PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学
Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学
一、 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790
殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.
1．出生于波士顿Boston,曾创办《半岛公报》。1732-1758出版《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集
2．建立一秘密俱乐部the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals.建立可借图书馆，创办宾夕法尼亚大学。商业上成功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭successful in business, renowned in science also served his nation brilliantly.协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence”.同法国谈判获得援助，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法Constitution.
3．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic辛辣的.
4．他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。编辑了美国第一份殖民地杂志“General Magazine”
“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.
5． 教材作品《自传》”The Autobiography”
二、 Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞诺（1752-1832）
1．革命战争后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary period 既是一位诗人也是政治方面的新闻记者double role as poet and political journalist.作品形式是新古典主义类，但本质上却属浪漫主义类he was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit。一个讽刺小说家、伤感作家、一个人道主义者was also at once a satirist and a sentimentalist, a humanitarian. “美国革命诗人”（the poet of the Revolution）;“美国诗歌之父”（Father of American Poetry）.
2．1770年第1部作品《想象的力量》（The Power of Fancy）.1775年因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可as a satirist of the British.
3．1776年出版《夜屋》（The House of Night）哥特式小说the Gothic mood. F·L·帕蒂称它为“在美国听到的第一部真正浪漫主义作品，从中看到了“圣诞老人的美”“the first distinctly romantic note heard in America” and “The Beauties of Santa Cruz”。作品中既有对社会的抗议，又有对自然的赞美，其后期作品采用了这种风格blending the praise of nature with social protest, in his characteristic later manner.
4．1781写下名诗《英国囚船》(The British Prison Ship)一首抨击色彩诗作，揭露了英国对俘虏的血腥与残忍a good piece of invective, reveals the rigors and brutality of his captivity。此后继续对英国进行无情抨击、辛辣地讽刺continuing to hurl his vitriol at the British in many poems.
5．1786年他的早期作品被收录在《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”.
6．1788 年出板《札记》“Miscellaneous Works”. 1791 年创办《国家公报》对抗《联邦公报》with Jefferson’s support “National Gazette” campaigned against the opinions of the “Gazette of the United States” edited by John Fenno (Supported by Hamilton).
7．他如今被认为是美国政府中的一名勇敢的斗士has only recently been recognized as a courageous champion of American popular government. 作为诗人，他预示了美国文学独立的到来as a poet, Freneau heralded American literary independence 他后期诗歌同早期华丽的对偶句诗歌形成鲜明对比，后期形成了自然、简洁、言之有物的风格in contrast with the ornate华丽的 style of his early couplets, he later developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction.
8． 教材作品：《野忍冬花》： “The Wild Honey Suckle”
《印第安人的坟地》：“The Indian Burying Ground”
PartⅢ The Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学 1815-1865
1、The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism.
They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature
an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement.
tendency to exalt赞扬 the individual and the common man
The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past
American Romanticism is, in a certain way, derivative
2、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。
3、 Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America’s language. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。
4、他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.
5、美国早期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代，成这一时期文学的主要形式novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms。
6、the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams, and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则
7、超验主义（1830s—the Civil War）：既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason,
individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. individual is divine and, therefore, self-re1iant
They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.
8、American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature.
To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau, man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible; but to Hawthorne and Melville, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature, as is shown in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter.
一、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882
1．1833-1835创作完成散文浪漫作品《海外记游》his prose romance “Outre-Mer”;
2．在《海华沙》中，他采用芬兰民间故事写作手法追忆了美洲印第安人的传说using Finish folk meter in his celebration of American Indian Legends in “Hiawatha”.
他最大的成就就是他使诗歌成为了人人都能看，都能写的一种文学体裁his greatest virtue is that he made poetry seem worth reading and worth writing.
3．1838年他第一部诗集名叫《夜吟》Longfellow’s first collection of poems entitled “Voices of the Night”；
1839年浪漫散文作品《许珀里翁》出版“Hyperion” the prose romance.。
1841年《歌谣及其他》“Ballads and other Poems”;
1842年《奴隶制度诗篇》“Poems on Slavery”;
1847年诗歌《伊凡吉林》“Evangeline”;
1855年《海华沙之歌》“Song of Hiawatha”;
1858年《迈克尔·斯坦狄什的求婚》“The Courtship of Miles Standish”;
戏剧作品《迈克尔·安吉洛》dramatic work “Michael Angelo”
翻译作品《神曲》翻译成就最高“Divine Comedy”.
4．他的其它作品：《金星号遇难》、《人生礼赞》、《精益求精》、《乡村铁匠》、《逝去的青春》
“The Wreck of the Hesperus”; “A Psalm of Life”; “Excelsior”; “The Village Blacksmith”; “My Lost Youth”.
5．朗费罗去世后被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人，他的诗歌因高雅宜人，纯正有韵味而大受欢迎after his death, he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey. The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for which his poetry was popular during his lifetime.
特点：exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to popularize American folk themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely translated.在引进欧洲文化上起巨大推动作用，也把美国民间文化传播到国外，他的作品还被翻译成多种文字，在海外受到高度评价。
6．教材作品： The secret of the sea
Hymn to the night
William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特1794-1878
1. 1817年伟大史诗《死之思考》（希腊语），人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作the stately poem called ” Thanatopsis” (Greek, meaning “view of death”) introduced the best poet to appear in American up to that time.
2. 《致水鸟》是其巅峰之作，“用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗”，“To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of his work, “Most perfect brief poem in the language”.
3. 后期，他用无韵诗的形式翻译了《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》his most important later works are his translations of the “Iliad” and the “Odyssey” into English blank verse.
4. 当欧文用自己的作品预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌也达到了相当高的水平，他是第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家As Irving had shown that American prose had come of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention. He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.
5. 教材作品： 《致水鸟》：“To a Waterfowl”
O fairest of the rural maids
Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859
1. the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家
2. 他是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家， was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism
3. 1819-1820他第一部《见闻札记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国his “Sketch Book” appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment. He introduced the familiar essay to America 他的短篇小说极大地激发了世界各国人们进一步了解美国人民生活的兴趣 his best-known stories awakened an interest in the life of American regions.
4. 1809年以迪德里奇·尼克博克的名字出版《纽约外史》，轻松欢快的滑稽戏形式讲出了早期荷兰殖民者在美洲殖民时的真实历史成为了幽默作品中的经典“A History of New York” by Diedrich Knickerbocker a rollicking burlesque of a current serious history of the early Dutch settlers, has become a classic of humor.
．
教材作品： Rip Van Winkle
Irving never forgets to associate a certain place with the inward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with emotion so as to create a true and vivid character. He is worth the honor of being "the American Goldsmith" for his literary craftsmanship
1.Irving's great indebtedness to European literature
Most of Irving's subject matter are borrowed heavily from European sources, which are chiefly Germanic. Irving's relationship with the Old World in terms of his literary imagination can hardly be ignored considering his success both abroad and at home.
A History of New York is a patchwork of references, echoes, and burlesques. He parodies or imitates Homer, Cervantes, Fielding, Swift and many other favorites of his. He was also absorbed in German Literature and got ideas from German legends for two of his famous stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." The Alhambra is usually regarded as Irving's "Spanish Sketch Book" simply because it has a strong flavor of Spanish culture. Most of the thirty-three essays in The Sketch Book were written in England, filled with English scenes and quotations from English authors and faithful to British orthography. Washington Irving brought to the new nation what its peop1e desired most in a man of 1etters the respect of the Old World.
2.Irving's unique contribution to American literature
Irving's contribution to American literature is unique in more than one way. He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame. Although greatly influenced by European literature, Irving gave his works distinctive American flavor. "Rip Van Winkle" or "The Legend of Sleepy Hol1ow", however exotic these stories are, are among the treasures of the American language and culture. These two stories easily trigger off American imagination with their focus on American subjects, American landscape, and, in Irving's case, the legends of the Hudson River region of the fresh young 1and. It is not the sketches about the Old World but the tales about America that made Washington Irving a household word and his fame enduring. He was father of American short stories. And later in the hands of Hawthorne and Melville the short story attained a degree of perfection.
3、writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure We seldom learn a mora1 lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed
4、We get a strong sense impression as we read him along, since the language he used best reveals what a Romantic writer can do with words. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.
5、The Gothic elements and the supernatural atmosphere are manipulated in such a way that we could become so engaged and involved in what is happening in a seemingly exotic异国的 place.
Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882
1．他是把超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖he was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized throughout his life as the leader of the movement
summit of the Romantic period
2．爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强 he believed above all in individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想he admired courage, he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas.
3．1836 年出版了第一本书《论自然》“Nature”, 真正让他功成名就的还是得益于两次学术演讲，一个是《美国学者》，还有一个是《神学院致辞》“The American Scholar” and “The Divinity School Address”. 他的许多演讲后收录在他的《随笔集》中，演讲中最重要的著作是他1850年的《代表》和1856年《英国人》。1847年他的《诗集》问世. Many of his lectures were later distilled into his famous “Essays”. Among his most important works are “Representative Men” and “English Traits” .His “Poems” appeared in 1847.
4．Emerson's essays often have a casual style, for most of them were derived from his journals or lectures. They are usually characterized by a series of short, declarative sentences, which are not quite logically connected but will flower out into illustrative statements of truth and thoughts. Emerson's philosophical discussion is sometimes difficult to understand but he uses comparisons and metaphors to make the general idea of his work clearly expressed. Well-read in the classics of Western European literature, Emerson often employed these literary sources to make and enrich his own points
5．人们认为他的诗作缺乏诗的形式，用语也太粗糙，但最后他的诗歌却受到了高度评价，他那样并不工整的韵律和动人的形象如艺术品一样，非常适合现代读者的口味in his day, Emerson’s poems were criticized for their lack of form and polish. In recent years, hower, his poetry has received high praise. His harsh粗糙 rhythms and striking images appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.
6．《美国学者》被称为“我们知识分子的独立宣言” “our intellectual Declaration of Independence”
教材作品： The American Scholar
Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗1817-1862
1．他是爱默生最忠实的信徒，是他把爱默生的许多理论付诸了实践he was Emerson’s truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories.
2．1854年，梭罗根据他在沃尔登湖畔居住两年经历写出名作《沃尔登》“Walden”, the superb book came out of his two-year’s residence at Walden Pond 在这部书中阐释了他去体验这种生活的原因，他认为一个一星期最好工作一天，而剩下的六天时间则用来思索，他也认为人类心灵的自助和独立最为重要，每个人都应该发现自己的生活方式he explained many of the beliefs that led him to try this kind of life. He thought it better for a man to work one day a week and the rest of the week could be devoted to thought. For Thoreau, as for Emerson, self-reliance and independence of mind ranked above all .Each should find out his own way of living.
3． 教材作品：《沃尔登 我生活的地方；我为何生活》：“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”
Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善
Thoreau 梭 罗，beheld divinity神圣 in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”
(1) Emerson's philosophy of the over-sou1
It is an impersonal force that is eternal, moral, harmonious, and beneficient in tendency. the over-sou1 is an all-pervading power from which all things come from and of which a1l are a part.
(2) Emerson's philosophy of the importance of the Individual
a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man. the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite.
(3) Emerson's view on nature
nature as a big symbol of the Spirit, or God, or the over-soul, it exercises a healthy an inf1uence on human mind. "
Emersonian Transcendentalism inspired a whole generation of famous American authors like Thoreau
2.Thoreau's Transcendentalism
not only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops Thoreau's own transcendental philosophy.
(1)For Thoreau, nature is not merely symbolic, but divine in itself and human beings can receive precise communication from the natural world by way of pure senses. So he was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritual communion with nature.
(2)Thoreau strongly believed in se1f-culture and was eager to identify himself with the Transcendental image of the self-reliant man. To achieve personal spiritual perfection, he thinks, the most important thing for men to do with their lives is to be self- sufficient, so he sought to reduce his physical needs and material comforts to a minimum to get spiritual richness.
(3)His positiveness about the importance of individual conscience was such that he even considered the society fetters束缚 of the freedom of individuals.
Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·阿伦·坡1809-1849
1. 1833年，在一次小说比赛中他的《金瓶子城的方德先生》获奖he won a contest with his story “Ms. Found in a Bottle” .Then he got a job as editor with the “Southern Literary Messenger” ( 南方文学信使)坡充分展示了自己作为编辑、诗人、文学评论家、小说作家的杰出才能showed his true talents as an editor, a poet, a literary critic, and a writer of fiction.
2. 发表了《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”.
3. 1840 年，第一部短篇小说集《述异集》his first collection of short stories “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”.
4. 1845 年诗集《乌鸦》出版“The Raven”--narrative poem was published as the title poem of a collection
5. often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说
6. 在欧洲，坡被人们称作诗歌与小说二种文学创作风格的探路者，对法国文坛一些作家影响特别深远in Europe, he was hailed as a pioneer in poetic and fictional techniques. His influence was especially strong on many French writers.
7. 教材作品 《安娜贝尔·李》“ Annabel Lee”
《给海伦》：“To Helen”
Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892
1. 美国文学史上极其重要的、具有创新精神的作家之一，他的《草叶集》中系列诗歌是美国文学史上第一部真正的史诗one of the great innovators in American literature. In the cluster of poems he called “Leaves of Grass” he gave America its first genuine epic poem.他所创造的这种诗体叫做自由诗，在这种诗歌中，没有固定的节拍，也没有有规律的韵脚，惠特曼认为传统的格律诗不适合表达民主之声the poetic style he devised is now called free verse-that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. Whitman thought that the voice of democracy should not be haltered by traditional forms of verse.
2. 1855年出版《草叶集》第一部，其中的大部分作品表达的主题是人类与大自然。有一部分诗歌描写的是令作者痴迷的纽约，少量诗歌还对内战进行了描写，在诗歌中，惠特曼把各种具有平民思想的普通人，社会下层的不同个体的理念有机地结合了起来most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass” are about man and nature. However, a small number of very good poems deal with New York, the city that fascinated Whitman, and with the Civil War.
3. 他给诗人重新进行了定义，他认为诗人是一个英雄，是一个救世主，还是先知，诗人通过对真理的表达来引导大众in his poetry, Whiman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. He envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expressions of the truth.
教材作品： I hear American singing
Come up form the fields father
The themes in Whitman's poetry:
His poetry is filled with optimistic expectation and enthusiasm about new things and new World.
poetry could help them understand their new status and to define themse1ves in the new wor1d of possibi1ities.
(1) He shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning迅速增长的 life of cities.
(2) He advocates the realization of the individua1 value.
(3) Pursuit of love and happiness
The individual person and his desires must be respected.
(4) Some of Whitman's poems are politically committed.
expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield
air his sorrow over the death of Lincoln,
.Whitman's poetic style and language
(1) use free verse extensively
A looser and more open-ended syntactical structure is frequently favored.
Whitman turned the poem into an open field, an area of vital possibility where the reader can allow his own imagination to play..
(2) Whitman's poetic style is marked, by the use of the poetic "I."
(3) Whitman is conversational and casual, However, there is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. The reader can feel the rhythm of Whitman's thought. Parallelism.
Whitman's language
Contrary to the rhetoric of traditional poetry, Whitman's is relatively simple and even rather crude.
(a) undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. (b) strong tendency to use oral English.
(c) Whitman's vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerfu1, colorful, as well as rarely-used words, words of foreign origin and sometimes even wrong words.
Emily Dickinson爱米丽·狄金森1830-1886
教材作品： There’s a certain slant of light
Again his voice is at the door
1．Themes: Dicksinson’s poems are usually based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys. But within her litlle lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature.
2．Artistic features: Her poetry is unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern, in which dashes are used as a musica1 device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis. Most of her poems borrow the repeated four-line, rhymed stanzas of traditional Christian hymns, with two lines of four-beat meter alternating with two lines of three-beat meter. A master of imagery that makes the spiritual materialize in surprising ways, Dickinson managed manifold variations within her simple form: She used imperfect rhymes, subtle breaks of rhythm, and idiosyncratic syntax and punctuation to create fascinating word puzzles, which have produced greatly divergent interpretations over the years. Dickinson’s irregular or sometimes inverted sentence structure also confuses readers. However, her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic简洁 brevity, directness and plainness.Her poems are usually short, rarely more than twenty lines, and many of them are centered on a single image or symbo1 and focused on one subject matter. Due to her deliberate sec1usion, her poems tend to be very personal and meditative. She frequently uses personae to render the tone more familiar to the reader, and personification to vivify some abstract ideas. Dickinson's poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness; and her limited private world has never confined the limitless power of her creativity and imagination.
Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864
1．《七尖角阁的房子》讲述的是作者自己家族的一段历史“ The House of the Seven Gables” deals with the effects of a curse, and though the tale itself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author’s family history.
2．他是通过观察和聆听别人谈话来获得创作素材的，听人家讲的一些新英格兰口头故事、民间传说及各种鬼怪趣事Hawthorne gathered his material by observing and listening to others whose talk was filled with New England Lore, legend, and superstition.
3．《海关大楼》“ The Custom House”;
1852年的《福谷浪漫史》“The Blithedale Romance”;
1846年他完成了宏篇巨著《古厦青苔》splendid stories called “Mosses from an Old Manse”
1860年创作出《宝石神像》“The Marble Faun”.
4．霍桑独特的才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质，最好的例证便是波士顿清教徒引以自娱的《红字》，小说的每一个字，每一幅画面和每一个事件都能够达到了一个特定的效果，它讲述了关于罪的故事，罪对不同人的影响以及有些人获得拯救的故事Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, “The Scarlet Letter”. In this novel each word, image, and event works toward a single effect. It is a complex story of guilt, its effects upon various persons, and how deliverance is obtained for some of them.
5．在他的短篇小说中，他通过活生生，极有象征意味的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appear strongly in his short stories。
6．他的作品还有：《伊桑·布兰德》、《小伙子布朗》、《海德格博士的体验》、《野心勃勃的客人》、《巨石脸》。“Ethan Brand”; “Young Goodman Brown”; “Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment”; “The Ambitious Guest”; “The Great Stone Face”.
7．教材作品：Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment
his "black" vision of life and human beings: his concern with human sin and evil
Hawthorne's writing style
writing style
(1)The structure and the form of his writings are always carefully worked out to cater for the thematic concern.
(2) he is good at exploring the complexity of human psychology. So his drama is full of mental activities.
(3) A1legory symbolism, as a weapon to attack and penetrate reality.
James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀1789-1851
4．库珀边疆小说《皮袜子故事集》由5部小说共同组成，历时18年，1823-1841，即《杀鹿者》、《最后的莫希干人》、《探路人》、《拓荒者》及《大草原》。阿伦·内文斯（历史学家）认为这五部小说是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的一部大作，his frontier stories “Leather Stocking Tales” including five novels: “The Deerslayer”; The Last of the Mohicans”, “The Pathfinder”, “The Pioneers”, “The Prairie”. Allan Nevins calls these five novels “the nearest approach yet to an American epic”.
Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔1819-1891
1．《白鲸》主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事，这本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰，这种写法强烈地吸引了现在社会的读者 “Moby Dick”, a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.
PartⅣ The Literature Of Realism现实主义文学 1865-1901
Jack London杰克·伦敦1876-1916
1. 1900年第一本故事集《狼子》：”The Son of the Wolf”;
1903年《荒野的呼唤》：”The Call of the Wild”;
1903年《深渊中的人们》”The People of the Abyss”;
1904年《海狼》”The Sea Wolf”
1905年《附级的斗争》“The War of the Classes”;
1906年《白牙》”White Fang”
1908年《铁蹄》”The Iron Heel”
1909年纯自传小说《马丁·伊登》这部作品也是研究杰克·伦敦的核心学术文献 “Martin Eden” a central document for London scholars.
1910年《革命》“Revolution”
其他作品《生活的法则》”The Law of Life”.
2. 他的小说中最受人们所接受，经得住时间考验的是关于强者与弱者之间原始又动人心魄的较量描写，这类作品一直经久不衰，他总是习惯把这些场景放在一些不可抗力，如骇人的大海及北极的荒野等大背景下来描写the most enduringly popular of his stories involved the primitive struggle of strong and weak individuals in the context of irresistible natural forces such as the wild sea or the arctic wastes.
3. 伦敦创作的在大自然中生存与抗争的有关人类的小说继续在全球受到欢迎。在这些作品中，伦敦往往把一切表面现象予以剥离，直到剩下赤裸裸的梦，直到最后最原始的质朴，这种质朴具有古代神话中怪异与震憾的力量London’s stories of man in and against nature continue to be popular all over the world. In them, London strips everything down to the symbolic starkness of dream, to a primordial simplicity that has the strange and compelling power of ancient myth.
4. while embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel
5. 教材作品：The law of life
自然主义：naturalism, a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ， 产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders 对社会无序的感知。
Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。
The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 决定论，宿命的，
2.The distinction between Realism and Naturalism
Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more detached分离的, ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.
The distinction lies, first of all, in the fact that Realism is concerned directly with what is absorbed by the senses; Naturalism, attempts to apply scientific theories to art.
Second, Naturalism differs from Realism in adding an amoral 与道德无关的attitude to the objective presentation of life. Naturalistic writers, adopting Darwin’s biological determinism and Marx’s economic determinism, regard human behavior as controlled by instinct, emotion, or social and economic conditions, and reject free will.
Third, Naturalism predetermined fate that rendered human will ultimately powerless.
Henry James亨利·詹姆斯1843-1916
1878年《达西·密勒》有人评论该作品是“对美国姑娘的嘲弄”，但正是这部作品让他首次获得了国际声誉”Daisy Miller”, which one American critic described as “an outrage to American girlhood” but which brought James his first international fame.
1881年《一个贵妇人的画像》是其早期作品中最好的一部“The Portrait of a Lady” the finest example of James’s early work.
1. 第三阶段作品有：
1902年《鸽翼》“The Wings of the Dove”;
1903年《大使》”The Ambassadors”
1904年《金碗》”The Golden Bowl”
这时他写法日趋成熟和灵活，许多评论家声称为他的“主要阶段” exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary period, which critics have come to praise as “The Major Phase”.
2. 教材作品：Paste
1. James’s international theme:
James's fame generally rests upon his nove1s and stories with the international theme.
usual1y between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cu1tures with two different groups of peop1e representing two different value systems.
2.James’s literary criticism (The theme of “The Art of Fiction”)
James's literary criticism is an indispensable part of his contribution to literature. The theme of his essay “The Art of Fiction” clearly indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life,
. The artist should be able to "feel" the life, to understand human nature, and then to record them in his own art form.''
3. James’s realism (psychological realism)
This emphasis on psychology and on the human consciousness proves to be a big breakthrough in novel writing and has great influence on the coming generations. James is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century "stream-of-consciousness" novels and the founder of psychological realism.
3. James’s narrative point of view
avoids omniscience
makes his characters reveal themselves with his minimal intervention
1st person and 3rd person narration，第一和第三人称的叙述
5. His language
not so easy to understand
He is often highly refined and insightful. With a large vocabulary, he is always accurate in word selection, trying to find the best expression for his literary imagination .
Mark Twain 马克·吐温1835-1910
1865年，他第一本书《跳蛙》出版”Jumping Frog”;
1869年，《傻子国外旅行记》“Innocents Abroad”;
1872年，《艰苦岁月》“Roughing It”;
1873年，《镀金时代》“The Gilded Age”
1876年，《汤姆·索亚历险记》“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”;
1883年，《密西西比河上的生活》“Life on the Mississippi”;
1884年，《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》”Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”;
1894年，《傻瓜威尔逊》“Pudd’nhead Wilson”;
1900年，《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》“The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg”;
1906年，《什么是人？》“What is Man”;
1916年，《神秘来客》“The Mysterious Stranger”
1. 教材作品：The notorious jumping frog of Calaveras county
1.Twain as a local colorist
Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions,
valley and the West became his major theme.
wrote about the lower-class people,
he successfully used local color and historical settings to i1lustrate and shed light on the contemporary society.
2.His use of vernacular方言
His words are col1oquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simp1e, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken 1anguage.
贡献 Twain has made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable 1iterary medium in the literary history of the country. 、
3.His humor
his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall ta1es.
his humor is characterized by puns, straight-faced exaggeration, repetition, and anti-climax
a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism. （a social critic as well）
对比
1、In thematic terms, James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society; Mark Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society.
2、While Mark Twain paid more attention to the "life" of the Americans, Henry James laid a greater emphasis on the" inner world" of man.
He came to believe that the literary artist should not simply hold a mirror to the surface of social life in particular times and places. In addition, the writer should use language to probe the deepest reaches of the psychological and moral nature of human beings. He is a realist of the inner life.
3、psychological realism,VS local colorism
Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories, which is known as “ local colorism”, a unique variation of American literary realism.