怎样认识通用合同条款中的不可抗力条款？

一、不可抗力的概念。根据《合同法》第一百一十七条的规定：不可抗力“是指不能预见、不能避免并不能克服的客观情况。”不能预见，是指当事人订立合同时不可能预见到的事件；不能避免，是指不可抗力的发生与后果为当事人无法避免；不能克服，是指不可抗力事件为当事人所无法克服。不可抗力事件的发生、发展及其后果，出乎当事人的预料，又超越当事人的主观能力与极限，依靠当事人自身的力量与主观努力，既无法控制与避免不可抗力事件的发生与发展，也无法消除其造成的危害和后果。任何客观事件，只有同时具备了上述所有要件，才能构成不可抗力事件。

二、不可抗力事件的范围。《文件范本》第4.2.15条列举的不可抗力事件的范围包括战争、严重水灾、洪水、台风、地震及其他双方商定的事件。不可抗力条款的重点内容应当是对不可抗力事件范围的约定。如果当事人认为通用合同条款规定的不可抗力范围需要补充，应当在通用合同条款前附表中予以约定，作为公平合理地处理合同履行过程中的不可抗力事件的依据，以减少不必要的合同纠纷。

三、不可抗力事件的法律后果。药品购销合同一经签订，当事人就必须按照合同规定及时、全面地履行合同。但集中招标采购合同的履行通常要经历半年到一年的时间，在此期间，如果发生了不能预见、不能避免并不能克服的客观情况，造成合同无法履行时，追究当事人的违约责任是不公平、不合理的。不可抗力是我国《合同法》规定的唯一法定免责事由。如果在履行合同期间发生不可抗力事件，当事人可以依照法律规定免除违约责任。合同签订之前或者合同签订之时发生的事件不能作为免责的理由。不可抗力事件的发生同违约事实之间必须有必然因果关系，如果当事人不能履约不是直接根源于不可抗力事件，当事人不能援引不可抗力条款要求免责。当事人对不可抗力事件的发生必须无任何疏忽或过错，当事人才能要求免责。如果不可抗力事件是当事人过失共同作用的结果，则有过错的当事人不能援引不可抗力条款要求免责。

四、因不可抗力事件免除违约责任的一方应当承担的义务。《文件范本》第4.2.15条第三款依据《合同法》第一百一十八条的规定，要求因不可抗力不能履行合同的当事人一方尽快以书面形式将不可抗力的情况和原因通知对方，以减轻可能给对方造成的损失。同时在合理的期限内向另一方提供有关机构出具的证明，以证明不可抗力事件的发生。按照国际惯例，出具不可抗力事件发生证明的机构一般是公证机构或行业协会。不可抗力事件发生后，除了通知和证明义务外，因不可抗力不能履行合同的当事人一方应尽可能继续履行合同义务，并寻求采取合理的方案履行不受不可抗力影响的其他事项。不可抗力事件影响消除后，当事人可以通过协商达成进一步履行合同的协议。如果因不可抗力不能履行合同的当事人一方未履行通知和证明义务，并采取措施将损失控制到最低限度，使对方遭受不应有损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。

第二篇：合同条款常用句

合同条款常用句

商务谈判成功后，双方签合同是必须的。而合同条款有哪些有哪些要求呢？

1.We are satisfied with the terms of this contract for the most part, but we feel that your terms of payment are too severe.

我们对该合同大部分条款感到满意，但是你们的付款条款太刻苛

2.We would like to have another discussion of these conditions in the afternoon before there are finally included in the contract.

在合同最终签订之前，我们想在下午就这些条款进行其它的讨论

3. Before signing the contract this afternoon, I think we better go over few final details. 在今天下午签订合同之前，我想们最好重温一下最后的细节

4.We’d better draw up a rough draft to the contract then talk it over in detail at our next meeting. 我们最好先就合同拟定一个草案，在下次会议中我们再确定细节

5.This is a copy of our specimen contract in which the general sales terms and conditions are contained.

这是我们一份包括一般销售条款和条件的合同样本

6.We hope that you won’t object to our inserting such a clause in the agreement.

我们希望你们不介意在协议中加入这一条款

7.If any other clause in this contract is in conflict with the supplementary conditions the supplementary conditions should be taken as final and binding.

若合同中任一条款与附加条款冲突，则附属条款为最终裁决并对双方有约束力

8.We think it is necessary to include a force majeure clause in this contract.

我们认为合同中加入不可抗力条款很有必要

9. After studying your draft contract we found it necessary to make a few changes. 研究过贵司起草的合同，我们发现有必要做一些修改

10.Since both of us are in agreement on all the terms shall we sign the contract now? 既然我们双方均同意所有条款，那我们现在就签合同？

11.We think your draw contract needs some modification.

我们认为贵司起草的合同需做一些修改。

12.Any modification alteration to the contract shall be made with the consent of both parties. 合同的任何更改变更均应得到双方许可才行

13.No changes can be made on this contract without mutual consent.

不经双方同意，合同不能做任何更改

14.We must make it clear in the contract that you are obliged to complete the delivery of the good within the contractual time of

shipment.

我们必须确认你方必须在合同装运期内完成货物装运

15.If the shipment can not be made within three month as stipulated, the contract will become void.

如果不能在规定的三个月内出话，则合同视为无效

1.This agreement is made both in Chinese and English. The two versions of agreement shall have equal status in law.

这份协议为中英文模本，两种语言的协议应在法律上同等效力

2.This agreement is drawn up separately in Chinese and in English. Each part hold one original

and one duplicate of each language. The two languages are of the same effect.

该协议分别用中文和英文拟定，每一方各执每一语言正副本各一份，两种语言法律效力相同

3. Both versions of this contract are equally authentic.

这份合同的译本同等可信

4. Any amendment of the contract shall come to force only after the written agreement is signed by both of us.

合同的任何修改需我们双方书面同意，

5.The contract shall become effective as soon as it signed by both parties.

合同经双方签字后生效

6.This agreement will remain valid for one year and shall become effective on the date of signing. 协议自签字之日起一年期有效

7.We’d like to make the contract to be valid for two year at the beginning .

我们要使合同从开始到两年有效

8.I think we better make some changes in the wording of this sentence.

我认为我们最好在这句上做些文字修改

9.Isn’t it better to word it in this way?

用这种方式概括岂不是更好

10.I’d like to replace this phrase with “after the date of delivery”.

我想用“自交付之日起”替换该句

11.If neither party considers it is necessary to extend the contract the proposing party may take the initiative to conduct negotiation with the other party one month prior to its expiration.

如果两方都认为没有必要在合同到期时续约，那么有意向的一方可以主动在到期之前一个月向另一方提出续约商议

12.In case of breach of any of the provisions of this agreement by one party, the other party shall have the right to terminate this agreement by giving notice in writing to its opposite

party.

一旦一方违背了既定的协议，另一方有权终止该协议并书面通知反对方

13.If you fail to make the delivery ten weeks later than the time of shipment stipulated in the contract, we shall have the right to cancel the contract.

如果你们在合同规定时期迟于10周交货，我们有权取消合同

14.If both parties do not agree to renew the contract at its expiration, it will automatically become void.

如果双方在合同到期时不再更新，则合同自动失效

15.If you want to terminate the contract before its terms is up, you should notify us of its cancellation six month before.

如果你们想在合同到期时终止合同，应在终止前6个月通知我方

商务合同不得不注意的条款

1.Force Majeure 不可抗力条款

不可抗力条款 = 不可抗力时间 + （当事方）采取的行动

在运输中，或许会遇到一些非人为因素的影响或者破坏，这个时候我们需要事先协商好如何解决以免发生不必要的争执。

例1：如果遭遇无法控制的时间或情况应视为不可抗力，但不限于火灾、风灾、水灾、地震、爆炸、叛乱、传染、检疫、隔离。如要是不可抗力一方不能履行合同规定下义务，另

一方应将履行合同的时间延长，所延长的时间应于不可抗力事件的时间相等。

Any event or circumstance beyond control shall be regarded as Force Majeure but not restricted to fire, wind, flood, earthquake, explosion, rebellion, epidemic, quarantine and segregation. In case either party that encounters Force Majeure fails to fulfill the obligation under the contract, the other party should extend the performance time by period equal to the time that Fore Majeure will last.

例2：如果不可抗力持续6个月以上，合同双方应尽快通过友好协商的方式调整继续履行合同事宜。如果双方不能达成协议，则根据合同中第12条款通过仲裁决定。

If the Force Majeure last over 6 months, the two parties of the contract should settle the case of continuing the contract by friendly negotiation as soon as possible. Should the two parties fail to reach an agreement will be settled by arbitration according to Clause 12 of the contract thereof.

2. Late Delivery and Penalty 延期交货和惩罚条款

合同中，如果有一方未能完全履行合同，或者按照合同规定交货，应该受到惩罚。 例1：如果乙方因自身原因而未准时完工，乙方应付违约罚款，每天按总价的千分之一计算，即一千二百六十美元整。

If party B fails to finish the work on schedule due to its own reason, he shall pay to the other party the penalty at 1‰ of the total value of the work per day, that is USD one thousand two hundred and sixty dollars.

例2：如果合资一方未能按本合同第5条规定按期付款，违约方应在逾期后一个月付给另一方10%的利息。如果违约方逾期3个月仍未如资，合同另一方根据本合同第53条规定有权终止合同并向违约方索赔损失。

Should either joint-venturer fails to pay the contribution on schedule according to Clause 5, the default party should pay the other 10% of the interest one month after the dead line. The other party shall hold right to terminate the contract or to claim the damage against / to him according to Clause 53 thereof, if the default party has not done so three months after the deadline.

3. Arbitration 仲裁条款

如果合同双方产生争议，往往有以下几种解决方法：

1） Negotiation 协商，这也是最好的解决方式。

2） Consultation / Mediation 调解，这个时候会有第三方的介入。

3） Arbitration 仲裁，这是组织或者机构的介入。

4） Litigation 起诉

大家来看看一份英文合同中的这段仲裁条款吧：

All disputes in connection with the Contract or the execution thereof shall be settled through friendly negotiations. In case no settlement can be reached through negotiations, the case should then be submitted for arbitration to the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade. The arbitration shall take place in Shanghai and the decision rendered by the said Commission shall be final and binding upon both parties; neither party shall seek resource to the law court or other authorities for revising the decision. The arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing part.

英文合同翻译

引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。

合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。

一.hereby

英文释义:by means of , by reason of this

中文译词:特此,因此,兹

用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。

语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.

例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.

参考译文:

业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。

注释:

(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此

(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同

(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工

(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中

(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价

(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which

(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照

(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款

例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.

注释：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知

（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明

（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中

（5）documentary proof：证明文件

参考译文：

特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。

例3：

This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.

注释：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方

（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上

（4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商

参考译文：

本合同双方， 公司（以下称甲方）与 公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于 年 月 日在中国 （地点），特签订本合同。

例4：

This agreement is hereby made and entered into on (Date), by and between Co. China (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B).

注释：

（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本协议

在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign (make, conclude or enter into) this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。

（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方

参考译文：

本协议特由中国 公司（以下简称甲方）与 公司（以下简称乙方）于 年 月 日订立。