读《独立宣言》有感

周末，拜读了一本估计平时不会去看的一本书《独立宣言》，原本以为是一本很空洞很无聊的读物，当真正步入其中，才深深地感受到了其魅力，深深地被其追求民主，追求自由的力量所吸引。

《独立宣言》真正的光荣首先在于它引导人民解决了独立这个主要的矛盾，美国人之后一直努力在填补宣言之所谓理想和美国现实之间令人心痛的鸿沟，经过林肯，马丁·路德金等人的牺牲才逐渐实现了真正自由和民主。 自1776年以来，《独立宣言》中所体现的原则就一直在全世界为人传诵，其蕴含民主思想，主要体现在平等、天赋人权、主权在民和人民公民权利这四个方面，值得我们体味。 《独立宣言》虽然不是美国的宪法或其组成的部分，也不具备宪法的效力。但它的影响在美国历史上意义重大，不可小觑，是世界民主进程中一块不朽的丰碑。让我不得不服，先人的智慧是多么的了得。

独立宣言中说到：“我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。”这本书很清楚的阐述道，人人生而平等，这些权利是大自然所赋予的，不可剥夺，但将其概括成自由权、生存权和追求幸福的权利以适应北美人民摆脱殖民统治、争取民族独立的要求。人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。当任何形式的政府对这些目标具破坏作用时，人民便有权力改变或废除它，以建立一个新的政府；其赖以奠基的原则，其组织权力的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最可能获得他们的安全和幸福。为了慎重起见，成立多年的政府，是不应当由于轻微和短暂的原因而予以变更的。过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要是尚能忍受，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是，当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生，证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下时，那么人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障－－这就是这些殖民地过去逆来顺受的情况，也是它们现在不得不改变以前政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠国王的历史，是接连不断

的伤天害理和强取豪夺的历史，这些暴行的唯一目标，就是想在这些州建立专制的暴政。为了证明所言属实。

《独立宣言》之精美绝伦，让我在读的时候仿佛脑海中一直持续播放着当年杰斐逊慷慨陈词技压群雄的画面。美国的每任领导人都堪称世界一流的演讲家、雄辩家。他们在演讲时，时而气势如虹，时而又幽默诙谐，目光炯炯，气质彬彬；听众也聚精会神，掌声欢呼不绝于耳。然而在国内，“领导讲话”几乎让每一个人谈之变色。

最后，我还是想回到对《独立宣言》的思考。“人人生而平等”，原文用的是created而非born，可见这更加强调了天赋人权，是一种绝对的平等。不仅是人与人之间，还体现在人民与政府之间，政府与政府之间，如果把绝对的人人平等变成相对的人人平等——只有同一阶层的人之间才平等——那么社会迟早会失去平衡。这对于我们社会主义所提倡的全民平等自由的问题也是值得我们深思和反复考虑的。

第二篇：独立宣言

The Declaration of Independence

IN CONGRESS, JULY 4,

1776 THE UNANIMOUS

DECLARATION OF THE

THIRTEEN UNITED

STATES OF AMERAICA

that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. the Naturepowers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws Nature and When political ’in s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires the course bands which of human have events, connected it becomes them with necessary another, for and one to people assume to among dissolve the We these are life, liberty are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that they are among of governments are instituted among them, deriving their just power from the consent ends, it that mankind are changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in train themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long throw to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to the which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity, over the present these hold of off governed. abuses is the right of the such these States. King government, and truths of That more To usurpations, Great prove whenever disposed to and the Britain be and this, self-evident, people to alter to any to suffer, while pursuing pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, is let provide form usurpations, facts of invariably new that be government or guards submitted all to abolish it, and to institute new evils are sufferable, than t right all men the for having becomes are same to their a created in candid object future direct destructive equal, evinces world. security. object that of a tyranny design these Such they

has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. importance, and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend them. Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of firmness his invasion on the rights of the people. elected to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsion within. of lands. encourage their migration hither, and raising the condition of new appropriations obstructing the laws of naturalizing of foreigners; refusing to pass others to for establishing judiciary powers. and the amount and payment of their salary. to harass our people, and eat out our substances. of our legislatures. power. pretended legislation. constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of should commit on the inhabitants of these States. to establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as rule these Colonies; fundamentally the forms of our governments; power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. waging war against us. the lives of our people. unworthy the head of a civilized nation. cruelty and perfidy scarcely parallel in the most barbarous ages, and totally the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of arms or to fall themselves by their hands. on of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. prince humble terms: our repeated petition have been answered only by repeated injury. A to be the ruler of a free people. them from time to jurisdiction and we which been rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them., as we hold the Congress assembled , Crown, Independent States; that they are absolved by from all allegiance to the British Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United States Colonies and of our intentions, do, in the name, and by authority of the good people of these Providence, support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine do all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do. And for the power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to honor. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us; the render have settlement He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly He has refused for a long time, after such dissolution, to cause others to be He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our For For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; For imposing taxes on us without our consent; For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury; For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses; For abolishing the free systems of English laws in a neighboring Province, For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and He He He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear He has excited domestic insurrection amongst us, and has endeavored to bring In Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned We, against deaf would people inhabitants whose is has and has erected a multitude every stage of conjured protecting ; therefore, has to it at whereby called obstructed affected that made inevitably plundered we unless the at their this character at over mutually here. once large all judges voice them time together time the us. country, of suspended them, the political to an We appealing for by our of legislative the these oppressions our We transporting render is of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable dependent example interrupt Representatives pledge have the justice have their by frontiers, thus administration seas, legislative to a ties appealed in the mock connection become reminded marked to exercise; and of new officers, to the supreme their ravaged and of on our each military powers, trial, fit large our his of the connections by operation to other instrument consanguinity. bodies them common of will every our executioners we have merciless the between their of armies from incapable the independent justice, coasts, of our State alone, at act Judge of the world for the rectitude United kindred punishment the native till lives, petitioned and sent hither swarms of officers places of them and which for remaining Indian circumstances foreign for of burnt his by correspondence. of introducing States We and justice to of our annihilation, unusual, may the refusing their must, assent disavow savages, for and the our fortunes, define mercenaries tenure for redress in the most in of any superior State, friends towns, and therefore, the America, should uncomfortable, his these of murder the a magnanimity, meantime of whose tyrant our they assent and pressing and their have same and They be to usurpation, to emigration in which known our destroyed obtained; brethren, acquiesce the have returned complete absolute too is office, exposed General of sacred unfit civil rule laws have they full and 在人类事务发展的过程中，当一个民族必须解除同另一个民族的联系，并按照自然法则和上帝的旨意，以独立平等的身份立于世界列国之林时，出于对人类舆论的尊重，必须把驱使他们独立的原因予以宣布。

我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权利，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权利，则是经被统治者同意授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除，以建立一个新的政府。新政府所依据的原则和组织其权利的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最有可能使他们获得安全和幸福。若真要审慎的来说，成立多年的政府是不应当由于无关紧要的和一时的原因而予以更换的。过去的一切经验都说明，任何苦难，只要尚能忍受，人类还是情愿忍受，也不想为申冤而废除他们久已习惯了的政府形式。然而，当始终追求同一目标的一系列滥用职权和强取豪夺的行为表明政府企图把人民至于专制暴政之下时，人民就有权也有义务去推翻这样的政府，并为其未来的安全提供新的保障。这就是这些殖民地过去忍受苦难的经过，也是他们现在不得不改变政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠王国的历史，就是屡屡伤害和掠夺这些殖民地的历史，其直接目标就是要在各州之上建立一个独裁暴政。为了证明上述句句属实，现将事实公诸于世，让公正的世人作出评判。

他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必需的法律。

他禁止他的殖民总督批准刻不容缓、极端重要的法律，要不就先行搁置这些法律直至征得他的同意，而这些法律被搁置以后，他又完全置之不理。

他拒绝批准便利大地区人民的其他的法律，除非这些地区的人民情愿放弃自己在自己在立法机构中的代表权；而代表权对人民是无比珍贵的，只有暴君才畏惧它。

他把各州的立法委员召集到一个异乎寻常、极不舒适而有远离他们的档案库的地方去开会，其目的无非是使他们疲惫不堪，被迫就范。

他一再解散各州的众议院，因为后者坚决反对他侵犯人民的权利。

他在解散众议院之后，又长期拒绝另选他人，于是这项不可剥夺的立法权便归由普通人民来行使，致使在这其间各州仍处于外敌入侵和内部骚乱的种种危险之中。

他力图阻止各州增加人口，为此目的，他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过，拒绝批准其他鼓励移民的法律，并提高分配新土地的条件。

他拒绝批准建立司法权利的法律，以阻挠司法的执行。

他迫使法官为了保住任期、薪金的数额和支付而置于他个人意志的支配之下。 他滥设新官署，委派大批官员到这里骚扰我们的人民，吞噬他们的财物。

他在和平时期，未经我们立法机构同意，就在我们中间维持其常备军。

他施加影响，使军队独立于文官政权之外，并凌驾于文官政权之上。

他同他人勾结，把我们置于一种既不符合我们的法规也未经我们法律承认的管辖之下，而且还批准他们炮制的各种伪法案，以便任其在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队；不论这些人对

我们各州居民犯下何等严重的谋杀罪，他可用加审判来庇护他们，让他们逍遥法外；他可以切断我们同世界各地的贸易；未经我们同意便向我们强行征税；在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益；以莫须有的罪名把我们押送海外受审；他在一个邻省废除了英国法律的自由制度，在那里建立专制政府，扩大其疆域，使其立即成为一个样板和合适的工具，以便向这里各殖民地推行同样的专制统治；他取消我们的许多特许状，废除我们最珍贵的法律并从根本上改变我们各州政府的形式；他终止我们立法机构行使权力，宣称他们自己拥有在任何情况下为我们制定法律的权力。

他们放弃设在这里的政府，宣称我们已不属他们保护之列，并向我们发动战争。

他在我们的海域里大肆掠夺，蹂躏我们的沿海地区，烧毁我们的城镇，残害我们人民的生命。

他此时正在运送大批外国雇佣兵，来从事其制造死亡、荒凉和暴政的勾当，其残忍与卑劣从一开始就连最野蛮的时代也难以相比，他已完全不配当一个文明国家的元首。

他强迫我们在公海被他们俘虏的同胞拿起武器反对自己的国家，使他们成为残杀自己亲友的刽子手，或使他们死于自己亲友的手下。

他在我们中间煽动内乱，并竭力挑唆残酷无情的印地安蛮子来对付我们边疆的居民，而众所周知，印地安人作战的准则是不分男女老幼、是非曲直，格杀勿论。

在遭受这些压迫的每一阶段，我们都曾以最谦卑的言辞吁请予以纠正。而我们一次又一次的情愿，却只是被报以一次又一次的伤害。

一个君主，其品格被他的每一个只有暴君才干的出的行为所暴露时，就不配君临自由的人民。

我们并不是没有想到我们英国的弟兄。他们的立法机关想把无理的管辖权扩展到我们这里来，我们时常把这个企图通知他们。我们也曾把我们移民来这里和在这里定居的情况告诉他们。我们曾恳求他们天生的正义感和雅量，念在同种同宗的分上，弃绝这些掠夺行为，因为这些掠夺行为难免会使我们之间的关系和来往中断。可他们对这种正义和同宗的呼声也同样充耳不闻。因此，我们不得不宣布脱离他们，以对待世界上其他民族的态度对待他们：同我交战者，就是敌人；同我和好者，即为朋友。

因此我们这些在大陆会议上集会的美利坚合众国的代表们，以各殖民地善良人民的名义，并经他们授权，向世界最高裁判者申诉，说明我们的严重意向，同时郑重宣布：

我们这些联合起来的殖民地现在是，而且按公理也应该是，独立自由的国家；我们对英国王室效忠的全部义务，我们与大不列颠王国之间大不列颠一切政治联系全部断绝，而且必须断绝。

作为一个独立自由的国家，我们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。

我们坚定地信赖神明上帝的保佑，同时以我们的生命、财产和神圣的名誉彼此宣誓来支持这一宣言。