1. Research Intention

Tess of the D’urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), describes the misfortune of a poor peasant girl Tess. In this novel, we can see Tess resist her unjust fate again and again, suffer setbacks again and again, till to be destroyed. We can not help but feel the intense emotions of pity and fear. At the same time we deeply feel that her tragedy is inevitable. The cause of her tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin. What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? This paper will try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of the heroine’s tragedy.

2. Literary Review

From the later nineteenth century until now,Thomas Hardy and his works have been the important topics of the criticism for a long time. After the Second World War, with the development of modern literary criticism, different critics interpret Tess of the D’urbervilles and Thomas Hardy’s other novels from various perspectives. For instance, Professor Webster begins with a discussion of Hardy’s intentions in writing Tess. According to his views, Tess of the D’urbervilles is a contribution to Hardy’s war against man’s inhumanity. Arnold Kettle takes a different point of view. For him the subject of Tess of the D’urbervilles is not the tragedy of a “pure woman”, but rather the destruction of the English peasantry. Mr. Kettle sees it as complete as a social novel. In China, Prof. Zhang and Wu have published their own books on Hardy’s novels and other works. There are

3. Research Process

This paper comprises three parts dealing respectively with several main factors that lead to Tess’s final tragedy, including the background, the social environment, two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate and finally the weakness of the central character’s personalities. Besides, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious and incidental factors. The following is the outline of the paper. Part 1. Introduction

This part is a brief introduction to the author and his masterpiece.

1.1Thomas Hardy and his works

1.2Tess of the D’urbervilles

Part 2. Causes for the tragedy of Tess

The cause of Tess’s tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin. What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? In this paper, I try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of heroine’s tragedy.

2.1 The impoverishment and decay of small farmers

This novel has for its setting the agricultural region of the southern countries of England. The writer truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers who become hired field hands and roam the country in search of seasonal job. These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners. In this novel, we can see clearly that one of the real reasons that lead to her extermination is her impoverishment.

2.2Alec and Clare

In this novel, Hardy describes how Tess was killed by the times she lived in clearly. There are two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate. She, a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer, so Alec--- the vicious capitalist power of the Victorian Times and Clare --- the representative of liberal bourgeoisie killed her cruelly and without mercy. It seemed that Alec was the prime culprit of Tess, but in fact, it was Clare who killed Tees more cruelly.

2.3 The weakness of her character

Apart from fierce Alec and hypocritical Clare, it is the weakness of her character that leads to her sad fate. Tess was able to fight against the unfairness of the society. She could face various difficulties in life bravely, yet she couldn’t extricate herself from traditional moral principles. She was aware that she was the victim of social violence and moral principles.On the other hand, though she dared to beat back the unjustness, she couldn’t break with traditional morality completely.

2.4 Some mysterious and incidental factors

The last but not the least, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious

and incidental factors. Examples of the fateful incidents abound in the novel. Part 3. Conclusion

It is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation. Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly. Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice. The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.

4. Conclusion

Through studying the representative workTess of the D’urbervilles, we will be able to have a better appreciation of the great achievements of Thomas Hardy.It seemed that if there were no unexpected happenings, she might have a happy life; maybe she would finish her life peacefully. It appeared there were unexpected factors in her every important life stage, those factors lead to her tragedy. But in fact, just as we infer from our previous discussion, it is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation. Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly. Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice. The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.

Bibliography

［1］Chen Jia. Selected Readings in English Literature(Volume 2)［M］.The Commercial Press, 20xx

［2］Chenxia. Analysis of the Tragic Mood in “Tess of the D’Urbervilles”

［J］.Journal of Renmin University of China (social societies), 1998(2):100-102

［3］Huangjing. On the causes of the tragedy of Tess［J］. Journal of Northwest

Minorities University (social science), 20xx, (3):95-98

［4］Li Jian, Yuanjing. The Reasons of the Tragedy of Tess［J］. Journal of Daqing

Teachers’ College, 20xx, (2):65-66

［5］Liu Yafei. Doomed from the start ［6］Thomas Hardy. Tess of the D’Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation

& Translation Press, 20xx

［7］Wang Lili.Comments on the Tragedy of Tessa［J］.Journal of Chengde

Vocational College, 20xx(4)：26-27

［8］Zhang Xiaodong. Talk about tongue silk tragic certainty and meaning［J］.

Journal of Chaohu College, 20xx, (6):74-77

第二篇：英语论文—毕业论文开题报告范文

英语论文—毕业论文开题报告范文

开题报告

下面是一篇英语论文的开题报告范文，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

2.2 Methodolgy

I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

2.4 Case study

In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

000

附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考)

“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)

‘“噢，这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰，1990：59-60)

附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)

Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.

Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988. Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.

张南峰(译). 王尔德戏剧选. 福州：海峡文艺出版社，1990.

戴炜栋. 构建具有中国特色的英语教学“一条龙”体系，外语教学与研究，20xx(5). 附录4- 封面范例(仅供参考)(中文)

对外经济贸易大学硕士学位论文

论品牌名称翻译的特殊性

专 业：

研究方向：

作 者：

导 师：

写作时间： —

对外经济贸易大学

英语学院

(英文)

School of International Studies

University of International Business and Economics

Pragmatic Strategies

in Advertising: Implicatures

Wang Ying

A thesis submitted to School of International Studies of

University of International Business and Economics

In partial fulfillment of the requirement

For the degree of Master of Arts

April 20xx

Beijing, China

免费开题报告范文

论文题目：中国上市公司效绩评价体系的探讨

二、课题研究的意义

我国上市公司对我国的经济发展起到越来越重要的作用，截止20xx年底，我国上市公司已达到1174家，总股本超过5050亿，其中国家股和国有法人股328亿，市价总值高达

5.55万亿元，约占国民生产总值的48%，约有股民6800万人，约占城镇人口的40%,资本市场规模越来越大。据统计，截止20xx年底，我国国有控股上市公司所有者权益10547亿元，实现利润1519亿元，分别占全国国有及国有控股企业的32%和63%，国有上市公司已成为我国各行业中的龙头企业，在国有资产质量上，上市公司已成为优良资产的富区，同时上市公司也成为中国人投资的主要领域。随着我国资本市场的发展和完善，上市公司不仅会得到更大更快的发展，而且会显示出更重要的作用。但也不 可否认，在我国上市公司发展过程中，也出现了一些问题：一是上市公司整体业绩下滑，竞争力下降，据资料反映，20xx年我国上市公司加权平均每股收益为0.1369元，比上年同期下降31.04%,加权平均净资产收益率为5.53%,比上年同期下降22.55%,有151家公司亏损,亏损面为12.67%，较上年又进一步扩大；二是部分上市公司内部违规现象严重，据了解，20xx年有100家上市公司因各种违规问题而受到证监委和其他有关部门的查处；一些上市公司会计信息严重失真，虚增业绩，大

肆“圈钱”，极大地打击了投资者对上市公司的信心；三是二级市场投机行为盛行，一些机构操纵股价，牟取高利，严重地扰乱了市场秩序。为了解决我国上市公司发展中出现的问题，就需要在市场经济条件下，更好地有效发挥政府的监管职能和社会的监督职能，加快建立上市公司的优胜劣汰机制，全面净化证券市场的环境。要实现这一目标，有效的手段之一是建立上市公司的效绩评价体系。

目前，国家有关部门已经对我国国有企业制定了效绩评价制度，并正在逐步推开,但在我国上市公司中还没有建立这项制度，所以本文的研究是有实际意义的。

三．本文研究的内容

本文拟从四个方面探讨上市公司效绩评价体系的建立。

第一部分主要从六个方面阐述建立我国上市公司效绩评价体系的意义，这六个方面是：

（一）有利于国家对上市公司的监管

（二）有利于推动上市公司建立科学的约束和激励机制。

（三）有助于对上市公司经营者业绩的全面考核。

（四）有利于引导上市公司的经营行为。

（五）有利于增强上市公司的形象意识。

（六）有助于投资者的理性投资。