比较结构comparative Construction英语中比较结构最主要有三种as…as… 结构more…than… 结构the most…结构
1. as…as…结构基本模式as+adj/adv 原级as…否定形式 not as/so+adj/adv 原级as…
也可用less…than… E.g John is as bright as Bob.否定John is not as bright as Bob. John is less bright than Bob.
用法1.主语不同比较项目相同。This parcel is as heavy as that one.
2.主语相同比较项目不同。The girl was as brilliant as she was beautiful.这姑娘既漂亮又聪明。
3.主语和比较项目都不同。The swimming pool isn’t twice as wide as that one is long.倍数as adj/adv as.另一种模式as much/many n as…否定形式not as/so much/many n as… He took as much butter as he need. He didn’t take as/so much butter as he needed.2 She has written as many essays as her brother does. She hasn’t written as many essays as her brother does. 变体形式as adj原级名词词组 as…
注意下列句子的语序
A. George is as efficient a worker as Jack.名词的意义受到强调or George is a worker who is as efficient as Jack. 形容词的意义受到强调
B. I don’t want as expensive a car asthis.
2. more …than…结构
用法：
1.用于在两个人或物之间作同一方面的比较。The concert was more enjoyable than lecture.
2.用于同一个人或物的本身作不同方面的比较。The present crisis is much more a political than an economic crisis. 当前的危机与其说是经济危机不如说是政治危机。此用法也可用于less…than…结构但得出相反的含义。The present crisis is much less a political than an economic crisis.当前的危机与其说是政治危机不如说是经济危机。
3.theadj/adv最高级比较范围比较级形式表示最高级意义时比较对象的范围应用any other 单数名词the other 复数名词the others anyone/anything else上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语切不可遗漏否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。
※补充说明1 not so…as not so much …as London isn’t so big as Tokyo.伦敦没有东京大。It wasn’t so much his appearance I liked as his personality.与其说我喜欢他的外表不如说我喜欢他的为人。前一例相当于一般的比较结构后一例相当于less…than 的含义。
not so much as是一个专四常考结构。
真题举例
1. It is no so much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand.99.45/07.57
2. That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn’t bothered by his loudness so much as by his lack of talent.04.42
not more/-er than 与no more/-er thanJohn is not better than Tom. 否定前者肯定后者John is nobetter than Tom.对前后者都否定
真题举例Over population pose a terrible threat to human race. Yet it is probably not more a threat than environmental destruction.07.62
no more …than not…any more than两者一样都不
A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.鲸不是鱼如同马不是鱼一样。
Fat cannot change into muscle any more than muscle changes into fat.99.44脂肪不能变成肌肉就
如同肌肉不能变成脂肪一样。
the more…the more…与more and more/ the more...the more…表示两个过程中同时递增是主从结构。more and more 只表示一个过程的不断增长。
如…the wilder the range of our life and the more various the contacts we have
“of a n” 的比较级“of a n”相当于一个形容词表示具有后面那个名词的性质若该名词为可数名词名词之前要加不定冠词。它的比较级也要用more来修饰。
如He is more of a doctor. 他更像个医生。该结构也可以用于同级比较结构中。
如He is as of an athlete as she. 他和她一样具备运动员的素质。
虚拟语气
主从句谓语动词的时态掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:主句从句与现在事实相反, 与过去事实相反, 与将来事实相反
1.Would you have been surprised if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know before hand xx年与过去事实相反
2.All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there hadn’t been quite such a crowd people there.xx年与过去事实相反
3.If your car should need any attention during the first 12 monthstake it to an authorized dealer. xx年
区分主从句表示的不同时间概念主从句谓语动词所指时间不同这叫做错综时间条件句动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。
主句与现在事实相反从句与过去事实相反
Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public our company would not be so thriving as it is.
主句与现在事实相反从句与过去事实相反
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election he would be our chairman now.
识别事实和假设混合句
Your maths instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. 句子前半部分为假设情况,而“父母病了”是事实.
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.前半部分为假设后半部分是事实
名词性从句的虚拟形式名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 从句的谓语动词需用should动词原形表示虚拟。
下列动词做谓语时that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式desire advise recommend command direct orderask demand request require insist maintain move propose prefer urge vote。如In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.
下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式advisable desirable insistent preferable urgent appropriate compulsory crucial essential imperative importantnecessary obligatory possible probable proper vital advised arranged commanded demanded desired ordered proposed recommended requested required suggested
真题举例
1.It is absolutely essential that William continue his study in spite of some learning
difficulties.07.65
2.It is imperativethat the government attractmore investment into the shipbuilding industry.06.59
3.The opening ceremony is great occasion. It is essential for us to be preparedfor that. 04.62
下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时从句中动词用虚拟形式insistence preference recommendation suggestion proposal motion desire requirement request order necessity importance regulation rule resolution understanding。
如John Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it beanalyzed in a religious as well as worldly frame of reference.
含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达而是暗含在其他结构中。
连词but but that or or else副词otherwise unfortunately等表示转折假设。
如A safety analysis would have identifiedthe target as a potential danger. Unfortunately it was never done.Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened otherwise he wouldn’t havemade such a stupid remark.
介词短语暗含假设条件常用的有without but for under more favorable conditions等。 真题举例
But foryour timely advice I would never have known how to go about the work.xx年intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were 不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。
如I intended to have called on you but I was busy at that time.
情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。
如I should have called to make an airline reservation but I didn’t.
常用虚拟形式的句型
从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型would rather… would as soon as… though… suppose…had rather… would sooner…as if… supposing…If only…It is high time that…
从句中动词只用过去式It’s high time we stopped cutting down the rainforests.06.54
If it were not for… 与现在事实相反
If it had not been for… 与过去事实相反 相当于but for。
如If it had not been for his help but for his help we would not have succeeded.
If only…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。
如If only the committee would approvethe regulations and putthem into effect as soon as possible. 真题举例
If only the patient had receiveda different treatment instead of using antibiotics he might still be alive now. 07.54
If only I could playthe guitar as well as you xx年
lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用should动词原形。
如The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形引导让步虚拟从句这种用法经常采用倒装结构。
如Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions be they Christian Islamic Buddhist Jewish and so on.