第六章 情态动词
一.概念:
情态动词是表示能力,义务,必须,猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词.
二.相关知识点精讲:
1．can
1)表能力
can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。
I can climb this pole. 我能爬这根杆子。
He is only four , but he can read. 他只有4岁，但已认得字了。
Fire can’t destroy gold. 火烧不毁金子。
因为can不能和其他助动词连用，所以表示将来式时用will be able to
You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.
你练习两三次后就会溜冰了。
2)表可能性
多用于否定与疑问结构中，但也可用在肯定句中。
Can the news be true? 这消息可能是真的吗？
It can’t be true. 它不可能是真的。
What can he possibly mean? 他可能是什么意思？
can 用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性（一时的可能）。
A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money.
Attending the ball can be very exciting.
The road can be blocked. 这条路可能会不通的。
may 在肯定句中表示现实的可能性。
The road may be blocked. 这条路可能不通了。
3)表示允许（和may意思相近）常见于口语。
Can (May) I come in ? 我能进来吗？
Can I smoke here ? 我可以在这里抽烟吗？
2.could的用法
1)表过去的可能和许可，（多用于间接引语中）
At that time we thought the story could not be true.
那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。
Father said I could swim in the river.
爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。
2)表过去的能力
I could swim when I was only six.
我刚六岁就能游泳。
Could在肯定句中表示过去的能力时，常表抽象的一般的能力。
He could be very naughty when he was a child.
他小时候会是很顽皮的。
3)表“允许”。可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法
Could I use your bike?
Yes, you can.
他会记得那时吗?
I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer today.
恐怕我今天不能回答你。
The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets.
老师说你可以去商店买糖。
3)Could/can+have done 结构表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”。 could 加完成式还用于肯定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。
Can they have won the basketball match？
他们赢了那场篮球赛吗？
What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.
你刚刚所谈到的可能令他很伤心。
You could have completed the task a little earlier.
你本来能早点完成任务的。（但事实上并没有提前完成任务）
I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes. 我本可以轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。
如表具体做某一件事的能力时，则须用 be able to .
He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.
他可以不用词典翻译那篇文章。
Can表示一贯的能力 ，be able to表示客观能力和通过努力可以达到的能力
I can’t swim. But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing.
The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out
When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank
3.may 的用法
1)表示请求、可以、允许。
You may drive the tractor. 你可以开那台拖拉机。
2)当回答由may 引起的问题时，否定答语要用must not,表示“不许可”、“不应该”、“不行”。May I come in?
Yes, you may.
No,you can’t
No, you may not .
No ,you mustn’t
No ,you’d better not.
3) may /might 推测性用法 可能
He may be right.
He may not come today (可能不)
He may /might come tomorrow.
, 注意: 1只用于肯定和否定句中,不用于疑问句中。
2 might 比may可能性更小
He might get a job.
He may get a job.
3 may no 可能不 can not不可能
He may not come
He can’t come
3)表建议（可和as well 连用）
You may（might）as well stay where you are.
你还是原地待着好。（may as well 有“还是……的好”的含义）
4)表祝愿
May you be happy!
might
1)表过去的“可能”和“允许”多用于间接引语。
She said that he might take her dictionary.
她说他可以拿她的词典去用。
除在间接引语中外，might一般不表示过去的“可能”与“许可”。表过去的“可能”可用could，表过去的“许可”可用were (was) allowed to。
2)表现在的“可能”，其可能性要比may小。
Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.
电熨斗会有危险，它可能电着人。
3)may (might) + have +done 表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“想必”、“也许是”的意思。 It may have been true. 这事也许是真的。
He might not have settled the question. 他可能尚未解决那个问题。
4.must 的主要用法。
1)表示必须、必要
We must do everything step by step .我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。
Why must you always bother me? 为什么你偏要打扰我呢。
2)must be + 表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）
He must be an honest boy. 他一定是个诚实的男孩。
This must be your room. 这一定是你的房间。
3)must 的否定式有两个：当回答由must引起的问题时，否定答复要用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义。当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时，就用must not。 Must I go tomorrow?明天我必须去吗？
Yes, please.是的，请吧！
No , you needn’t. 不，你不必去。
4)must +have +过去分词的结构，常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“一定”、“准是”的意思。否定和疑问句用can。
She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过英语。
5.have to的含义与must是很接近的,只是have to 比较强调客观需要，must着重说明主观看法。 I must clean the room.（主观想法）
I have to clean the room.（客观需要）
另外，have to 能用于更多时态：
We had to be there at ten .我们得在十点钟到那里。
We will have to reconsider the whole thing.
这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。
have to 的否定式：don’t have to do 表示“不必做……”之意。
6.ought to 的用法
Ought to 后接动词原形，表义务，但不及must 那样具有信心，如：
You don’t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.
你气色不好，应该去看病。
Ought to 用于否定句，其否定形式可缩略为oughtn’t ，如：
You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
也可以用于疑问句，如：
Ought you to smoke so much?你应该抽这样多烟吗？
Ought to 在间接引语中表过去时形式不变，如：
He said you ought to tell the police.
他说你应该去报告警察。
7.shall的用法
1)用于第一人称征求对方的意见，如：
What shall I wear on the journey? 我路上穿什么好呢？
Shall we dance? 我们跳舞好吗？
2)shall 用于第二、三人称时表允诺，警告，命令，威胁（现已少见），如：
She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。
You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以将它拿回。
情态动词should一般不应被认为是情态动词shall的过去式，主要用法有：
1)用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温和，如：
What should we do now? 我们现在该怎么办？
2)表示应该、必须，常与must 换用。例如：
We should (must) master a foreign language at least.
我们应当至少掌握一门外语。
3)“should+be+表语”的结构，表示推测或惊奇。例如：
They should be back by now. 他们现在应该回来了吧。
I am sorry that she should be so careless. 我感到遗憾她竟会那样粗心。
4)“should+have+过去分词”的结构，表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为；其否定则表示发生了不应该发生的行为。其同义结构“ought to have +过去分词”,表示过去“早应该”、“本当”之意，语气较强。例如：
I should have thought of that. 这一点我是应当想到的。（但没想到）
They should not have left so soon.他们不应当走得这么早。（但已走了）
5) 在“It is natural (strange, natural, necessary, surprised, impossible, important ) that……”句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词要用should +动词原形”表示“理所当然”、“奇怪”、“必要”、“惊异”等的意思。在lest（以免）、for fear (that) (以防)、in case（以备万一）等之后也要用should+动词原形;在advise, sugest, order, demand, request 等的从句中should+do”例如：
It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once.
有必要马上派他到那里去。
It is strange that he should say so. 他会说这样的话真是奇怪。
Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train.
我们马上走吧，以免赶不上火车。
8..will和would的用法
1）表示意志，决心或愿望。例如：
Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.
我们一定要支持全世界人民争取和平的斗争。
He would not let me try it . 他不肯让我去试。
2）will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，would表示过去的习惯行为。
He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
他会经常一连几个小时坐在那儿观看来往的车辆。
He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.
他在北京时，常来看望我。
3）用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，would的语气比will委碗 Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station? 请问到火车站怎么走？
4）表可能性
This will be the book you are looking for.
这可能就是你要找的书。
She eould be about 60 when she died.
他死时大概60岁。
9. need和dare的用法
情态动词need 实义动词 need
现 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do
在
时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do
过 You needed (didn’t need) to do
去
时 He needed (didn’t need) to do
将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do
来
时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do
句型 时态 动词
情态动词dare 实义动词 dare
肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do
过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do
否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do
过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do
疑问句 现在时 Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do?
过去时 Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do
needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要…”。例如：You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today
10.表推测的情态动词句子的反意疑问句
He must/may be in the room, isn’t he?
He can’t be in the room, is he？
He must have finished the work, hasn’t he?
He may have done the work last night, didn’t he?
第二篇：英语语法 情态动词
英语语法
情态动词 情态动词
情态动词是高考的重点考查项目，对学习情态动词的要求是：
首先、了解情态动词各自的基本意义及用法，然后掌握情态动词表示推测的用法（其中重点是对表过去推测的用法）还要注意带有情态动词的反意疑问句的用法。
情态动词的特征：
1.本身有词义，但完全。因此不能独立作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。
2.后接动词不定式一律不带to
3.不随人称和数的变化。
情态动词各自的基本意义及用法
表一、can 与could用法对比表
对比点 can could
1、表“能力” Can you lift this heavy box? I couldn?t understand what he said at all.
2、表“许可” You can use a different material instead. He said I could borrow his bike.
3、“怀疑” No, no, it can?t be true.
What on earth can this mean? We thought the story could not be true. How could you be so careless?
4、can与be able to 区别 1. could代替 can，表示语气更为婉转。
Eg. Could I use your bike? Yes, I can
2. can (能够)=be able to(仅表能力时)，但be able to 表示一番努力后，才能做得到，且有更多的时态。
He was a good swimmer, so he __________ swim to the river bank when the boat sank.
A. could B. might C. shall D. was able to
表二、may与 might用法对比表
对比点 may Might
1．表“询问” May I …?(=Can I …?) Might I …?(=Could I…?)(但比用may 更客气)
2.表“允许” You may take the boy there. He told me he might come .(might 与told相呼应)
3．表“可能”“或许” She may nor like this place. I?m afraid he might not like this play. 注： 1. May I…?的答语。
2.may可表示期望或祝愿
May you succeed !
3.may (might)用于目的状语从句中 肯定：Yes, you may.
否定：No, you mustn?t 不行（语气强硬）
No, you may not 或No, you?d better not.
The emperor gave them some gold in order that they might begin their work at once.
表三、must与have to的用法对比表
对比点 must have to
1．表“必须” （主观看法）必须；没有过去式，可用于间接引语中。He told me I must do according
to what he said. （客观需要）不得不，有多种时态。It?s raining heavily, we can?t go now.
2.疑问句 Must I …?
Yes, you must.（一定）
No, you needn?t./ you don?t have to.(不必) Do you have to go today?
Yes, we do.
否定句：You don?t have to worry about that.
表四、need与dare的用法对比表
对比点 need dare
1.情态动词+动词原形
1）否定式
2）疑问式 He need not (needn?t)go.
----Need we do it again?
---No, you needn?t do it again. He dare not say so.
Dare she go out alone at night?
How dare you say I?m unfair?
If he dare do that, he?ll be punished.(条件句)
I dare say.(固定用法)
2.行为动词+带to不定式
1）肯定式
2）否定式
3）疑问式 He needs to go.
He doesn?t (does not)need to go.
Does he need to do it again?
No, he doesn?t need ot do it again. He dares to say.
He does not(doesn?t)dare to say.
If you dare to jump into the water from here, so dare I .
3. did not need to do
表示过去没有必要做 She didn?t need to attend the meeting yesterday, and she stayed with her children.(她没有参加)
表五、should与ought to用法对比表
对比点 should ought to
1、表“应该” 表劝告、建议
You should listen to the doctor?s advice.
We should learn from Zhang Hua 表示“有责任有必要”做某事
You ought to finish your work before you go home.
We ought to help each other.
2、表“估计”
They should get home by now. 表示“非常可能”的事，可译为“总应该”
If we start to work right now, we ought to finish it before lunch.(午饭前应当能干完)
注： 1）、should还可在虚拟语气中的使用
2). 注意：ought to的疑问式及否定式
----Ought he to go? ----Yes, I think he ought to.
No, he oughtn?t to.
否定式：ought not to a或oughtn?t to do(不说ought to not do)
反疑问句：oughtn?t ______?
表六、shall与will的用法对比表
shall Will
1. 征询对方意见或请求指示，用于第一、三人称：
Shall I (we)…?
Shall he (she)…?
Where shall I (we)wait for you? 1． 询问对方的意思或向对方提出要求：
Will you(please)…? Won?t you…?
Would you like to…?(用would替代will更客气)
----Won?t you go and see the film?你不去看电影吗？---Yes, I think I will. 不， 我想去。
2. 表示说话人的“意愿”有“命令”“警告”“强制”“允诺”“决心”等，用于第二、三人称，要重读。 You shall do what I tell you ( to do).
我叫你干什么你就干什么。
Everything shall be done to save the ship.
一定要竭尽全力来拯救这艘船。 表示“意志”“意愿”，用于各种人称：
I won?t do anything you don?t like.
我不会做任何你不喜欢的事。
Would表示过去时间的“意志”“意愿”
Shylock would not take the money earlier.
夏洛克先前是不肯要钱的。
表七：used to与would用法对比表
used to would
1.表示过去的动作、状态，重在与现在情况的对比，不一定要有时间状语。
I used to play cards a lot, but now I seldom play.
My hometown is not what it used to be. 1.只表示过去动作的重复，有明确的时间状语 I would go to see my grandfather on Sunday when he was in the middle school.
2.would 后只接表动作的动词，不接表认识或状态动词
He used to be nervous in the exam.
2.表示过去的习惯有时可互换：
When we were very young, we used to / would go skating every winter.
2. 表示过去的次数时，不能使用：
( √）We went to the Great Wall five times when we were young.
( X ) We used to go / would go to the Great Wall five times when we were young.
注：used to do的否定式：usedn?t to do 或didn?t use to do (usedn?t也可写作usen?t) 疑问式： Did you use to do ? Didn?t you use to do?
Used you to do? Usedn?t you to do?
情态动词表推测
情态动词表推测的意义：
1、大多数情态动词（除表?能力、许可、意志?外），都可以表示推测，其程度有差异。按其可能性程度的高低排列为：
Must ﹥will ﹥would ﹥ought to ﹥ should ﹥ can ﹥ could﹥ may ﹥ might
肯定 完全可能 很可能 可能 有可能
2.注意区分情态动词的否定的含义：
may not或许不、可能不 might not可能不 can?t 不可能
mustn?t不许、禁止 shouldn?t不应该 needn?t 不必
3.情态动词表推测具体运用：情态动词可以对现在、进行、过去推测
S主+情态动词+be+adj 对“性质”“特征”的推测
S主+情态动词+be+n 对“职业”“事物”的推测
S主+情态动词+V原 对经常性行为的推测
S主+情态动词+be+V-ing 对进行着的行为的推测
S主+情态动词+have+PP 对过去的行为的推测
特别提醒：情态动词表推测时
1、 can只能用于否定句和疑问句
2、 must只能用于肯定句（它的否定句和疑问句其实就用can来代替了）
3、 如句中有情态动词 + 完成时，定是对过去的推测 。
4、 句中如有表示不肯定的话语，如：I am not sure; I don?t know 之类，常选may /might的各种形式
4. 记住下面几组表示反劝的特殊的表推测的形式
1). could + have + PP表示本来能做到，但事实上没有做到。 He could have finished the task on time, but the heavy snow came.
2). couldn?t +have + PP表示本来不能做到，但已经做到了。 She could not have covered the whole distance, but in fact she arrived ahead of time.
3) needn?t + have + pp表示本不必做的，但已经做到了。 She needn?t have attended the meeting yesterday, but she did.
4.) should/ought to +have + PP表示 该做而没有做 The plant is dead. I should/ought to have given ot more water.
5) shouldn?t/ oughtn?t to +have + PP表示 不该做而做了。 You oughtn?t to / shouldn?t have taken her bike without permission.
5. 记住下面对比表：
must只能用于肯定句（它的否定句和疑问句其实就用can来代替了）
1.must + have + PP 表示对过去肯定的推测，译为“一定是，准是” The road is wet. It must have rained yesterday.
2.can + have + PP 表示对过去的推测（限于问句中） Can she have said so? 他可能这样说吗？
3.can?t + have + PP 表示对过去的否定推测 He cannot have said such a foolish thing. 情态动词表推测的反意疑问句
情态动词表推测的反意疑问句，简单来说，就是以情态动词后的时态为淮，如句子里有明确
的时间状语，则以其为准。以 must 为例：
eg. 1. You must be hungry now, aren?t you?
2. He must be watching TV , isn?t he ?
3 Tom must have lived her for a long time, hasn?t he ?
4. She must have arrived yesterday, didn?t she?
注：如选择题中（以She must have arrived yesterday, didn?t she？为例）既有didn?t she又有hasn?t she则以didn?t she？为最佳答案。
第三篇：高中英语被动语态总结
高中英语被动语态总结
一、需要使用被动语态的情况
在以下情况常需要使用被动语态：
1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。 My bike was stolen last night.
2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
3. 为了更好地安排句子。
The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）
二、被动语态的构成形式
1. 被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时
2) has /have been done 现在完成时
3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时
4) was/were done 一般过去时
5) had been done 过去完成时
6) was/were being done 过去进行时
7) shall/will be done 一般将来时
8) should/would be done 过去将来时
9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）
10) should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）
2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
1) 带情态动词的被动结构：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4) 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to 1
walk into the building.
5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
3. 非谓语动词的被动语态的构成
1). 不定式一般式的被动语态。由“to be+过去分词”构成。如：
She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求给她一些工作做。
He was the last person to be asked to speak. 他是最后被邀请发言的人。
2). 不定式完成式的被动语态。由“to have been+过去分词”构成。如：
I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我的。
3). 现在分词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：
I saw him being taken away. 我看见有人把他带走了。
Being protected by a wall， he felt quite safe. 有墙作保护，他感到很安全。
4). 现在分词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如： Having been invited to spea, I’ll start making preparations tomorrow.
因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。
The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it.
话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。
5). 动名词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：
He hates being made a fool of. 他讨厌被别人愚弄。
This question is far from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。
6). 动名词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如： Jenny’s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret.
杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。
After having been instructed to drive out of town， I began to acquire confidence.
在接到把车开出城的指令后，我开始信心十足了。
注：过去分词没有被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如： The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着
三、It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“认为”或“相信”等的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。
It is said that… 据说，It is reported that…据报道，It is believed that…大家相信，It is hoped that…大家希望，It is well known that…众所周知，It is thought that…大家认为，It is suggested that…据建议。
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）.
四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
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1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。
This kind of cloth washes well.
注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
试比较：The door won't lock． （指门本身有毛病）
The door won't be locked． （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）
2. 表示“发生、进行” 的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何印出来的呢？
3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。
1. 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。
2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
The picture-book is well worth reading．(＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．)
3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
I have a lot of things to do this afternoon． (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)
试比较：I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)
4. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。
This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.
5. 在too… to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6. 在there be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。
There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be 3
lost，谁 lost time不明确。）
7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 Who is to blame for starting the fire?
六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义
表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。
1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”如：
under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。
The building is under construction( is being constructed).
2. “beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……范围、限度”：
beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s control（无法控制），beyond one’s hope （比预期的还要好）。
The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．
3. “above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过……、高于……” His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．
4. “for+名词”结构，表示 “适于……, 为着……”。如：
for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。
That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
5. “in+名词”结构 ，表示“在……过程中或范围内”如：
in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。
6. “on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事…… 中””。常见的有：
on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受审）。
Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).
7. “out of+名词”结构； 表示 “超出…… 之外“，常见的有：
out of control (控制不了)， out of sight （超出视线之外），out of one’s reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。
The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled)． 。
8. “within+名词”结构，“在……内、不超过……”。
He took two days off within the teacher's permission．
七、被动语态与系表结构的区别
当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：
1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。
The glass is broken． （系表结构）
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The glass was broken by the boy． （被动语态）
2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。
The door is locked． （系表结构）
The door has already/just been locked．（被动语态）
3．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。
The machine is being repaired．
八、被动语态与高考试题赏析
1． 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析
1). In some parts of the world, tea ___ with milk and sugar.
A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served
2). This is Ted’s phone. We miss him a lot. He ___ while trying to save a child in the earthquake.
A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing
3). ---- Have you moved into the new house?
---- Not yet, the rooms _____ .
A. are being painted B. are painting
C. are painted D. are being painting
4). When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ___ yet.
A. are not decided B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided D. has not been decided
5). The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the A. was booked B. had been booked
C. were booked D. have been booked
2．高考对非谓语动词语态的考查
当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时, 须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。
1). Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ___ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
2). While shopping, people sometimes can’t help ___ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuaded B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
3). I feel it is your husband who ___ for the spoiled child.
A. is to blame B. is going to blame
C. is to be blamed D. should blame
答案与解析：
1. 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析
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1). B 因为serve是及物动词，其动作承受者tea作主语，表示经常发生的情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
2) C Ted是kill的承受者，用被动语态，且Ted救人发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。
3) A “house”和“paint”应该是被动的关系，排除B，D。后者未搬进新居的原因是房子正在油漆，所以要用现在进行时的被动语态。不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动作，排除C。
4) D decide是及物动词，动作的发出者通常是人，句中的主语是动作的承受者，所以decide要用被动语态。从题干的语境和关键词yet，可判断用现在完成时，不定式做主语用单数，故用现在完成时的被动语态。
5) B 句中tickets是book(订票)的承受者，主谓为被动关系，又因票已被订出应发生在entered the office这个过去动作之前，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。
2．高考对非谓语动词语态的考查
1) B 根据题意，那对老夫妇是否到国外旅行是将来的动作，应使用不定式，故排除掉C、D两项；又因remains的逻辑主语it是动词see说表示动作的承受者，即“到国外旅行”这件事，这件事有待于“被决定”，应使用动词不定式的被动形式。
2) C can’t help doing “禁不住做某事”，排除A和D；顾客应是“被劝说”购物的，要用动名词的被动语态。
3) A feel的宾语从句为强调句型，在be to do结构中，在某些场合可用不定式的主动语态表示被动语态，如be to blame .
九、被动语态巩固练习
（一）、选择正确的选项，使句意通顺完整。
1. If city noises ____ from increasing, people ____ shout to be heard even at dinner．
A. are not kept；will have to B. are not kept；have
C. do not keep；will have to D. do not keep；have to
2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are ____and perfected now.
A. developed B. have developed
C. are being developed D. will have been developed
the sports meet might be put off.
--- Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I've been told B. I've told C. I'm told D. I told
4. I need one more stamp before my collection ___.
A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed
and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.
A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut
by the end of last month.
A. has been designed B. had been designed
C. was designed D. would be designed
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7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____.
A. breaks B. has broken C. was broken D. had been broken
.
A. have been taken place; have been set up
B. have taken place; have been set up
C. have taken place; have set up
D. were taken place; were set up
over 60 dollars.
A. had costed B. costed C. is cost D. cost
10. --- Look! Everything here is under construction.
--- What’s the pretty small house that __ for?
A. is being built B. has been built C. is built D. is building
11.--- Do you like the material?
--- Yes, it __ _ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
．
A. write B. to write C. to be written D. written
．
A. to type B. typing C. to be typed D. typed
14. Take care! Don’t drop the ink on your shirt, for it __ easily.
A. won’t wash out B. won’t be washed out
C. isn’t washed out D. isn’t washing out
15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ___.
A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out
Professor Smith.
A. belongs B. are belonged to C. belongs to D. belong to
17. --- What do you think of the book?
---Oh, excellent. It’s worth __ _ a second time.
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch
again.
A. being checked B. checked C. to check D. to be checked
many times, the boy still didn’t know how to do the exercises
A. Having taught B. Having been taught C. taught D. Teaching
(二)、用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空。
1.It's said(据说) that the long bridge______________(build) in two months．
2.Where to have the meeting ______________ (discuss) now．
3.Which language _______the most widely_______(speak) in the world？
4.The lost boy_____________(not find) so far．
5.Last year a large number of trees______________(cut) down．
6. The students _____ often _____(tell) to take care of their desks and chairs.
7. The old man is ill. He ______ (must send) to the hospital.
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8. Vegetables, eggs and fruits_________ (sell) in this shop.
9. What _______ knives ______ (make) of ?
They_______________(make) of metal(金属) and wood.
(take) out of the library?
11. The room _____________ (clean) by me every day.
12. The stars can’t _____________ (see) in the daytime.
13. Some flowers _______________ (water) by Li Ming already.
14. This kind of shoes __________ (sell) well.
15. How long _____ your uncle ______(be) in the city?
16. The food _____________ (smell) delicious.
17. Look! Someone __________(dance).
（三）、语篇填空。
a letter from the local police. In the letter he ______(ask) to call at the station. Ted______(wonder) why he______(want) by the police, but he ______(go) to the station yesterday and now he______( not worry) any more. At the station, he ______(tell) by a smiling policeman that his bicycle______(find). Five days ago, the policeman ______(tell) him, the bicycle ______(pick) up in a small village four hundred miles away. Now, it______(sent) to his home by train. Ted was most (hear) the news. He was amused too, because he never boy of fifteen !
参考答案：
（一）
1--5 ACADC 6--10 BCBDA 11--15 CBCAD 16--20 DCCDB
（二）
1.will be built 2. is being discussed 3. is spoken 4. hasn’t been found
5. were cut 6.are told 7. must be sent 8. are sold 9.are made , are made
10. be taken 11.is cleaned 12. be seen 13. have been watered 14. sells
15. has been 16. smells 17 is dancing
（三）
has been worried; received; was asked; wondered; was wanted; went; is not worried; was told; had been found; told; was picked; is being sent; heard; to be found
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