1.主谓一致
就近原则
1.由并列结构或连词（either…or， neither…nor，not…but， not only…but also， or 等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词保持一致。
2. 在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。
例句：There is a book and some pens on the desk.桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔。
3. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。
例句：It is Mary’s brother who was injured in the car accident. 是Mary的哥哥在车祸中受伤了。
意义一致原则
1. 当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with， no less than，besides，except， but， including等短语时，谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰，依然和主语保持一致。
例句：I, along with my sister, am going to Shanghai next month. 我，还有我姐姐，打算下个月去上海。
2. 英语中有一类单、复数同型的词（people，means，sheep，deer，fish等），其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。
例句：All of the people in the country have been prepared for the great reformation.这个国家的人都已经为大变革做好了准备。
3. 多数情况下，由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式。 例句：What I want to say is just “ Take care!”.我只想说：“多保重！”
4. 当主语与all， none， any，some等不定代词、形容词连用时，应根据具体句意，来决定其后的谓语动词的单复数。
例句：All I know about this company is what he told me yesterday.我对这家公司的了解都是昨天完他告诉我的。
5. “…+ (of) +名词”结构描述数量时，如果“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。
例句：Most of the water here is clean.大部分的水是干净的。
80% cotton has been sent to America.80%的棉花已经被送往美国。 Half of the apples are red.有一半儿的苹果是红的。
6. 词组“a number of， a great/good many， a group of +可数名词复数”的结构作主语时，谓语动词应用复数；如果冠词a变为the，则谓语动词用单数。
例句： A number of ancient buildings are destroyed in the war.许多的古代建筑在战争中被毁。
The number of the visitors has decreased this year. 游客的数量今年减少了。
7. 英语的集体名词（committee, crowd, family, public, group, party, team, class, club, company, union ,clergy, mankind,militia,police,people,poultry等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。
例句：My family was very poor when I was a little girl.当我还是一个小女孩儿的时候，我家很穷。
My family are all looking forward for your coming. 我的家人都在期待着你的到来。
整体原则
1. 从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词一律视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。 例
句：When to leave has not been decided.什么时候离开还没有定下来。
Go shopping on Sunday is one of his habits.周日购物是他的一个习惯。 Note：如果主语是两个(或两个以上)的名词性从句，谓语动词常用复数。
例句：What he said and what he did were always different.他所说的和他所做的总是不一样。
2. 如果两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时，谓语动词须用单数。
例句： The novelist and poet is going to Europe next year.这位小说家兼诗人打算明年去欧洲。
The novelist and the poet are going to Europe next year.小说家和诗人都打算明年去欧洲。
3. 专用名词，如：书名、剧名、报刊名、国家（组织）名等，通常作单数用。
例句：The United States was found it 1776.美国成立于1776年。
4. 表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时，通常被视作整体，谓语动词用单数。 例句：10 minutes is enough.十分钟足够了。
5.加减乘除等数学运算谓语动词通常用单数。
例句：2 times 3 makes 6. 二乘三等于六。
个体原则
1. and连结的两个或多个主语前如果有each, every, no等修饰语时（后面的一个有时也可省略），后面的谓语动词用单数形式。 例句：Every man and every woman is busy at working.每个人都在忙着工作。
2. 英语句中的each， either， neither等词，既可作代词充当主语，又可作形容词修饰主语，这时的谓语动词一律用单数。
例句：Neither of us has been abroad. 我们谁都没出过国。
3. 由some, any every, no构成的复合词（somebody，nobody，everything，anything等）作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
例句：Somebody is waiting for you at the school gate.有人在学校门口等你。
4. many a / more than one + 单数名词，一般接单数谓语动词。
例句：Many a man does not understand Einstein’s relativity.许多人不明白爱因斯坦的相对论。
5. “one and a half + 复数名词”作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。
例句：One and a half hours has passed. 一个半小时过去了。
6. 成双成对出现的复数名词（glasses， scissors， shoes， trousers，pants，gloves，stockings等）作主语时，通常谓语动词用复数，但如果前面有a /the pair of；a /the suit of等词语时，则谓语动词要用单数。
例句：A pair of scissors is useful tool for a dressmaker.剪刀是裁缝的重要工具。
7. 以“-s”结尾的“复数”名词（例如；一些学科名词mathematics， physics， politics等），或以“-s”结尾的地点名词、人名等词后面的谓语动词通常用单数。
例句：Mathematics is my favorite subject.数学是我最喜欢的科目
1.Economics, several courses of which I have taken thus far, ______ to be difficult but useful for almost all students.
A. prove B. proves C. have been proved D. are proved
2. A thousand miles no longer _______ much to us today, for modern jets can easily get us to a great distance within a matter of a few hours.
A. meant B. means C. mean D. will mean
3. The secretary and treasurer of our company ______ the meeting. A. were to attend B. are to attend C. is attend D. is to attend
4. Cattle ______ to graze on the village common.
A. are allowed B. is allowed C. allows D. allow
5. Mathematics as well as other subjects ____ a science.
A. was B. is C. are D. belong to
6. Either of these young ladies ____ perfectly qualified to teach Greek, Latin and French.
A. were B. are C. is D. have been
7. Large quantities of water ______ cooling purposes.
A. are needed for B. is needed to C. are needed to D. is needed for
8. Copper as well as most metals____.
A. is a good conductor B. is a good insulator
C. are good conductors D. are good insulators
9. There used to be some trees by the lake, ____ ？
A. was there B. were there C. weren't there D. wasn't there
10. Cattle____ to graze on the village common.
A. are allowed B. is allowed C. allows D. allow
1.[答案]B.
[解析]该句考察学生主、谓语一致。其中several courses of which I have taken thus far为设置的干扰项。由于主语为表示学科的单数名词，故谓语应是单数形式。
2.[答案]B.
[解析]表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。
3.[答案]D.
[解析]C项结构错误，可先排除；由and所连接的两个名词，如果and后面的名词前没有冠词，谓语要用单数。故D项为正确答案。
4.[答案]A.
[解析]cattle 是集体名词，在形式上是单数，但在句中往往作复数用，谓语动词用复数。这类名词常见的有：clergy mankind, militia, police, people, poultry等。
5.[答案]B.
[解析]此题主语是Mathematics，学科做主语时，是表示单数的意义的词，故只能在A、B两项中选择，而A时态不对， D. belong to属于。
6.[答案]C.
[解析] 当 either, each, neither, everyone等不定代词作主语时，其后谓语需用第三人称单数。例如：a. Neither of these books is very new.这两本书都不新。 B. Each of the students brings a dictionary.学生各自带字典来。 C. Every man and
woman is eligible to vote.每个男人或女人都有资格投票。
7.[答案]B.
[解析]表示数量的名词应做单数看待。
8.[答案]A.
[解析]as well as 在此并不是表示与主语并列关系，该句主语仅仅是copper.因此，选项A
是正确的（conductor 导体，insulator绝缘体)。
9.[答案]C.
[解析]There used to 句型上相当于there be句型，所以此处用be提问。动词的数应与
后面的名词一致。
10.[答案]A.
[解析]cattle 是集体名词，在形式上是单数，但在句中往往作复数用，谓语动词用复数。
这类名词常见的有：clergy mankind,militia,police,people,poultry等。
虚拟语气
1．1）与过去事实相反主
had+过去分词 should（第一人称）would(其它人称）+have+过去
2）与现在事实相反
一般过去式（动词be用were) would/should/could/might+动词原型
3）与将来事实相反
过去式或should/wereto+动原 would/should/could/might+动词原型
2．It is (high/about/the)time.........谓语动词用过去式 指现在或将来的情况 表示早该
做某事而现在已经有点晚了
3．It is the first(second/third)time后的that从句中，谓语动词要用完成体来表示一
种经验
4．as if/though 的虚拟要点
1）．对当时事实的假设，从句谓语用过去式，be动词一律用were
2）．对过去事实的假设，从句谓语用过去完成式
3）．对未来事实的假设，从句谓语用would+动词原型
情态动词
1.can 用于否定句cannot(help)but表示不能不，只能（but后跟不带to的动词不定式）
2．must 表示禁止，一定不要时的否定式为mustn’t 当它表示有把握的推断时 意为一
定 准是时 它的否定形式为can’t
3．need doing=need to be done 这个句型表示被动意味
4．need not have done sth 表示本来没有必要做某事
倍数增减的表示法
1 倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than: three times brighter than the earth.
2 倍数+as+形容词/副词+as : three times as fast as the athlete.
3 倍数+名词 例：five times the size/the length of /weight/the 1963figure.ect.
4 动词+百分比或倍数 :the output was 400%up.
5 动词+to+数词 :increase to five times.
6 double/triple/quadruple: the figure doubled.
7 动词+by+数词/百分比/倍数
存在句的非限定形式
1.
there to be 和 there being结构用法与区别
there to be：作for 介词补语
作动词（except, want, like, prefer, hate…）的宾语
eg.
They planned for there to be another meeting
Members like there to be plenty of choice.
there being : 作除for外的介词的补语
作主语和状语
eg.
John was relying on there being another opportunity.
There being a bus stop so near the house is a good advantage.
2.存在句的非限定形式与限定形式的转化
eg. For there to be so few people in the street was unusual. = It was unusual that there were so few people in the street.
存在句的谓语动词
存在句的谓语动词主要是动词be的某种形式， 分限定形式和非限定形式。
限定形式：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成体、过去完成体和情态助动词+不定式。除be外， 某些表示存在意义的不及物动词如：exist, remain, occur, stand, lie.等，能用于there存在句。地点状语前移，there可省。
Eg.
There can be very little about his guilt.
There are many desks in the classroom.
There used to be a hospital round the corner.
There appears to be no doubt about it.
There stands a house behind the tree.
Behind the tree (there )stands a house.
Tag Question
He must be a clever boy, _______?
He must be studying in the room,____?
He must have worked hard last night, ____?
He must have finished his work, ____?
He said he would go with Mary, _____?
If he had worked hard, he would have passed the examination, ____? I think he is a good student, ____?
I don’t think he is a good student, ___?
You have a new book, ____?
He had to go now,____?
I have read the book , ____?
Mary has milk for breakfast everyday,____?
We used to live in the country,___?
We never used to live in the country, ___?
一些特殊的结构
◆与more…than有关的：
1）more…than…是…而不是，与其说是…不如说是
eg.
She is more been than wise.
He is more a writer than an artist.
"more + than+原级形容词（副词）"结构，这是将不同性质加以比较，其中的"more"有"rather"的意思。
It is more than probable that he will fall.
"more than +动词"结构，这种结构表示动词的程度，可译为"异常"，"岂止"，"十二分地"等。
This more than satisfied me.
2） not so much …as与其说是…不如说是
eg. It wasn’t so much that I disliked her as that I just wasn’t interested.
3)not more/er than与 no more/er than
eg.
He is no richer than I= as poor as
He is not richer than I
4）more than 不止， 超过
eg. She is more than pretty.
5) more than 简直不
eg. My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.
6). Not… any more than 不能..正如…不能
One cannot learn to sketch and express himself graphically only by reading about it any more than one can learn to swim while standing by the pool.
7)no more …than…
A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.
8) “Nothing is more…than”和“Nothing is so …as”结构
"Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so …as"都具有最高级比较的意思，"Nothing I"可换用"no"，"nobody"，"nowhere"，"little"，"few"，"hardly"，"scarcely"等等，可译为"没 有……比……更为"，"像……再没有了"，"最……"等。
Nothing is more precious than time.
9) “not so much…as”和“not so much as …”结构，
"not so much…as"="not so much as …"，其中as有进可换用but rather，可译为："与其说是……毋须说是……"。而"not so much as"="without（not）even，"可译为"甚至……还没有"。
The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.
◆only (not, all, but, never) too …to do so “和”too ready (apt) + to do“结没有否定意义，凡是”not“，”all“ ”but等字后+“too…to，”不定式都失去了否定意义，
在“too ready（apt） +to do”结构中也没有否定意义。
You will be but too glad to get home.
◆“cannot…too…”结构
"cannot…too…"意为"It is impossible to overdo…"或者，即"无论怎样……也不算过分"。"not"可换用"hardly"，"scarcely"等，"too"可换用"enough"， "sufficient"等 You cannot be too careful.
◆ “否定+but ”结构
在否定词后面的"but"，具有"which not"，"who not"，"that not"，等等否定意义，构成前后的双重否定。可译成"没有……不是"或"……都……"等
Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse.
◆ “not so…but”和“not such a …but”结构
这两个结构和"否定+but"的结构差不多，不同之点是这两个结构中的"but"是含有
"that…not"意味的连续词，表示程度。可 译为"还没有……到不能做……的程度"，"并不是……不……"，"无论怎样……也不是不能……"等。
He is not so sick but he can come to school.
◆only (not, all, but, never) too …to do so “和”too ready (apt) + to do“结没有否定意义，凡是”not“，”all“ ”but等字后+“too…to，”不定式都失去了否定意义，在“too ready（apt） +to do”结构中也没有否定意义。
You will be but too glad to get home.
◆“cannot…too…”结构
"cannot…too…"意为"It is impossible to overdo…"或者，即"无论怎样……也不算过分"。"not"可换用"hardly"，"scarcely"等，"too"可换用"enough"， "sufficient"等 You cannot be too careful.
◆ “否定+but ”结构
在否定词后面的"but"，具有"which not"，"who not"，"that not"，等等否定意义，构成前后的双重否定。可译成"没有……不是"或"……都……"等
Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse.
◆ “not so…but”和“not such a …but”结构
这两个结构和"否定+but"的结构差不多，不同之点是这两个结构中的"but"是含有
"that…not"意味的连续词，表示程度。可 译为"还没有……到不能做……的程度"，"并不是……不……"，"无论怎样……也不是不能……"等。
He is not so sick but he can come to school.
◆ “good and …”的副词用法，译为“非常”，“很”等。
类似还有"nice and …", "fine and …," "lovely and …", "bright and …", "rare and …", "big and …"等，均表示程度。
The apples are good and ripe.
◆ "and that"结构，这个"and that"应译为"而且……"，表示对它前面陈述部分的语气加强，"that"代表前面的整个陈述部分。
Return to your work , and that at once.
◆ “at once…and”结构，这个结构译为“既……又……”，起相关连接的作用，相当于“both…and…”。
The novel is at once pleasing and instructive.
. ◆ “in that…”结构，这个结构的意思是“在那一点上（方面）”，可译为“因为”。类似的结构还有“in this…”。
The budget is unrealistic in that it disregards increased costs. 多个形容词的排列顺序：
A, brown, charming, French, oak, old, round, small, writing
desk
A charming small round old brown French oak writing desk
限定词→一般描绘性形容词→表示大小、长短、高低的形容词→表示形状的形容词→表示年龄、新旧的形容词→表示颜色的形容词→表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词→表示物质、材料的形容词→表示用途、类别的形容词→名词中心词。
县长行令杀国才
县（限定词）长（长短）行（形状）令（年龄）杀（颜色）国（国籍）才（材料）
Many, wool, green, Chinese, large, beautiful, carpets
Many beautiful large green Chinese wool carpets
非谓语动词与独立主格：短语，句子（或者句子，短语）
当短语部分有独立主语，并且该主语不同于句子主语，这时短语结构称为独立主格。（它最明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语）。
独立主格的结构1：名词（代词）+ 分词 [现在分词、过去分词]
现在分词表示主动的，正在进行的行为；过去分词表示被动的，已经完成的行为。 作题时要通过判断动作与名词（代词）之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。当动作由名词（代词）发出时使用现在分词，而名词（代词）是受动者时则用过去分词。
1）. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _B_ it closely.
A followed B following C to follow D being followed
2）. All things _A_, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A considered B be considered C considering D having considered call off 取消； cancel vt. 取消； 四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。 独立主格的结构2：with + 名词（代词）+ 分词 [句子当中作状语]
1）. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.
A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged
as well as 和（相当于and）； be encouraged不会考。
动词不定式有预示将来行为的含义。to be encouraged 将要被鼓励；
been encouraged 已经被鼓励完了，与主句的谓语动词相对；being encouraged 正在被鼓励
2.短语部分没有独立主语，则短语结构称为非谓语动词。
非谓语动词的结构：分词（分词短语）
句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词；如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。
2）.No matter how frequently _A_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏；
to be performed 将要被演奏； being performed 正在被演奏；
倒装：倒装有全部倒装和部分倒装。
谓语部分所有单词都放在主语前是全部倒装。谓语的一部分放在主语的前面是部分倒装。 谓语中的一部分通常是指：1、系动词；2、助动词；3、情态动词。
全部倒装的五条原则：
1. There be句型（表示有）；
2. 以There或now开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为come或go；
There you go again. 你又去那里了。
3. 以Here开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为系动词be； Here you are. 拿去。
4. 以副词out, in, up, down, away开头的句子；
在2、3、4前提下，如果句子的主语是代词则用陈述句语序。
5. 以状语（常见的是地点状语）开头的句子。
部分倒装的六条原则：
1. so放在句首时表示承前肯定，这个句子用部分倒装；
nor, neither放在句首时表示承前否定，句子也用部分倒装；
2. 省略了引导词if 的虚拟条件从句，可以把从句中的had, should, could, were中的任何一个提到从句最前面的位置，构成部分倒装；
3. as, though表示“尽管”时引导从句，从句中的表语可以置于引导词之前构成部分倒装； 系动词后面的部分就是表语，形容词、名词、名词性短语可以置于系动词之后。 例如：She is beautiful. They are students.
四级考试中出现的是由动词的过去分词转变的形容词作表语的形式。
例：. _B_ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.
A Being published B Published C Publishing D To be published
当题干是as引导一个从句，且as前为一个空格时他表示的就是尽管，空格处要填的就是表语。
being published 正在被出版； to be published 将要被出版。
此句恢复正常语序应为： As it was published at such a time …
4. 表示否定含义的单词或短语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；
常见的一些表示否定含义的单词：never, little, few, hardly (… when), scarcely (… when) ；
seldom 难得，不常；nowhere 哪里都不。
常见的一些表示否定含义的短语：in no way 决不； on no account 决不；
under no circumstances 在任何情况下都不。
5. only + 状语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；（如果only去掉就是全部倒装）
例：. Only under special circumstances _C_ to take make-up tests.
A permitted are freshmen B freshmen are permitted
C are freshmen permitted D are permitted freshmen
freshmen 新生； make up for 弥补，补偿； make-up tests 补考（缓考）。
6. 注意两个表达形式：come what may 无论发生什么情况； say what you will 畅所欲言。