动词的时态、语态
一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now.
5)在连词when, while, if, unless, as soon as 等引导的时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时态代替将来时。
Unless some extra money is found, the theatre will close.
现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。
Ann has worked for a long time to realize his dream and now he is popular.
比较过去时与现在完成时
1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。“这是第几次”后面的定语从句中。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.“最高级+名词”后面的定语从句中。
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段时间+ ago I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
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Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。 We are waiting for you.
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
c. 表示瞬间动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin，leave等表示将来的含义或者表示按照计划安排好的将要进行的动作。
The leaves are turning red. It's getting warmer and warmer.
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。 You are always changing your mind.
e.按计划，安排近期发生的动作。
I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
不用进行时的动词
1) 事实状态的动词
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue This house belongs to my sister.
2) 心理状态的动词
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
I need your help. He loves her very much.
3 ) 瞬间动词
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
I accept your advice.
4) 系动词
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
You seem a little tired.
现在完成进行时
表示从过去某一时刻开始的动作一直持续到现在还在进行着，而且还有可能要进行下去，强调进行的过程。
句型：has／have been doing
Kate is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine school, where she has been studying English for a year.
一般将来时
表示将要发生的行为和动作或存在的状态。
1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。一般不用于表示单纯的将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有迹象要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 2
3)be +不定式 to do sth表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4)be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
3)用现在进行时表示将来
意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
I'm leaving tomorrow.
一般过去时
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me.
2）情态动词 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
过去进行时
1） 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3)come,go,leave,get,reach,等瞬间动词用作过去进行时表示过去某一个时刻看起来将要发生的动作，一般强调按计划，要求，打算进行的动作。
常用的时间状语
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
过去将来时
常用在宾语从句中和间接引语中，从过去的观点看将来要发生的动作或者存在的状态等。句型为：would／should do ,should只用第一人称
He told me that he would pay for me a visit if possible.
Was ／were going to do sth 表示过去曾经打算或者计划做某事
过去完成时
概念：表示过去的过去.其构成是had +过去分词构成。表示过去的过去。
用法
a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
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在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
时态与时间状语
时间状语
一般现在时every …, sometimes,at …, on Sunday,
一般过去时yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now
一般将来时next…, tomorrow, in+时间,
现在完成时for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently
过去完成时before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as
过去进行时this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last
evening… when, while
动词的语态
被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught
一般过去时：was／were＋taught
一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught
现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught
过去进行时：have／has been＋taught
现在完成时：have／has been＋taught
过去完成时： had been done
过去将来时：would be done
含有情态动词：情态动词+be done
注意：区分被动语态与“be+过去分词”结构
be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。
被动语态的用法
1 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：
Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)
2 强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
This book was written by him. 这本书是他写的。
注意：不用被动语态的情况
1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread,
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stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。 例如：After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。
2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。
3） 系动词无被动语态，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。
It sounds good. 听上去不错。
注意： 主动形式表示被动意义
1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如： The book sells well. 这本书销路好。 This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：
I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了，我该受指责。 Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
3） 在need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如： The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见/理解自己）等。例如： Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。
12.6 被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）,
get married等。例如：
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如：
He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
/7、 need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。例如：
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
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