how 引导名词性从句的用法探讨

　　what与how用法之比较似乎是很简单的一个问题，但宜昌市20##届第二次调研考试的一道完形填空题却引起了极大争议。现摘录如下：

　　You must have heard these words like how happy it is to be a child. But would you honestly change places with a child? Think of the years at school: the years spent living in frequent fear of examinations and school activities. Every thought you think is controlled by some adults. Think of the times you had to go to bed early, you had to eat hateful thing that was supposed to be good for you. Remember _______ “gentle” pressure was given to you with words like “If you don't do as I say, I will...” I'm sure you will never forget!

　　A. what B. why C. that D. how

　　参考答案为D。对于此空有着如下一些观点：

　　观点1：应选A。Remember后的宾语从句是一感叹句，而感叹词强调修饰的是名词pressure，故应选用what。

　　观点2： 应选D。也认为Remember后的宾语从句是一感叹句，而感叹词所强调修饰的名词pressure前有一形容词gentle，故应选用how。

　　观点3： 应选C。因为what与how引导的感叹句不可用作宾语从句，故A与D均不对。

　　观点4： 应选D。认为how “gentle”在句中作状语。

　　笔者认为此题单纯从语法结构上讲，四个选项均对。但在上述特定语境下应选D, how为佳。此时的how引导的并非感叹句，而是一句意思为“……的情形”、“……的情景”、“……的经历”或“怎样、怎么”的连词引导宾语从句，相当于the fact / situation / times / way that。A项what干扰性很大，但由于gentle用了引号且起否定作用，故而不宜构成What “gentle” pressure ... 的感叹句。需注意的是，how与名词连用构成感叹句一般只能是两种形式：how + many / much + 名词；how + 形容词 + a / an + 名词。

　　由此看来，对how引导名词性从句用法有待进一步探讨。在此谈谈己见。

　　how引导名词性从句有如下几种情况：

　　1. 表方式、方法，相当于the way in which。可译作“怎样、怎么”。例如：

　　I didn't know how he came here.

　　2. 表程度上的感叹，可译作“多么……、真……、这么……”等。例如：

　　He said how beautiful those flowers were.

　　He said how he regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields.

　　He was surprised at how much water I had drunk.

　　3. 表对程度、数量、情况的疑问。例如：

　　She wondered how he loved her.

　　I don't know how many students there are in our school.

　　I have no idea how my mother is now.

　　I want to know how he is getting on with his studies.

　　4. 仅用作连词引导间接陈述句，本身无意义。例如：

　　He told me how (= that) he had read about it in the newspaper.

　　5. 用作连词，相当于the fact / situation / times... that, 可译作“……的样子”、“……的情形”、“……的情景” 、“……的经历”等。例如：

　　I still remember how they laughed.

　　I still remember how I left my hometown for the first time.

　　I won't forget how we lived together.

　　I won't forget how I lived in my childhood.

　　(文/胡君祥； 英语辅导报)

第二篇：引导词it的用法

引导词it的用法

1.作形式主语 为了避免头重脚轻，英语里面常常把it放在句子的开头，而把真正作为主语的动名词，不定式和句子放在句子的后面去。请看下面的例子：

It’s wrong to tell a tie. It took me ten minutes to get to the station.

It’s no use getting there so early. It’s dangerous playing with fire. It doesn’t matter whether he will come or not. It’s a pity I didn’t think of it earlier.It’s not yet known where he has gone.

2.作形式宾语, 当复合句中，不定式短语，动名词短语和名词性从句作宾语时，常常it用作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后。请看例句：He feel it his duty to help others.

The new medicine made it possible to treat this terrible disease. We thought it no use doing that.

Out teacher thinks it no good learning without practice. I think it important that we should take part in the discussion.

He soon made it clear why she hadn’t invited me to the party.

Wouldn’t it better if you made an appointment to see him at the office?

（三）it用于强调句型, 结构：It+动词be+被强调部分+who(whom)/that+其他部分

这个结构的一般疑问句形式为：被强调部分+who(whom)/that+其他部分

若是对特殊疑问词进行强调，其结构为: 特殊疑问词+be +it+that+其他部分

Was it in London that this happened? When was it that he left Beijing for Shanghai?

How was it that you came here? He asked me that where it is that we will have the meeting.

Not----until----句型的强调结构为it is not until-----that-------,that 后面要用肯定形式

Eg. My father didn’t return until 11 o’clock last night.

It was not until 11 o’clock last night that my father returned.

I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.

(四) it的重要句型

1. It is clear ( obvious， true， possible， certain....) that .....

该句型中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句，常译为＂清楚（显然，真的，肯定．．．）

2. It is important ( necessary， right， strange， natural...) that ...

该句型和上一个同属一个句型；由于主句中的形容词不同，that 后的从句中要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省去，建议记住该句型中的形容词。

eg. It is important that we (should) learn English well. It is necessary that he (should) remember these words.

3. It is said (reported,learned,thought,believed,hoped,suggested,supposed,known....) that ...

该句型中的it 仍是形式主语，真正主语是that 引导的主语从句；该结构常译为＂据说（据报道，据悉．．．） It is said that he has come to Beijing. It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit.

4. It is suggested ( ordered /demanded/insisted/commanded... ) that ...

该句型和上一个同属一个句型，主句中的过去分词是表示请求，建议，命令等词时，that 后的从句要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省；常译为＂据建议；有命令．．．）

It is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off. It was ordered that we ( should ) arrive there in two hours.

5. It is a pity ( a shame ... ) that ... 该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should可省去．表示出乎意料，常译为＂竟然＂。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。

It is a pity that such a thing ( should ) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！ It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了，真遗憾！

6. It is time ( about time ，high time ) that ... 该句型中that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是① 常用过去时态表示虚拟．② 有时也用should + 动词原形，should 不能省，常译为＂是（正是）．．．的时侯．．．

It is time that children should go to bed. = It is time that children went to bed.

7. It is the first ( second ... ) time that ...

该句型要和上一个句型区别开来，该句型中的 that 从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态，。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态，该结构中 that 可以省去；it有时用 this 替换．常译为＂是第一（二）．．．次．．．

It is the first time I have been here. = This is the first time I have been here.

8. It is .... since ...。 该句型主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时，又要和表示一段时间的时间状语连用的问题，主句中是时间作表语，其时态是现在时或完成时，since 引导的从句通常是一般过去时态，而且是瞬间动词。如果主句是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时。 It is ( has been ) 5 years since his father died.

9. It be ... before ... 该句型主句中的 it 指时间， 主句中的时态常是将来一般时或过去时两种时态．主句中的表语多是long， not long ， 3 days ， 2 weeks 等表示时间段的词或短语，常译为＂．．．之后．．．＂。

It was 3 days before he went to Beijing. It will be not long before he finishes his job.

10. It happens (seems， looks， appears ) that... 该句型中it是形式主语，that 引导的是主语从句，主句中的happen ， seem等词是不及物动词。 It happened ( so happened ) that he met his teacher in the street. 碰巧．．.

It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来．．．

11. It takes sb. ... to do sth. 该句型中的不定式是真正的主语，it是形式主语，句型中的直接宾语是时间，常译为＂做．．．要花费某人．．．＂。 It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.

12. It is no good (use ) doing sth. 该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语，主句中的表语可以是no good ， ( not any good ) ， no use ， ( not any use )。 It is no good learning English without speaking English.

13. It doesn’t matter whether ( if ) ... 该句型中whether(if) 引导的从句是真正主语，该句型常译为 ＂不论（是否）．．．没关系．．．。 It doesn’t matter if they are old.

14. It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth. 该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定式的逻辑主语是由 of引起，主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。

常见的有： bad ， brave ， careless， clever ， cruel ， foolish ， good （好心的）， honest ， horrible ， kind ， lazy ， modest ， naughty ， nice（有教养的）， polite， rude ， silly ， stupid ， wise ， wrong（错误的）等。 这个句型可以改写为：sb. is kind to do sth. 。

It is kind of you to say so. = You are kind to say so.

15. It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth. 该句型与上一个同属一个句型，如果不定式的逻辑主语是由for引起，主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性，紧迫性，频繁程度，难易，安全等情况的形容词。

常见的形容词有：① important， necessary， natural ② easy ， safe ， common ， normal ， hard ， difficult ， dangerous ， unusual， rare ， impossible ， pleasant等。 =在①中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写， 如：

It is important for her to come to the party. = It is important that she (should ) come to the party.

16. It looks ( seems ) as if ... 该句型中it无意义， as if 引导一个状语从句。常译为，＂看起来好象．．．＂如果与事实不相符合，则用虚拟语气。 It looks as if he is ill.（真的病了） It looks as if he were ill. （没有生病）

专题练习

1.It took us over an hour ____along the street. A.walk B.to walk C.walking D.walked

2.I think it a great honour____ to visit your country.

A.to invite B.invitingC.having invited D.to be invited

3.Many people now make____a rule to buy cards for their friends before Christmas.

A.themselves B.it C.that D.this

4. ____is very clear to everyone that he's round and tall like a tree. A.This B.What C.That D.It

5.In the United States, bus travel doesn't cost much as train travel,____?

A.don't they B.does it C.do they D.doesn't it

6.Someone is at the door, who is____?A.this B.that C.it D.he

7.—It is raining cats and dogs. —____

A.So it is B.So is it C.Neither it is D.Neither is it

8.—My home is in that tall building over there.— ____ ?

A.Can it see B.Can see it C.Can be seen it D.Can it be seen

9. ____raining hard for 3 hours without stopping.

A.It is B.It was C.It has been D.It had been

10.It is important ____their offer. A.reject B.rejects C.to reject D.rejecting

11.Has ____ been decided when we are to hold the sports-meeting?A.that B.this C.it D.what

12.—Did Li Lei call me while I was out? —Yes, it was ____that called you.

A.him B.he C.who D.whom

13.Nothing is wrong with the radio ____ ?A.isn't it B.is that C.is it D.isn't that

14.I don't think ____difficult for a Chinese student to master a foreign language within five years

A.that B.it C.too D.very

15.It's the second time you ____late this week.A.arrive B.arrived C.have arrived D.had arrived

16.It will not be____we meet again.

A.long before B.before long C.soon after D.shortly after

17.It's demanded that we ____there on foot. A.not to go B.don't go C.not go D.won't go

18.“It” is often used to ____a baby. A.mean to B.stick to C.point to D.refer to

19.It was not until 1936 ____basketball became a regular part of the Olympic Games.

A.that B.when C.which D.then

20. ____you met the Englishman?

A.Where it was that B.Who it was that C.Where was it that D.Where was that