一、限制性定语从句
分析：定语从句是由关系代词who, that, which, whom, whose或个别特殊词汇引导。修饰人时可用who/whom/that, 修饰物时可用that/which，whose起所有格的作用，表示“…….的”。定语从句所修饰的名词称作先行词。关系代词在从句中可以做主语也可以做宾语。 ★（1）关系代词做主语
eg: The girl who came this morning is my sister .
The man who sells bags is my brother.
The man who offered me a job is an Australian.
★（2）关系代词做宾语
eg: The man whom I talked to is a policeman.
She is just the girl that/whom I met yesterday.
This is just the book that I want.
注意：当关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。
whom 可用that代替，口语中常常省略关系代词。
（3）whose表示所有格，whose+名词在从句中做主语或宾语
eg: The boy whose sister is a teacher is standing at the door. I like the TV set whose brand is TCL.
I have a book whose name is Love Story.
（4）当定语从句前面有介词时，关系代词只能用which或whom，不能用that和who，that不能紧跟在介词后面，但是把介词放在句尾，则可以用that。
eg: This is just the house which I lived in.
This is the just house in which I lived.
The man from whom we bought the tickets is a liar. This is just the house that I lived in.
This is the man that I talked with.
This is the man with whom I talked.
(5)如果句子中有如下词和结构：all, everyone, everybody, anyone, no one, nobody, those, the only和形容词最高级，there be结构，祈使句等等，则后面如果要使用定语从句，关系代词一般不用which和who，而使用that。
eg: That is the only way that leads to your success.
We have to consider the first thing that starts our work..
This is the most impressive TV theatre that has never been on show before.
(6)定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数
例：1) This is the magazine which was/is sent to me by post.
2) I am the only one that is chosen to recite the poem.
★3)Only one of the students who were born in America knows some Chinese.
注意：按照现行语法规定，如果在定语从句中出现了one of作为先行词，它后面的关系代词指代的是后面的复数名词。
例：He is one of the students in my class who speak 3 languages.
意思是：他是我们班会说3种语言的很多学生当中的一个。在这里，由who引导的定语
从句修饰的先行词是students，而非one。
但如果one直接做主语时，它做单数看待
例：One of my friends is a policeman. 我的朋友当中的一个是警察。
（7）在定语从句中，还可以用when, where, why等关系副词连接定语从句。
关系副词=介词+which，如：when=在什么时候，where=在什么地方，why=为什么原因。 eg: 1995 is the year when I was born.
This is the village where he was born.
He didn’t tell me the reason why he left.
二、非限制性定语从句
分析：
(1)非限制性定语从句可以用who, whom, whose, which以及相应的关系副词引导，它与被修饰词之间是一种解释说明的关系，是对先行词的附加说明，如果将它去掉不会影响整句话的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。
例：This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。
（非限制性）
★限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句对比：
The visitors who knew the danger didn’t go any further.
（有些旅客知道了，有些还不知道）
The visitors, who knew the danger, didn’t go any further.
（全部旅客都知道了）
The old man has a son who is in the army. (这个老人可能不止一个儿子)
The old man has a son, who is in the army. （这个老人只有一个儿子）
如果当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的那幢房子有个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很感人，我已经读了三遍。
非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
(2)as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
例题：
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后面成为句子，但两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。that 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语一般是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词多数情况下用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
虚拟语气总结：
[虚拟语气]与过去相反的虚拟语气，从句用had done，主句用would have done有机会做某事：have/stand a chance to do sth/of sth----[语法讲解]：“虚拟语气”
考生应该注意以下几种虚拟语气的形式：
第一种：由 “ if ”引导的虚拟句子
1. 与现在的事实相反：[If --- + were/did---, --- + would do---]
If I were you , I would marry him.
如果我是你,就会嫁给他。
2. 与过去的事实相反：[If --- + had done---, --- +would have done---]
If you had worked hard , you would have passed the exam.
如果你用功学习,就会通过考试了。
3. 与将来的事实可能相反：[If ---+ should do---, ---+ would do---]
If it should rain tomorrow , what would you do ?
如果明天下雨,你怎么办?
第二种：用在表示要求、建议、命令等的名词从句中
从句谓语形式为：“---(should ) + do sth”(在美语中should常省去) 。
类似用法的动词有：
insist (坚持) , suggest (建议) , order(命令) , propose (建议) , demand (要求) , command (命令) , advise (建议) , desire (要求、请求) , request (请求) , require (需要、要求) , ask (要求) , prefer (宁愿), recommend(推荐) , arrange ( 安排) , advocate ( 拥护、提倡) ,maintain(坚决主张)等后面的宾语从句中。
第三种：用在“It + be + important (,necessary , natural , essential , strange , absurd , amazing , annoying , desirable, surprising , vital , advisable , anxious , compulsory , crucial , imperative , eager , fitting , possible , impossible , improper , obligatory , probable , preferable , strange , urgent 等, 以及insisted , suggested , ordered , requested , arranged , recommended 等) + that ---”结构中的that 引导的主语从句中第四种：用在It is time that --- 结构中, 表示“该干某事了”, 含建议的意思, 用动词过去式。
It is time (that) we went to bed .
咱们该睡觉了。
注意: time 前可加about (表示“大约”) 或high(表示“强调”) 等。
最新四级真题：
3.The victim (本来会有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time.
[解题步骤]:
第一步：由The victim if he had been taken to hospital in time.可以推出，划线处应该填写谓语动词和宾语使得主句完整，并且主句形式、时态根据后面的if he had been taken to hospital in time确定应该采取虚拟语气，是对过去的虚拟。
第二步：划分成分“本来会有机会活下来”
核心谓语动词是“本来有机会------”，“活下来”作宾语。
第三步：
1.切块对应翻译：“本来有机会------”= would have a chance to do sth，“活下来”=survive
2.重新组合：would have a chance to survive.
[正确答案]：would have/stand a chance to survive/of survival
[翻 译]：如果遇难者被及时送往医院的话，他本来会有机会活下来的。
第二篇：定 语 从 句 总 结
定 语 从 句 总 结
一、限制性定语从句
分析：定语从句是由关系代词who, that, which, whom, whose或个别特殊词汇引导。修饰人时可用who/whom/that, 修饰物时可用that/which，whose起所有格的作用，表示“…….的”。定语从句所修饰的名词称作先行词。关系代词在从句中可以做主语也可以做宾语。
★（1）关系代词做主语
eg: The girl who came this morning is my sister .
The man who sells bags is my brother.
The man who offered me a job is an Australian.
★（2）关系代词做宾语
eg: The man whom I talked to is a policeman.
She is just the girl that/whom I met yesterday.
This is just the book that I want.
注意：当关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。
whom 可用that代替，口语中常常省略关系代词。
（3）whose表示所有格，whose+名词在从句中做主语或宾语
eg: The boy whose sister is a teacher is standing at the door. I like the TV set whose brand is TCL.
I have a book whose name is Love Story.
（4）当定语从句前面有介词时，关系代词只能用which或whom，不能用that和who，that不能紧跟在介词后面，但是把介词放在句尾，则可以用that。
eg: This is just the house which I lived in.
This is the just house in which I lived.
The man from whom we bought the tickets is a liar. This is just the house that I lived in.
This is the man that I talked with.
This is the man with whom I talked.
(5)如果句子中有如下词和结构：all, everyone, everybody, anyone, no one, nobody, those, the only和形容词最高级，there be结构，祈使句等等，则后面如果要使用定语从句，关系代词一般不用which和who，而使用that。
eg: That is the only way that leads to your success.
We have to consider the first thing that starts our work..
This is the most impressive TV theatre that has never been on show before.
(6)定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数
例：1) This is the magazine which was/is sent to me by post.
2) I am the only one that is chosen to recite the poem.
★3)Only one of the students who were born in America knows some Chinese.
注意：按照现行语法规定，如果在定语从句中出现了one of作为先行词，它后面的关系代词指代的是后面的复数名词。
例：He is one of the students in my class who speak 3 languages.
意思是：他是我们班会说3种语言的很多学生当中的一个。在这里，由who引导的定语从句修饰的先行词是students，而非one。
但如果one直接做主语时，它做单数看待
例：One of my friends is a policeman. 我的朋友当中的一个是警察。
（7）在定语从句中，还可以用when, where, why等关系副词连接定语从句。
关系副词=介词+which，如：when=在什么时候，where=在什么地方，why=为什么原因。
eg: 1995 is the year when I was born.
This is the village where he was born.
He didn’t tell me the reason why he left.
二、非限制性定语从句
分析：
(1)非限制性定语从句可以用who, whom, whose, which以及相应的关系副词引导，它与被修饰词之间是一种解释说明的关系，是对先行词的附加说明，如果将它去掉不会影响整句话的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。
例：This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。 （非限制性）
★限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句对比：
The visitors who knew the danger didn’t go any further. （有些旅客知道了，有些还不知道） The visitors, who knew the danger, didn’t go any further. （全部旅客都知道了）
The old man has a son who is in the army. (这个老人可能不止一个儿子)
The old man has a son, who is in the army. （这个老人只有一个儿子）
如果当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的那幢房子有个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.这本小说很感人，我已经读了三遍。 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
(2)as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
例题：
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后面成为句子，但两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。that 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it 答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语一般是系动词；若为行为动
词，则从句中的关系代词多数情况下用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
虚拟语气
1、在非真实条件句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。非真实条件有以下三类：
（1）与现在事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：
从句：过去时 主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形。如
If I were you, I would ask our teacher for advice. 如果我是你的话，我就请教老师。
If I were you , I would help her.
（2）与过去事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：
从句：过去完成时 主句：would/should/could/ might +have+动词过去分词。如
If I hadn't taken the wrong bus, I wouldn't have missed the contest.
如果我没有搭错车，我就不会不参加竞赛。
If we had left earlier , we wouldn’t have missed the train.
（3）与将来事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：
从句：过去时/should /were to +动词原形 主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形。如
If I had enough money next month, I would buy a copy of "The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English". 如果我下个月有足够的钱，我就会买一本《现代高级英语学习词典》。
If you should be late tomorrow, we would not wait for you .如果你明天迟到了，我们就不等你了. If it were to snow in summer , I would believe you.如果夏天下雪，我就会相信你.
（4）混合时间条件句：主句和从句不一定用指同一时间的动词。如
If I had learned French, I would be able to interpret for our French friend.
假如我以前学过法语，现在就能给我们的法国朋友当翻译。
（注：if从句与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；而主句与现在事实相反，用would+动词原形。）
（5）含蓄条件句：有时假设的条件不通过条件从句来表示而含蓄在介词短语或上下文中。如：
Without the warmth and light of the sun, the earth's vegetation would die almost immediately. 没有太阳的热量和光，地球上的植物几乎会马上死去。
2、虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用：
（1）用于suggest, order, insist, demand等动词后的宾语从句，如
We suggested that they (should)make a trip to Hong Kong next year.
我建议他们明年去香港旅游。
（2）用于wish后的宾语从句
①与现在事实相反的愿望
句型：主语+wish+从句（主语+过去时…）
I wish I were you. 但愿我是你多好呀。
How I wish it wasn't raining! 现在要是不下雨该多好啊！ （我多么希望现在不下雨。）
②与过去事实相反的愿望
句型：主语+wish+从句（主语+过去完成时…）
I wish I had learned more. 我多么希望我以前多学一些啊！
He wishes he hadn't made the big mistake. 他要是不犯那个大错误该多好啊！
③与将来的愿望相反（愿望难以实现）
句型：主语+wish+从句（主语+过去将来时…）
The last chance has been lost. How he wishes he could have another chance.
最后一次机会失去了，他多么希望他能再有一次机会啊！
（3）用于as if (as though)引导的从句
在as if (as though)引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况，它们所引导的表示虚拟性比喻或方式的状语从句要用虚拟语气。动词形式和wish后面的从句中动词形式变化相同。
He speakes English as if he were an Englishman.他说起英语好象他是个英国人似的。
They talked about the city as if (though) they had been there before.
他们谈论那座城市，就好像他们以前去过那儿似的。
He stood up as if (though) he would speak. 他站起来好像要发言似的。
注意：当as if (though)引导的从句用于动词seem, appear, look, sound, smell等后面时，as if (though)从句的谓语有时依句意需要，也可用陈述语气，表示说话者认为有可能是事实的事。试比较：
It seems as if she knew me. 好像他早就认识我似的。 （事实上他不认识我。）
It seems as if she knows me. 好像他认识我。 （事实上他认识我的可能性很大。）
（4）用于in order that ,so that引导的目的状语从句。如
The professor spoke slowly in order that the listeners could hear hem clearly.
教授说的很慢，好让听众听清楚。
（5）用于It is (high) time引起的从句。如
It is time we stopped this practice. 现在是结束这种做法的时候了。
虚拟语气专项练习
1. You didn’t let me drive. If we _____ in turn, you _____ so tired. A. drove; didn’t get B. drove; wouldn’t get C. were driving; wouldn’t get D. had driven; wouldn’t have got 2. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _____. A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 3. _____ it rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will 4. Jane’s face suggested that she _____ ill, and her parents suggested that she _____ a medical examination. A. be; should have B. was; have C. should be; had D. was; has 5. Without electricity human life _____ quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be 6. I told Sally how to get there, but perhaps I _____ for her. A. had to write it out B. must have written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out 7. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she _____, she would have met my brother. A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come 8. --If he _____, he _____ that food. --Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. A. was warmed; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken 9. The two strangers talked as if they _____ friends for years. A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been 10. Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night _____, too cold for us to live. A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly 11. --Have you ever been to Beijing? --No, but I wish I _____. A. have B. will C. do D. had 12. If only he _____ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie 13. If I _____ you, I would ask him to stay. A. was B. would be C. were D. am 14. If it hadn’t rained last Sunday, we _____ picnicking. A. could go B. could have gone C. went D. would go 15. Everybody would be very happy if the hot summer _____ tomorrow. A. should finish B. would finish C. were to be finished D. finishes 16. If only I _____ your advice!
A. had taken B. took C. would take D. have taken 17. If it _____ yesterday, we could play football on the sports ground now. A. didn’t snow B. hasn’t snowed C. hadn’t snowed D. weren’t snowing. 18. If he came here at this moment, I _____ him. A. would criticize B. will criticize C. shall criticize D. were to criticize 19. I wish I _____ the meeting last week. A. could attend B. attended C. have attended D. could have attended 20. He’s always talking like that, as if the whole world _____to him alone. A. had belonged B. belonged C. were belonging D. were belonged 21. The TV play for tonight won’t be interesting. Even if it _____, I might not have time for it. A. would be B. be C. had been D. were 22. Without your help, I _____ in my English study. A. would not have succeeded B. hadn’t succeeded C. will not succeed D. won’t have succeeded 23. The workers in France demanded that the their pay _____ from the following week on. A. would be raised B. was raised C. be raised D. raised 24. My suggestion is that we _____ the sports met. A. would put off B. should put off C. putted off D. be put off 25. The monitor made a proposal that the whole class _____the matter. A. discussed B. would discuss C. be discussed D. discuss 26. It is necessary that our drinking water _____ cleaner. A. should be made B. is made C. would be made D. was made 27. It is high time that our child _____ to do some housework. A. learned B. learn C. will learn D. would learn 28. They stopped at Hangzhou so that they _____ the West Lake. A. will visit B. can visit C. may visit D. might visit 29. _____ it _____ for your help, I couldn’t have make any progress. A. Were; not B. Had; not been C. Should; not been D. Did; be 30. You are late again. You _____ here earlier. A. should come B. will come C. should have come D. will have come 31. Don’t come this afternoon. I’d rather you _____ tomorrow. A. come B. to come C. came D. will come 32. He took his raincoat with him lest it _____. A. rained B. should rain C. would rain D. will rain 33. John was very busy last week, otherwise, he _____ to attend the meeting. A. would have come B. would come C. should come D. came 34. _____ I to tell her about it, she would be very glad. A. Should B. Would C. Were D. Might 35. Without sunlight or water or air, there _____ no life on the earth. A. will have B. would be C. should be D. must be 36. It was ordered that no smoking _____ in the library. A. is allowed B. be allowed C. should allow D. will be allowed 37. _____ I known he was in trouble, I might have managed to help him. A. If B. When C. Unless D. Had 38. You _____ there by taxi yesterday, it is not far from here. A. couldn’t have gone B. should have gone C. needn’t have gone D. mustn’t have gone 39. I would have gone there with you but I _____ too tired then. A. were B. had been C. was D. have been 40. --Did you go to see the football match yesterday? --No, I didn’t feel well, but I would have gone if I _____. A. did B. have C. would D. had 41. _____the friendship between us last forever! A. Could B. Will C. May D. Wish 42. --Where have you been? --I got caught in traffic; _____ I could have been here soon. A. otherwise B. however C. though D. anyway 43. If my lawyer _____ here last Saturday, he _____ me from going. A. had been; would have prevented B. had been; would prevent C. were; would prevent D. were; would have prevented 44. If it _____ for the snow, we _____ the mountain yesterday. A. were not; could have climbed B. were not; could climb C. had not been; could have climbed D. had not been; could climb 45. We _____ last night, but we went to the concert instead.
A. must have studied B. might study
C. should have studied D. would study
46. --There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
--It _____ a comfortable journey.
A. can’t be B. shouldn’t be
C. mustn’t have been D. couldn’t have been
47. I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word.
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
48. _____ your letter, I would have started off two days ago.
A. If I received B. Should I receive
C. If I could have received D. Had I received
49. It is strange that she _____ so.
A. think B. thinks C. will think D. thought
50. He suggested that the meeting _____ put off.
A. not be B. should not C. wouldn’t D. be not
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