much: the machine has to be watched, the __4__clothes have to be carefully sorted out, stains removed by hand, water changed, clothes taken out, aired and ironed. It would be more
liberal to pack it all off to a laundary and not necessarily __5__more expensive, since no capital investment is required. Nevertheless, if you really want to save time you do not make __6__cakes with an electric mixer, you buy one in a shop. If one compares the image of the woman in the women's magazine to the goods advertised __7__by those periodicals, one realizes how useful a projected image can be commercially.
A careful balance has to be struck: if you show a labor-saving device,follow it up with a complex recipe on the next page; on __8__any account hint at the notion that a woman could get herself a __9__job, but instead foster her sense of her own usefulness, emphasize __10__the creative aspect of her funtion as a housewife.
5. Changes in the way people live bring about changes in the jobs that they do. More and more people live in towns and cities instead on farms and in villages. Cities and states have to provide __1__services city people want, such like more police protection, more __2__hospitals, and more schools. This means that more policemen，more nurses and technicians, and more teachers must be hired. Advances in technology has also changed people's lives. __3__ Dishwashers and washing machines do jobs that were once done by the hand. The widespread use of such electrical appliances __4__ means that there is a need for servicemen to keep it running properly. __5__ People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads changes in the way of life. __6__As income goes down, people may not want more food to eat or more clothes to wear. __7__But they may want more and better care from doctors, dentists and hospitals. They are likely to travel more and to want more education. Nevertheless, many more jobs are available in these services. __8__ The government also affects the kind of works people do. __9__ The governments of most countries spend huge sums of money for international defense. They hire thousands of engineers, __10__ scientists, clerks, typists and secretaries to work on the many different aspects of defense.
6. Before 1973, abortion was illegal in America unless the woman's health was threatened. In March of 1970, Jane Roe, a single woman, instituted this federal action against the District Attorney of the country. The original idea was that women who truly did not want a baby should not have to have it. __1__ Since pregnacy may be a blessed act when planned or wanted, __2__ forced pregnacy, like any force bodily invasion, is anathema to American values and traditions. As legalized abortion has become an everyday part of American life, a different side to it has emerged out. __3__ Where women once were aborting because they did not want a child, the reasons being given now were becoming very different. __4__ Abortion has turned into something that women are being coerced from boyfriends'husbands' unwilling to be fathers, out of fear __5__ of the financial pressure, out of the panic from losing their jobs, out of panic from having to quit the school, or becoming __6__ homeless, or out of fear of their parents kicking them out into the street.Abrotion for these reasons can lead to problems
which develop when a woman is unable to get round her emotional responses __7__ from the trauma of an abortion. There are women who abort and do so completely of her own free will. These women have no __8__ regrets, no remorse, but are happy they had this choice availble. __9__ But a growing number of women are speaking up about how abortion effected them adversely. __10__
7. Several years ago, we began construction on a new church buliding.In the beginning, the workmen dug a big pit in the ground and then they began to pour footings. Footings are cement piers under __1__ which the entire buliding rests. They are crucial to the strenth of the finished structure. After the foundation hole is dug, the footings must be poured quickly, before the composition of the soil is changed by the wind, air, or water. With a similar way in these brief early __2__ years, parents of young children have the challenging job of lying __3__ the foundation that will support family friendships in later years.
Physical affectation and verbal affirmation are necessary in laying __4__ a strong foundation for friendship. Hug, hug, hug. Even if you are not __5__ raised in a hugging family, hug your kids anyway. They need the warmth of physical contact and so do you need. A young child will try to __6__ manipulate and be in the charge. He will attempt to get his own way. __7__ Since the child may not be consciously trying to control, this is __8__ what he is doing. A wise parent must not permit to happen. __9__ When a child respects his parents, he will also respect the others. __10__
8. Thirty or forty years ago, when most mothers in the United States didn't have jobs, ,homes were busier places. Children went to school from 9 A.M to 3 P.M.and spent the most of the time in the house under their__1__ mother's watchful eyes. Children played, watched TV, and did homework, and while they weren't in the house, __2__ they were outside in the front or backyard or playing nearly with other neighborhood children.Though this situation still exists in some communities today, it is becoming rarer and rarer as more and more mothers have work inside the home. These "two-income__3__ families" create a different kind of home—one that is a place to stop temporarily in the midst of a busy schedule __4__ of activities. Because working parents often leave the house by 8 A.M and return at 5 or 6 P.M, children go to school and then a series of highly-programmed after-school activities.__5__ So when school lets out for two or three weeks at New Year's time, many parents may face with a troubling situation.__6__ Some researches show the kind of child-care problem the holidays can have for busy parents. Even in those families __7__ in which the mother is home, there is often many active __8__ neighborhood full of children playing since most of the other children are involved in activities. This results from the irony __9__ of both parents and children anxiously look forward to the end__10__ of their vacation.
9. Ismail Kadare, who was rewarded the Man Booker __1__ international Prize for literature this year, is the first Alabanian writer to be taken notice in nearly 80 years. His classic novel, __2__ The General of the Dead Army, is a meditation on the consequences of war, a hugely moved account of the meaning of duty and the __3__ tragedy that blind obedience entails.It is early 1960s, nearly 20 years as the Second World War __4__ ended. An Italian General, accompanied with a sinister priest __5__ who is also Italian army colonel, is sent to Alabania to locate __6__ and collect the bones of his countrymen who had died during the
War and return them for burial in their native land. They are armed with maps, lists, and other important informations such as __7__ measurements, dental and other records of the missing personnel.The team tours the countryside, organizing digs and disinterment and, as they try to find the dead sons of forgotten families, they wonder at the sense and scale of their task. The General constantly talks to the priest who is accompanying them the futility of __8__ war and the sheer meaningless of the whole enterprise. As they go deeper into the Alabanian countryside they find their footsteps follow, sometimes anticipated, by a fellow General __9__ who is also looking for bodies—the bodies of German countrymen.Like this Italian counterpart, the German too struggles in the remote countryside, against the cold and rain and the hostile terrain. It is a thankless job looking for the remains of dead “souls” merely to take them back home for a decent burial. Is it worthy the exercise? Isn’t __10__ this a mistaken sense of national honor?
10. Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long term maintenance of body weight. Unfortunately, that message has not gotten through to the average American, that would rather try __1__ switching to "light" beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion. The Centers for Disease Control, for example, found that fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults were trying to shed __2__ pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet.
In rejecting exercise, some people may be discouraged too much by calorie-expending charts; for example, one would have to __3__ briskly walk three miles just to work the 275 calories in one __4__ delicious Danish pastry. Even exercise professionals concede half a point here. "Exercise in itself is a very tough way to lose weight," __5__ says York Onnen, the program director of the President's Council on __6__ Physical Fitness and Sports.
Therefore, exercise's supporting role in weight reduction is vital. __7__ A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed that those who diet __8__ without exercise regained almost all their old weight, while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight.
If you decide to start walking one mile a day, the added exercise could burn an extra 100 calories daily. In a year's time, assumed no
__9__ increase in food takein, you could lose ten pounds. By increasing the __10__ distance of your walks gradually and making other dietary adjustments,you may lose even more weight.
11. Today we take for granted that the mail will be delivered __1__ daily at our door. But many years ago it might have been placed in a tree trunk and underneath a rock. In the early __2__ days of the mail no one could be sure about where or when it will arrive. __3__ At the southern tip of Africa there was once a post office under a rock. At the old days the route from England to __4__ India was around the Cape of Good Hope. The journey was stormy and danger. It took six long months. Sailors often __5__ wished to send mail home, but they seldom met ships bound back to England. So at the cape the sailors would go on ashore. They headed for a certain large stone. On the __6__ stone scratched the words “Look here under for letters.” __7__ They would leave their letters there, knowing that the next homeward ship would stop and pick it up. __8__ There was another post office like this at the southern tip of South America. During the golden rush days, boats __9__ sailed around Cape Horn to California. At Cape Horn was a keg(小桶) nailed to a post. Boats coming from the east coast would send some sailors to this post office. They picked up any letters in the keg. At the same time they mailed letters home that boats sail east could pick up. __10__
12. Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities to make life difficult. If a child has good parents, he is fed, looked after and loved, what he may do, It is __1__ improbable that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in turn. In addition, __2__ life is always presenting new things to the child—things that have lost their interesting for older people because __3__ they are too well-known. A child finds pleasure in playing in the rain, or in the snow.His first visit to the seaside is a marvelous adventure. But a child has his pains:He is not so free to do as he wishes as he thinks old people do; he is continually being told not to do things, __4__ or being punished for that he has done wrong. __5__ His life is therefore not longer perfectly happy. __6__ When the young man starts to earn his own living, he becomes free from the discipline of school and parents;but at the same time he is forced to accept responsibilities.
He can not longer expect others to pay for his food, his clothes, and his room, but has to work if he wants to live comfortable. If he spends most of his time playing about in __7__ the way that he used to as a child, he will suffer hungry. __8__ And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents, he may go to prison. If, therefore, __9__ he works hard, keeps out of trouble and has good health,he can have the great happiness of seeing himself making __10__ steady progress in his job and of building up for himself his own position in society.
13. We use language primarily as a means of communication with other human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which we ive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as __1__ to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular __2__ message: the English speaker has in his disposal a vocabulary and a __3__ set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his __4__ thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English __5__ speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses activetly and that which he recognises, increases in size as he grows old as a result of education and experience. __6__ But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system remains no more than a psychological reality for tike inpidual, unless he has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another __7__ member of his linguistic community; he has to give the system a concrete transmission form. We take it for granted two most __8__ common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by our vocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are __9__ among most striking of human achievements. __10__
14. About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could be avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____University. The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal Deaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____families to moderate size.
This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Control respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____risk categories.
The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10____two years apart.
15. “Home, sweet home” is a phrase that express an essential attitude in the United States. Whether the reality of life in the family house is sweet or no sweet, the cherished ideal of home _____1_____has great importance for many people. This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream,dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlers
of American West, was to find a piece of place, build a house _____2_____for one’s family, and started a farm. These small households were
_____3_____portraits of independence: the entire family- mother, father, children, even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to _____4_____support each other. Anyone understood the life-and-death importance _____5_____of family cooperation and hard work. Although most people in the United States no longer live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership _____6_____is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth. When U.S soldiers came home before World WarⅡ, for example, _____7_____they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was _____8_____a tremendous boom in home building. The new houses, typically in the suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied _____9_____a deep need. Many regarded the single-family house the basis of their _____10_____way of life.
16. We live in a society which there is a lot of talk about science, but I would say _____1_____that there are not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with school, including college, to understand scientific reasoning. We are more ignorant of science as people _____2_____with comparable education in Western Europe.
There are a lot of kids who know everything about computers—how to build them, how to take them apart, and how to write programs for games. So if you ask _____3_____them to explain about the principles of physics that have gone into creating the _____4_____computer, you don’t have faintest idea. _____5_____The failure to understand science leads to such things like the neglect of human _____6_____creative power. It also takes rise to blurring of the distinction between science and _____7_____technology. Lots of people don’t differ between the two. Science is the production of _____8_____new knowledge that can be applied or not, and technology is the application of knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like. The two are really different, and people who have the faculty for one very seldom have a
faculty for the others. _____9_____Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But as soon as it can provide technology, it’s not necessarily harmful. No society has yet learned to forecast the consequences of _____10_____new technology, which can be enormous.
17. What is a black hole? Well, it is difficult to answer the question, as the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon __1__are adequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is __2__a region of space which matter has fallen and from which nothing can __3__escape—not even light. But we can’t see a black hole. A black hole __4__ exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space—or thus we think. How can this happen? __5__ The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to
a particular point; they “collapse” and sometimes a supernova occurs. The collapse of a star may produce a “White Dwarf” of a “neutronstar”— a star which matter is so dense that if continually shrinks by the force of __6___ its own gravity. But if the star is very large, this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results in. Imagine the earth reduced to the __7__ size of a marble, but still having the same masses and a stronger __8__
gravitational pull, and you have some ideas of the force of a black hole. __9__ And no matter near the black hole is sucked in. __10__