英语专四语法总结—虚拟语气【卧龙雪痕整理】【南阳师范学院外国语学院】

虚拟语气

1.主从句谓语动词的时态

(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配：

主句 从句

与现在事实相反would/情态动词过去式+do were (不分人称)/did

与过去事实相反would/情态动词过去式+have done had done

与将来事实相反would/情态动词过去式+do should do / were to do

如：If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.

There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise.

(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：

主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：

Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.

(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)

Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now. (主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)

(3)识别事实和假设混合句：

Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.(句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)

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英语专四语法总结—复合句【卧龙雪痕整理】【南阳师范学院外国语学院】

复合句——名词性从句

一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语／介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。

1.what/whatever的用法 考生应把握：what是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。如：

They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.

(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)

Water will continue to be what it is today—next in importance to oxygen. (what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语)

2.whoever和whomever的区别

whoever和whomever相当于anyone who，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：

They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first. (whoever在从句中做主语)

3.有关同位语从句的问题

(1)引导词通常为that, 但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why, when, where, how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如：The problem, where I will have my college education, at home or abroad, remains untouched.

(2)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，注意识别。如：

Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

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复合句——名词性从句

一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语／介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。

1.what/whatever的用法 考生应把握：what是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。如：

They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.

(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)

Water will continue to be what it is today—next in importance to oxygen. (what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语)

2.whoever和whomever的区别

whoever和whomever相当于anyone who，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：

They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first. (whoever在从句中做主语)

3.有关同位语从句的问题

(1)引导词通常为that, 但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why, when, where, how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如：The problem, where I will have my college education, at home or abroad, remains untouched.

(2)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，注意识别。如：

Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

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英语专四语法总结—复合句

复合句——形容词性(定语)从句

1.尤其要注意whose的用法

whose在从句中做定语，修饰名词。所以，如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词，且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语，那么，这个关系代词就应该是whose。如：He is the right person whose personality is well recognized.

2.介词 + which的用法

如果从句中主宾成分齐全，考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语，而状语通常用介词短语充当，于是可以得知，关系代词前面应有介词，再分析所给的选项，根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择。如：

We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.

3.as 与which用作关系代词的区别

(1)as与the same, such, so, as等关联使用。如：As the forest goes, so goes its animal life.

(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的位置比较灵活，可出现在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。如：As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes.

As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.

常见的这类结构有：as has been said before, as has been mentioned above, as can be imagined, as is known to all, as has been announced, as can be seen from these figures, as might/could be expected, as is often the case, as has been pointed out, as often happens, as will be shown等。

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英语专四语法总结:时态、语态【卧龙雪痕整理】【南阳师范学院外国语学院】

英语专四语法总结——时态、语态

1.表达将来时的形式：

(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如： I’ll tell him when you will ring again. (宾语从句) 比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again. (状语从句)

(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：

See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.

(include 不能用will include或其他形式)

2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：

(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.

Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.

(表示19xx年时已发生的情况)

(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.

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专四语法总结

一 代数 名词 数词

1 在使用两个以上的人称代词时 顺序是:第二人称 第三人称 第一人称

2 everyone后面不可以跟of短语 every one 就可以

3 以‘名词/动名词+介词（短语）/形容词/副词/动词不定式’构成的复合名词，它的复数形式是将作为主要部分的名词或动名词变为复数 直接来源于短语或以可数名词结尾的复合名词的复数形式是将最后一个构词部分变为复数 以‘man 或者woman+名词’构成的复合名词的复数形式是将两个组成部分全变成复数 以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式 如：homework

4 物质名词一般不可数，但用于表示‘各种不同品种’时 几乎都可做可数名词 如：different teas

当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示‘某一种’或‘某一方面’的抽象概念时 其前可加a/an

6 名词所有格要点：必须用’s的场合

1）’s属格用于表示时间，度量衡，价值的名词之后

2）作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词加’s

3）人或物为两人共有，在第二个名词后加’s

4）当所有格后面的名词是人们熟悉的建筑物 如商店，住家，教堂，医院等，此名词常省略

5）复合名词在最后一个词后加’s

6）当被修饰的名词后有同位语时，必须用’s

7 当用来表示类别或属性时，要用’s children’s shoes 儿童鞋 ， 必须用of的场合

1）名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时

2）以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时

如果dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million前有基数词以表示确切数目时，都不能用复数形式 如果用来表示很多有不确切的数目时，须用复数，而且后面加of

8 表示顺序的两种方式：

1）‘名词+基数词’，不用冠词，如Chapter four

2） ’the+序数词+名词‘ 如the Fourth Chapter

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专四必备语法

一、时态、语态

时态、语态需要掌握的要点：

1.表达将来时的形式：

(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如： I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)

比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)

(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：

See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.

(include 不能用will include或其他形式)

2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：

(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。

如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.

Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.

(表示19xx年时已发生的情况)

(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如： By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.

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