托福作文抽象加分词总结
wellbeing 泛指一种比较良好的生活状态
mechanism 政府类常用词:机制 to reform the current decision-making mechanism in the government
alienation 疏远，形容词更加常用，be alienated from sb
equilibrum 很像balance,如ecological equilibrium
similarity 相似之处，反义词：distinction
distinction 可以看做difference的升级版：差异。形容词distinctive指“很独特的”，接近“unique”
disparity 差距，gap的升级版
remedy 解决方法，像solution
posterity 后代，一般只用单数，而且不加the
novelty 非常新鲜有趣的东西
rarity 罕见稀有的东西
commonality 共性
Some friendships grow over years.Others form in an instant.The commonality of all these friendships is-the recognition of the special things we share in common.Friends assure us that we are not alone in the world.
incidence 有点像rate，但它一般是特指某种坏现象的发生率
The rising incidence of obesity,cornary heart diseases and diabetes
ambience/atmosphere 气氛，氛围
necessity 必需品或必要性
luxury 奢侈，作文里有时也作“奢望”
niceties 在美国是很常见的一个词，而且经常用复数，表示那种看起来很美但实际上并不是很必要的事物
The niceties of technology-aimed life mean little when our needs are simple:warmth when we’re cold;food when we’re hungry;sleep when we’re tired.
materialistic 物质化的，非常现实的，在美国这个词经常用来描述大城市居民 mediocre 平庸的，水平一般的，用来描述人或事物
alarming 令人警觉的，如the alarming crime rate
disturbing 困扰人的
recurring 一再出现的，一再困扰人的，后面通常跟不好的事物，比如recurring problems,recurring pain
desirable 值得拥有的，在作文中是代替good的上乘之选，如Foreign language skills are highly desirable/A desirable neighborhood/It’s desirable that you have some familiarity with computers. adept in 指某方面技能很高
abject 在写作中经常用在一些表示艰难困苦的名词之前加重程度，比如abject misery,abject poverty
laborious 一般后面只能跟task或者undertaking之类表示任务或者工作的词，表示需要付出很大努力的
flawed 有缺陷的，比它更委婉的说法是imperfect
People are by nature flawed.There’ll always be times when our friends do things that are disappointing or hurtful to us.Sometimes these things are done on purpose;sometimes by accident.
impeccable/flawless 这两个词是“无懈可击的”，perfect的近义词
indiscriminate 这个词与歧视无关，而是“不加区分的，不加选择的”
The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizer has been causing serious problems
discriminating 这是个褒义词，指有品位，有鉴赏力的
注：“歧视的”在英文里正确形式是discriminatory
optional 可选择的，不是必须的，反义词：mandatory/compulsory
chronic 长期存在的（问题），慢性的（疾病）
pressing 紧迫的，比如pressing issues,pressing conscerns,有时也可以用burning/urgent代替 intense 强烈的，但比strong跟strong，比如intense pressure,intense emotions
exhilarating 比exciting的程度强
bitter 辛酸，辛辣的
bitter experience/a bitter battle/bitter argument/a bitter dispute
sensible 明智，有理性的
mercenary 完全就是为了钱的
sweeping 席卷一切的，比如the sweeping impact of globalization
all-encompassing 包罗万象的，比如the all-encompassing information highway
rampant 猖獗的，比如rampant crime,rampant inflation
mounting 这个词同样是指负面现象大量存在，但它更多地强调依然在增加：mounting pressure,mounting conscerns,mounting criticism,mounting debts
burgeoning 发展迅猛的，比如：burgeoning population/burgeoning demand for energy
让论证更有力的verbs
acquire 获取 knowledge/skills
afford 注意在写作中这个词经常是offer“提供”的意思:job opportunities/a sense of achievement/protection/an uninterrupted view（没有阻碍的视线）
anticipate 可以用来替换expect：anticipate changes/developments/discoveries/diffculties boost 提升，增加：efficiency/crop yield(农作物产量)
censor 审查（多用于media类话题）：films/books
combat/address/tackle/grapple with 解决:a problem/a situation
conserve 节约使用（注意和preserve“保护”的区别）：rescources/fresh water
cultivate/foster/nurture 培养：creativity/skills/interest
curb 遏制：crime/nuclear weapons
curtail 削减：expenses开支/budgets预算
display 展现（还可以用近义词demonstrate/exhibit代替）：talent/abilities/potential/skills disseminate 传播（某种思想或者观念）:ideas/thougts
elevate/heighten/raise 提高：citizen’s awareness of公民的某种意识/the standard of living生活水平
eliminate 消除:poverty贫困/injustice/weapons of mass destruction
enhance 增进，美化：the cityscape市容/infrastructure
enlarge 扩大:the market for products产品市场
enrich 丰富:one’s knowledge/biodiversity生物多样性
ensure 确保：social stability社会稳定/ethnic unity民族团结
expand 扩大:one’s outlook眼界/domestic demand内需
exploit/utilize 使用，开发:natural resources/one’s potential
explore 探索:outer space外层空间/other cultures（表示不同种类的文化时culture可以用复数） fulfill 实现，完成：fulfill one’s potential发挥潜力/fulfill one’s dream/fulfill one’s task generate (大规模地)产生：employment opportunities/electricity/tax revenue税收
harness 在环境类话题使用：开发（某种资源）：wind energy/solar energy/natural resources implement 实施：a policy
integrate/incorporate 结合：integrate oneself into a society whose culture is so different from one’s own/incorporate students’ suggestion onto curriculum design（课程设计）
intensify 强化：regional cooperation区域合作/cultural interaction文化间的相互交流
justify 让···合理/证实···的合理性:It often seems that the amount of money that they are able to earn in a shory time cannot possibly be justified by the amount of work they do.
lower 降低：costs费用/expectations
maintain 维持：close links紧密的联系/social order社会秩序
motivate 给···动力:motivate students to think independently/motivate employees to work harder mold 塑造：one’s character性格
optimize 优化：the management of sth./the distribution of resources资源配置
override 比···更重要:At the moment,the government’s concern about poverty overrides its other conscerns.(形容词overriding也很常用，表示当前最重要的)
perform/conduct 从事：scientific research科学研究
multiply 成倍增加:people’s choice/employees’ earnings
pose 在议论文里不是“摆pose”的意思，而是指对```构成某种挑战或者威胁：pose a threat to构成威胁/pose a challenge构成挑战
preserve 保护某种资源:natural resources自然资源/cultural heritage文化遗产
promote/facilitate 促进，推动:healthy lifestyles/cultural exchanges文化交流/sustainable development可持续发展
pursue 追求：maximum profit最大利润
recycle 循环利用：waste/rubbish
reinforce/strengthen/consolidate 增强：family bonds亲情/economic ties经济联系/ethnic solidarity民族团结
release 释放：stress
relieve/ease/alleviate 减轻:traffic congestion交通堵塞/poverty
remove 消除：the barrier障碍/discrimination歧视
safeguard 保障（一般后面跟抽象概念）：political and social stability政治社会的稳定/national cohesion民族凝聚力
shift 转移:one’s attention to/the focus to
accelerate 加速：pace of life生活节奏/economic growth
stimulate 激发：imagination/creativity/economic development
synthesize 有机结合（比combine或者blend结合的更紧密）：synthesize the Asian and the Western cultures/synthesize different sources of information
transcend 超越（某种界限）：national boundaries国家的界限/races
upgrade 升级：the facilities/skills
uphold 支持某种事业或者价值观：our national values/justice
utilize 使用，利用，有些时候可以代替use:solar energy
cause 产生，导致（新托福作文中一般跟坏现象）：misunderstanding误解/psychological strain
心理压力/a vicious circle恶性循环
corrupt 毒害：the minds of children
deplete 消耗：natural resouces/the ozone layer(大气层中的臭氧层)
disregard 无视：traditions/the law
distort 歪曲：facts/truth
disturb 扰乱：social order社会秩序
exacerbate/aggravate 导致···进一步恶化:economic recession经济衰退/environmental pollution
erode 侵蚀：the cultural identity of a nation一个国家的文化特性/one’s confidence信心 exhaust 耗尽:energy/resources
fuel 本意是燃料，但当动词用的时候，很像中文的“激化”，后面一般跟一个抽象名词：antagonism敌意/conflict冲突
hinder/impede/obstruct 阻碍：the development of
impose 把某事强加给某人：impose their own will on their children/impose high taxes on
jeopardize/undermine 危及，破坏（跟抽象宾语）：one’s future/economic prospects经济前景 mutiply 激增：The amount of information has multiplied/Smoking multipies the risk of heart attacks and other health problems.
restrict/constrain 限制：the development of/one’s freedom
rethink 反思：their policy/their strategy
sap/dampen 削弱（自信等抽象名词）：one’s confidence/one’s enthusiasm/the market demand spoil 破坏（原先很好的东西）：the cityscape
stifle 扼杀：creativity/potential/economic and social reform
stretch 议论文中一般指过度使用，stretch···to the limit为固定短语：stretch natural resources to the limit/stretch students’ energy to the limit
tarnish 玷污：one’s reputation/one’s image
violate 侵犯:citizens’ rights/the law
动词短语
abide by/comply with 遵守：the law/the rules/the guidelines
attribute to/ascribe to 把···归因于:They attributed their success to having a competent team working for them.
be geared toward 指（产品，服务等）专门针对某种目的：The curriculum of this course is geared toward students who lack motivation in their studies.
be stressed out 被压垮：Many students were stressed out after the serious cramming for the finals draw on 借鉴：others’ experience
give rise to 导致（某种广泛存在的负面现象）:unemployment失业/inflation/debate/alienation from one another人与人之间彼此疏远
give priority to 把···放在优先位置：Teachers should give priority to the cultivation of students’ critical thinking ability
hinge on 取决于:The future of the economy hinges on whether the recession can be curbed infrenge on侵犯：other individuals’ rights
make possible sth:The new agreement makes possible potential improvements in the employees’ benefits regarding health and safty
nail down 把···弄清楚，确定
nibble away at 逐渐消减：Even though inflation is low in America these days,it still nibbles away at our savings.
open up(opportunities) 开启：These discoveries will open up almost unlimited possibilities for our lives.
prevail over:作文中一般是“战胜，克服”:Our inner strength will enable us to prevail over life’s obstacles.
spur sb. on to sth 激励某人继续前进（注意to是介词）：This success will spur students on to greater achievements
squeeze in 把···勉强塞入：Life is hectic(超级忙碌的).We can barely squeeze in the time to exercise.And when we do,we feel guilty that we’re not doing the hundred other things on our to-do list.
写作句型
be supposed to 在写作和口语考试中都可以用来替换should：In fact,going on a diet is supposed to be more than just eating little.It should also be about eating healthily.
hold fast to 这里的fast不是“快速的”，而是“坚实地”，这个句型完整的意思是“牢牢地把握住”：In his biography,the message of perserverance and holding fast to one’s dreams in the face of adversity is very strong
put a premiumon/put emphasis on/attach great importance to 珍视
bear in mind 牢记 ：Bear in mind that the next generation of cell phones is just around the corner（很快就要到来）
be based on/on the basis of 基于
be not carved in stone 某事不是一成不变的
go a long way 非常有效：Sincere praise,encouragement and appreciation go a long way-even just saying “thank you” leaves a lasting impression
give sb.the credit for 把···归功于某人:It’s generally recognized that Edward Jenner should be given the credit for defeating the disease of smallpox.
draw on 借鉴（经验等）：As a friend and mentor,she drew on humor,a beautiful spirit and her faith in the Aboriginal culture to accomplish her work
boost efficiency/productivity 提高效率/生产率:Automation substantially boosts productivity even though it may make jobs even more stressful
give sb. a competitive edge 给某人竞争优势:Foreign language skills give people people a competitive edge in this age of globalization
···is a gateway to 是通向某一目标的途径：students’ performance on standardized tests has become a gateway to the opportunities that lie before a student when they complete their studies. expand one’s outlook 开阔某人的眼界：Encouraging students to study a foreign language is a way to expand their outlook and raise their cultural awareness.
is a good vehicle for 这里的vehicle不是交通工具，而是承载信息的手段：Humor is generally considered a good vehicle for cross-cultural communication
generate （employment）opportunities创造（就业）机会：International trade can generate more employment opportunities for the domestic job market
assume/shoulder the responsibility for 承担起···的责任：Educators should assume the responsibility for ensuring that cultural,language and learning differences are addressed in teaching.
be mindful of 基本就等于“关注”,写作里用来代替pay attention to不错：The big companies should be more mindful of and sensitive to the environmental needs of the local communities. a wealth of 大量（有益的东西），特别是当它后面跟一些抽象名词的时候：The library brightened up the kids’ drab lives,offering them a wealth of educational entertainment and an atmosphere in which they can enjoy it
···is a lifelong process 是持续一生的过程：Learning has become a learning process,not just because of the individual needs,but aslo because of the ever-increasing pressure.
fulfill one’s potential 发挥某人的潜力，近义：stretch sb./make sb.stretch：There is no shame in not meeting all of our goals,as long as our goals make us stretch.For example,if we want to run a marathon in under three hours,we’ll train differently than if we want to run it in four hours;My present job doesn’t stretch me,so I’m looking for something more demanding.
from within 来自内心深处：when you feel uncomfortable with your circumstances,listen to yourself,your own experiences,your own thoughts and your gifts from within,which are real and true.
remove the barrier for 为（发展，交流等）消除障碍：Machine translation was intended to help remove the barrier for communication between people who do not speak the same language be in tune with 与···一致，与···和谐
keep pace with 与···同步发展
promote the development of 促进···的发展：The extensive use of English as a global language has helped promote the development of a host of（大量的）international organizations
raise people’s awareness of 提高人们的某种意识:The electronic media,therefore,have the obligation to help raise the public awareness of the crisis.
···has found one’s niche 这是一个特美式的表达——找到了属于自己的一片天地，比如适合自己的工作或者事业等，或者公司找到了适合自己的定位：Chris has found his niche as a high-school baseball coach.
be the cornerstone of 是···的基石:The strong belief in individualism has been the cornerstone of America throughout its history.
be the bedrock of：Marriage and children are the bedrock of family life.
be an essential ingredient of 是···的必备条件：The development of new products is an essential ingredient of corporate success
play a pivotal/crucial role in 在···中起关键作用
A is an essential/integral/indispensable part of B A是B不可缺少的一部分
Over the past decades,digital technology has emerged as an essential part of our everyday life at work and at home.
Parents are an indispensable part of preschool education
is part and parcel of 是···最核心的部分
sharpen one’s intellect 提高某人用知识去分析问题的能力：Our friends are not all the same:One friend brings out our athletic side-we run or go to the gym together.Another sharpens our intellect with debate and discussion.Yet another is our favorite campanion for going to the movies or out to dinner.
be a positive alternative 某事是有益的替代方式：Clearly,this is a positive alternative for motivated parents and their children.
the mainstream of 主流
Due to the ever-increasing concern over climate change,environmental ideas have been absorbed
into the mainstream of American politics.But what truly matters is action,not talk,as President Obama aptly remarked about the Copenhagen Accord
afford people the sense of belonging/the sense of fulfillment/the sense of achievement 给人们归属感/成就感：The sense of belonging to a team or a working community aslo contributes to job satisfaction as colleagues help each other enjoy their working lives.
···is a main driving force behind 是···的主要推动力：Competition has been a main driving force behind productivity throughout the history of the market-oriented economy.
reverse the damage to 挽回对···的破坏
is a perfect complement to 是对···的极好补充
be in accordance with 与···一致，符合，类似的表达还有be in line with和be in keeping with：The authorities must ensure that things proceed in accordance with the law.反义：be incompatible with/be at odds with/clash with
inject into 把···注入，赋予：Even though the word fairness is somewhat elusive(飘忽不定的)，Americans have managed to inject many meanings into it
explore every avenue toward 去探索完成···的各种途径：The American government will explore every avenue toward peace in this region
awaken the conscience of society 唤起社会的良知或者责任感
unravel the mystery/the detail of 解释清楚本来很难理解的情况：Life science has not completely unraveled the mystery of genes yet.
know···inside out 对···了如指掌
ironically 有讽刺意味的是
satisfy/accommodate the need of 满足需求:We should make sure that the needs of individual students’ are accommodated and the assignment practices are aligned to the learning process
make it a point to 地道的美语，确保做某事（make sure/ensure that）:Jounalists make it a point to know very little about an extremely wide variety of topics.This is how we stay objective. ···is a milestone/milepost in 在···的过程中是一个标志性时间
···is the cradle of 是···的发源地
take sanctuary in 在···中找到避风港：If I want some peace and quiet,I take sanctuary in my study./Home is my sanctuary,the place where I can escape the world.But it’s aslo a convenient,comfortable place to introduce activity into my lifestyle
gain/gather/lose momentum 某件事情的势头更强劲或者势头减弱了：A switch to renewable energy resources has been gaining momentum in many portions of the Western U.S in response to the environmentalists’ concerns
rise to the occasion 类似中文的“迎难而上”:Being prepared gives one enough confidence to rise to the occasion and deliver what he/she knows best
exude confidence/sympathy/an air of wealth and power(某人)浑身散发着某种品质
a labor of love 指那种内心心甘情愿去做的努力：He did all this as a labor of love.He didn’t need any recognition for it
get into the swing of things 去努力熟悉，适应身边的事物：Don’t be too hard on yourself.Moving to a new country can be really stressful and it’ll take a while for you to get into the swing of things.
be at risk 处在风险中/run the risk of 冒```的风险/put···to the test 让···经受考验
···few of us have ever stopped to think about 很少有人去考虑：Probably few of us have ever stopped to think about how our present-day concept of time and ways of measuring it came about
be concerned about 对···很关注，担忧
be at odds with sth 与···不符，冲突
be threatened with 受到···的威胁：Large numbers of animals and plants are being threatened with extinction,mainly as a consequence of human activities.
pose a threat to 对···构成威胁
···very little,if any,···只有很少，如果有的话：Some scientists believe that human activity has very little,if any,impact on the recent warming trend on Earth
be overly dependent/reliant on 对某事过度依赖的：Technology,originally intended to liberate we humans,has successfully made us overly dependent on it.(be intended to do sth：被用来实现···的目的)
be hard-pressed to···=find it diffcult to
widen the gap between···and···加大两者之间的差距：At present,the technology available to individuals is actually widening the gap between the rich and the poor rather than narrowing it. frown on···对···皱眉头，反对
If···，···will ensue 如果···，某种结果将跟随而来：Disasters will ensue if they remain unready like this.
hover at high levels 居高不下：the unemployment rate has been hovering at historically high levels this year.
be inundated with sth/be saturated with sth 充斥着```(一般跟负面的东西)：The upcoming video game will be saturated with blood and nudity（裸露镜头）
be subject to 这里的subject是形容词，不是学科，而是经受，遭受:Homeschooled children are less subject to the stress and pressure experienced by conventional students who spend six,seven,or eight hours a day with their peers.
A can be attributed/ascribed to B A可以归因与B，偶尔也用于正面含义，但多数时候都用于负面情况：Many cases of eating disorders can be attributed to anxiety or a sense of guilt.
B is the root cause of A A的根源是B：The population explosion has been the root cause of the persistent water scarcity
A stems from B A的根源是B：Their disagreement mainly stemmed from misunderstanding be susceptible to 容易受到来自···的负面影响：Children tend to be more susceptible to advertising,especially when they view the advertising alone.
at the expense of 以···为代价：The economy should not be developed at the expense of reckless depletion（不顾后果的开采）of natural resources and degradation of the environment(环境的恶化)
run contrary to 与···背道而驰：Their arguments run contrary to the overwhelming evidence that technology enhances efficiency in almost all fields
erode the cultural identity/national pride 侵蚀文化特性/民族自豪感:Extinction of native languages has been eroding the cultural identity of Native Americans.
It’s wrong to equate···with 把···等同于是错误的：It’s wrong to equate happiness with a bigger house or a bigger bank account
be confronted with sth. 面对挑战，危机，困难等，写作里经常可以用来替代face：Today,the American parents who are confronted with a plethora of(过量的)violent and pornographic TV shows are actually divided about this issue.
copy sth.mechanically 机械地抄袭：Today,some public-school young teachers have no alternative but to copy,very mechanically,the techniques uesd by their own teachers fifteen years ago.
is not a panacea for 某种方案并不是解决某个问题的万灵药
be addicted to sth./be preoccupied with sth. 对负面事物上瘾，对应的还有be absorbed in/be engrossed in但这两个后面跟的不一定是坏事物：Many American teens are so addicted to social networking websites like Facebook and Twitter they spend hours on them daily.
drive up the crime rate 导致犯罪率上升:The unprecedentedly high unemployment rate is driving up the already alarming violent crime rate
exert detrimental influence upon/have adverse effect on 对···有负面的影响
sth is unwarranted/unjustifiable 某种做法很不合理:Performance of experiments upon lab animals without effort to alleviate their pain is unwarranted
spin out of control 失去控制
be likely to fall prey to/be vulnerable to 容易成为```的受害者
What’s the good of? 高分范文中时常出现的反问句，···又有什么好处呢：What’s the good of having more advanced public transit if it’s increasingly diffcult to transport industrial and agricultural products?
diminish individuals’ leisure time 减少人们的休闲时间：The accelerating(加速的) pace of urban life seriously diminishes individuals’ leisure time and causes psychological strain(持续的心里压力)
stifle creativity 扼杀创造力
be afflicted by 遭受
be oblivious to 对···完全无视
cause grave concern/conscerns have arisen about···:Legitimate concerns have been raised about(legitimate:有根据的)
spell disaster/trouble for 某事意味着灾难/麻烦：The new policy could spell disaster for many business in this country.
deprive someone of sth. 剥夺某人的（自由，权利或者某种生活方式）：As humans,we cannont function properly when we are deprived of sleep.
poorly-informed,uninformed or misinformed about 媒体类话题常用，（公众）关于某事了解很少，完全不了解或者错误了解：Many Americans believe that they have been poorly-informed,uninformed or misinformed about the war in Iraq.
A has rendered B···A让B 变成某种状态：New technology keeps rendering old computers obsolete
lower one’s expectations 降低某人的期望值：To keep from being disappointed,we sometimes lower our expectations or avoid taking challenges.There may be good reason for this,but it can limit what we experience.
go from bad to worse 越来越糟
There’s no guarantee that 无法保证
（a certain problem）has reached such proportions that 问题已经到了···的程度：The H1N1 epidemic has reached such proportions that global control efforts must be made immediately.Otherwise,tourism,economy and public health may suffer irreparable harm(无法挽回的损失)
on the basis of 基于
are likely to···/are unlikely to：It’s important to know events happening around the world,even though sometimes they are unlikely to affect your daily life.
likelihood:There is every likelihood that more jobs will be lost this year.
old and young alike 年长的人和年轻的人都···类似的在美语里还经常可以见到friends and family alike,teachers and students alike等写法：The comic strip(报纸或者书里面那种一串小方块的连环画)is fun for old and young alike.
···is a fact of life ···是必须面对的人生（事实）
···is a daily occurrence 某事每天都在发生着：Even in a world where change is a daily occurrence,it’s not easy to push forward reforms about healthcare and environmental policies. hinge on 取决于：Success of such efforts hinges on contribution from the authorities. It’s little/no wonder that 毫不奇怪···
More than anything,···最关键的是
This (trend) is not restricted to 这个（趋势）不仅仅限于···：This trend is not restricted to wealthy students who have the money to do this,but is also evident among poorer students.
It’s rare for sb./sth to 某人（事）很少会怎样：It’s rare for any type of market structure to run with absolute efficiency.
It’s not uncommon for···to 双重否定句型，就等于“通常”：With the arrival of fall,it’s not uncommon to see painters and photographers working on the sides of roads or shorelines capturing the scenery in New England.
···may not···otherwise 否则···就不会:supporting children with mentors and after-school programs will give them opportunities and guidance that they might not receive otherwise.
make a difference:用于褒义比较常见：做贡献：There are so many small things we can do to help preserve the earth,from turning the lights off when I leave a room to recycling cans and bottles to···These may seem insignificant,but if everyone acted in this way,it would make a big difference.
think in terms of+名词或者名词短语 以某种方式思维：Americans continue to think in terms of the “mainstream” and the “other”.If we take a moment to think historically,we can see that our civilization is actually composed of many strands from diverse backgrounds.
be aimed at sth. 目标是···:In the conventional classroom,most lessons are aimed at the middle level of ability.Thus,some students are dragged along much faster than is optimal for them. ···lie at the heart of 处在核心地位
the proliferation of 名词短语：（污染，互联网等）的大量扩散：The proliferation of fast-food restaurants in America has made it even harder for Americans to eat healthy lunches.
in all likelihood 很可能：In all likelihood,thses decisions would be made by government officials who don’t necessarily understand the problems any better.
···,by no means，··· 绝不是：Yet the U.S. is,by no means,the world’s only economic dynamo(本意是发电机，这里指动力源)
are not entirely unfounded 不是完全没有根据：Persistent(长期存在的) American fears of being overshadowed economically by China are not entirely unfounded.
put sth. in perspective 客观地看待
be interrelated and interdependent 相互联系，互相依赖的：Everything in this world is interrelated and interdependent.Science suggests that something as trival as the beating of a butterfly’s wings in the Amazon can influence the formation of a tornado in Texas.Even our smallest acts can have major effects./Nations are increasingly interrelated and interdependent in this age of economic and cultural globalization,which means no matter how far away it may be geographically,no country is really isolated.
there’s no substitute for 某事物是无法替代的
cease to 不再：It should be noted that the Internet is in a constant state of change:while all the activities online have been based around websites with some stability,it’s possible that some sites may cease to be accessible all of a sudden.
has never ceased to 从未停止过
It’s no exaggeration to say that 可以毫不夸张地说
It’s too simplistic to say that 片面的
···is an exception 是一个例外
It’s hard to overstate the significance of 怎样说···的重要性也不为过：It’s hard to overstate the significance of reading and writing skills in the twenty-first century.
a major shift in 某方面的重要转变：The last two decades have witnessed a major shift in the global distribution of economic power.
sth. is consolidating its status as the···某事物正在不断加固它作为···的地位：English has been consolidating its status as the dominant language in the world.
require/necessitate/call for 需要···（如果主语是人就只能用need,但如果主语是物，就可以用这三个词）
···sound as if 听起来似乎···（其实并不是那么回事儿）：Days with no work to do sound as if they would be heavenly(天堂般的).Usually,though,if we stay in bed or read a book for too long,our legs start twitching to get up and move about.And there’s nothing good on television anymore.
is an important factor in determing 是···的决定因素：The scores that students receive on tests like the SAT or ACT are important factors in determining the college or university that a student attends in the United States.同义：can make or break sth./is a key determinant of sth.
Quite the opposite, 正好相反：Of course,equality in the classroom does not mean everyone receives the same amount of something or is treated exactly the same.Quite the opposite,to me,equality means students get what they need in order to create a learning experience that meets their individual needs.
is a hallmark of 是···的显著特色：Universal public education is a hallmark of American society.Across this country,a system of public schools ensures that all children have access to a primary or secondary education,regardless of their race,gender,intelligence,family income,social status or other personal characteristics.
be bent on/be bent upon 全身心地投入去做某事：To develop the resources of a new country required energetic people,bent upon using their energies—not only for the rewards that would result to themselves,but even more importantly,to the community.
sth.is inherent in···某种品质是···固有的
There’s a definite link between A and B 在A和B之间有密切联系：It has been scientifically proven that there is a link between the rise in global temperature and the increase of CO2 emissions./In America,there’s been mounting evidence of a link between obesity and some forms of cancer./A diet that is rich in calcium has been linked to a markedly reduced risk of cancer.
sth is sb’s stock-in-trade 跟贸易没关系，而是指“某事是某人的拿手好戏”：The jounalist’s work has been published far and wide(很多地方，到处).Telling tales on the celebrities is his stock-in-trade.
A create(bring about/generate/breed/cause/engender/spawn/induce) B A产生B:Technological innovations have brought about profound changes to the political,economic and cultural arenas(领域) create后面可以跟的宾语比较广；bring about通常是大范围内带来的结果；generate后面
一般跟opportunities/tax revenue这类词汇；breed,cause和engender后面跟让人担心的事物多一些；spawn跟新事物，比如invention；induce跟抽象名词比较多，比如induce drowsiness（困倦）
“领域”除了area和field,还可以使用sphere,domain,arena,realm等
is a contributing factor to sth.是···的导致因素之一：Any illness can be traced to one of three factors:genetic,environmental or poor nutritional habits.And of these,the food one eats or doesn’t eat is the most important contributing factor to ill health.
someone would be well-advised to do sth.=sb. should 某人应该做某事
reflect/represent/mirror/embody 体现，反映：The growth of sales of vedio games mirrored the rapid development in computer technology that offers even the technophobes(恐惧科技的人们)entertaining introductions to the technological world.
sth.impels/prompts sb. to do sth 促使某人去：Peer pressure often impels youngsters to spend excessively on fancy clothes and accessories（首饰）同义：spur
an indication of 显示出，反映出：Success is normally an indication of human qualities such as intelligence,integrity,ambition and perseverance.同义：reveal/represent/indicate/embody/mirror反义：conceal/mask：These statistics mask a troubling truth.For more than two decades,while household income and wealth may have been increasing,it was mostly the wealthiest Americans who benefited from the nation’s economic gains.
be inseparable from 与···密不可分/···is inextricably intertwined with:All individuals are inextricably intertwined with their communities,regardless of their own competence.
eclipse sth. 使···相形见绌：The economy has eclipsed all the other issues
be mutually helpful/beneficial/exclusive 互斥
is the exact antithesis of···与···截然相反/represent the opposite end of the spectrum
beyond our wildest expectations 超出了我们一切的预期：The pace of change has increased beyond our wildest expectations,which has been largely driven by technological breakthroughs occuring on an almost daily basis.
convert into 把···转变成···:Let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself—nameless,unreasoning,unjustified terror that paralyzes needed effort to convert retreat into advance
be accountable to sb/be accountale for sth. 向某人/某事负责
a variety of/a wide range of /a wide array of 各种各样的
the whole spectrum of 其实就是the whole range of 的升级版
the bottom line is 根本考虑因素是:The bottom line is that all students should be respected and be encouraged to learn how to apply the principles of equality so that each one of them can feel included
with the wisdom of hindsight,I should have 其实早该
be a watershed 重大转折
embark on···/embark upon进入（某个阶段）：They have encouraged thousands of young people to embark on their own personal voyage of discovery
the social fabric/the fabric of society 社会的凝聚力：Drug abuse poses a major threat to the fabric of our society.