在中国传统社会中，那些耗费体力、进行重复劳动的工匠们，与舞文弄墨的读书人相比，他们的地位是卑微的，尽管他们创造了无数令人惊叹的物质文明。在古代西 方，工匠们的地位和中国大体相似。工业革命之后，机器化大生产代替了之前的手工劳作，工匠一度被认为将会被时代淘汰，而实际情况却并非如此。《匠人》这本 书，对于我们重新认识工匠的历史价值及其精神寓意，提供了新的视角。
工匠精神的时代内涵
本书作者理查德·桑内特，是当代著名社会学家和思想家，曾任纽约大学、伦敦政治经济学院教授，因其在社会学、城市规划研究等方面的杰出贡献，屡获黑格尔 奖、斯宾诺莎奖等国际奖项。除了本书之外，他还出版了《十九世纪的城市》、《公共人的衰落》、《肉体与石头：西方文明中的身体与城市》等多部学术著作。
《匠人》由“匠人”、“匠艺”、“匠艺活动”三部分组成。作者跨越了历史时空，从古罗马的制砖工人到文艺复兴时期的金匠，从巴黎的印刷社到伦敦的工厂，都 是他笔下探讨的对象。本书用冷峻理性的笔触，梳理了西方历史上匠人的社会地位、劳动生活状况以及错综复杂的社会关系。作者认为：在科学技术日新月异的今 天，尽管很多工作被机器人替代，但是工匠身上所拥有的精益求精、专心敬业的精神品格是代替不了的。
匠人也称为工匠，一般是指技艺高超的手艺人。而这些人身上所具备的严谨、专注、敬业精神，被称为工匠精神。从历史的维度来看，工匠是现代社会之前的一个群 体，他们的工作和劳动，主要依靠手工完成。工业革命之后，机器化大生产代替了手工作坊的生产，工匠逐渐受到了冷落。然而，在机器化大生产的时代，更注重产 品的精度和品质，这和工匠精神不谋而合。可以这么讲，科技越是发达，工匠精神越发重要。当今社会，并不是一味地鼓励人们去当从事手工劳动的工匠，因为手工 作坊的生产方式已经不去复返。笔者要指出的是：我们可以不做工匠，也不可能人人成为工匠，但是工匠精神值得学习。在高新技术主导工业生产的今天，工匠精神 显得尤为宝贵。
坦白地讲，不少中国人对于工匠心存偏见，甚至有些看不起。而在我们的邻国日本，如果你被称为工匠，这意味着你受到了极大的尊重。只有一个行业内非常专注、 做得出类拔萃的人，才能被称为工匠。如果你的面食做得很好，旁人就会称赞你是一
个好工匠。工匠会根据气候、温度的因素，结合面粉的实情擀面，然后做出独此 一家的面食。同样，创建了两家世界500强公司的、日本“经营之圣”稻盛和夫就是一个具有匠人精神的企业家，他曾说：“企业家要像匠人那样，手拿放大镜仔 细观察产品，用耳朵静听产品的‘哭泣声’。”除此之外，三菱、日立、新日铁等大型企业，都具备彻底的工匠精神。
工匠精神在中国的缺位
有人之所以对工匠心存偏见，认为工匠所从事的劳动，是重复性的，没有创造性可言。实际上，工匠在整个企业的生产流程中扮演关键角色，一切有关生产的设计、 蓝图、标准，都依靠工匠和熟练的技术工人来实现。换句话说，没有技艺精湛工匠的企业，企业发展的目标无从实现。工匠从事的劳动固然是重复性的，然而好的工 匠，在工作中能不断发现新问题，改进生产工艺流程，从而提升生产质量和效益。无数事实都表明：企业生产技术的创新，不仅仅是专家和工程师的事情，工匠同样 大有可为，央视播出的系列电视片《大国工匠》中则有更直观的表现。
谈及工匠精神，我们都会不约而同地想起瑞士手表。手表作为一种高精密的器物，完全是由手工制作完成。而瑞士手表之所以名扬世界，就是因为精准、精确，工艺 细致入微，工匠精神在此呈现得淋漓尽致。除此之外，德国的工匠精神也值得我们敬重。德国管理大师赫曼·西蒙在《隐形冠军：21世纪最被低估的竞争优势》曾 指出：德国保持所在领域出口世界第一的秘密，就在工匠这群“隐形冠军”身上。这群“隐形冠军”有一个共同特点，就是都有优秀的手工艺传承，具有令人尊敬的 工匠精神。德国企业家认为：一个专注的技能操作工人（工匠）和科学家没什么两样。“德国制造”成功的背后，有着庞大的工匠群体以及工匠精神作为动力支撑。 德国的工匠精神在多方面都有呈现，如许多家庭主妇煮鸡蛋要用量具精确量出水的容量，煮面条同样要用天平秤面条的分量，以此保证精确性。
有媒体统计，截至20xx年，全球超过200年历史的企业，日本有3146家，为全球最多，德国有837家，荷兰有222家，法国有196家。这些“长寿企业”为什么能存在，因为他们都在传承着匠人精神。
回顾中国历史，春秋时期，鲁班便发明了木工工具、攻城器械、农业机具、仿生机械等，被视为工匠的典范与祖师；东汉张衡发明地动仪、三国诸葛亮发明木牛流
马、北宋沈括撰写《梦溪笔谈》、明朝宋应星撰写《天工开物》……中国自古以来似乎并不缺少“技近乎道”的源流。《增广贤文》言：“良田百顷，不如薄艺在 身”。在中国传统社会中的底层人眼里，再多的财富也有失去的时候，唯有一门手艺可以保证自己衣食无忧。正是出于这种朴素的认识，民众愿意学手艺，为了饭碗 的坚固，还愿意将手艺练得越来越好，无形中，工匠精神就逐渐形成了。
可是，受到儒家“万般皆下品，惟有读书高”思维的影响，“读圣贤书”是正途，当工匠不能出人头地。这在某种程度上，阻碍着中国古代科学技术的持续发展。而 现在的情况也并不乐观，人们趋之若鹜的是当官、做老板、成为大明星，热衷于创新创业，对工匠更是不屑一顾。另外，在中国教育机构中，依然受到所谓“精英教 育”的影响，似乎唯有培养“能干一番轰轰烈烈大事业的人”才算是成功教育。当下中国对工匠以及工匠精神的理解，从知识精英阶层到普通百姓，都缺乏一个客观 公正的认识。
“制造强国”急需工匠精神
当前，中国正在由“制造大国”向“制造强国”迈进，这对于企业的生存发展而言，其实提出了更高的要求。不得不指出，中国很多企业 “短、平、快（投资少、周期短、见效快）”的心理和行为尤为明显。有的企业为了短期利益，从而忽略了产品的质量。中国企业界，目前不仅需要大批技术过硬的 工匠和技术工人，更需要努力培育工匠精神。而工匠精神与企业精神中的诚信、担当、创新和坚持，都是同根同源、一脉相承的。工匠精神不仅仅可以帮助企业制造 出高品质的产品，还可以使企业实现真正的持续发展。
回首三十多年中国企业发展之路，诸多企业强调经济利益至上的理念。出于快速盈利的动机，这些企业当然不可能在产品制造、生产方式和经营管理模式方面下硬功 夫。而现在的局面完全不同了，在各类企业竞争白热化的现实面前，企业需要重拾中国传统的工匠精神。可是有一些企业家，为了迎合潮流，为了给自己贴金，经常 将自己的企业与大数据、互联网等概念捆绑在一起。这里并不是说大数据、互联网有什么不好，而是一些企业本身规模不大，产品质量、产品规模和产品口碑还在 “低位运行”，这种情况下企业其实需要苦练内功，在企业管理、产品研发、产品生产中，大力培育工匠精神。对此，著名企业家王石曾经提出忠告：“别在我面前 说大数据， 中国企业缺失工匠精神。”
中国企业培育工匠精神，是一项迫在眉睫的议题。而如何进行培育，在笔者看来，首先是作为教育机构要转换教育思维。当前的各类学校，重视书本理论，忽视动手 实践是一大通病。大力加强实践教育，让“心灵手巧”成为衡量人才的标准，尤其是在职业教育与应用技术教育中要予以体现；其次是企业要有奖励工匠的体制机制。在一些企业，工程师和管理者、市场营销人员的工资福利待遇要优于工匠和技术工人，这无疑是在戳伤工匠群体的劳动积极性和创造性。技艺精湛的工匠，应该 在企业内部受到应有的重视，对工匠的辛苦付出进行奖励，对企业发展可以起到事半功倍的效果；最后是全社会对工匠应予人文关怀。工匠和简单从事体力劳动的群 体不同，工匠的劳动中闪耀着智慧的灵光，有创造性和开拓性，全社会要对工匠群体更多的尊重，从人文的角度进行关怀。只有全社会理解了工匠群体存在的意义， 工匠精神的培育与弘扬才拥有广泛的群众基础。
英语翻译：In traditional Chinese society, those who expend physical strength, duplication of artisans, and rhetorical reading compared, their status is humble, although they have created numerous amazing material civilization. In the ancient West, the position of the artisans and the general similarity of china. After the industrial revolution, the production of machines replaced the manual work, which was considered to be eliminated by the times, but the actual situation is not the case. "Builders" this book, for the historical value and the spirit of our understanding of craftsman meaning, provides a new perspective.
The Era Connotation of craftsman spirit
Richard Sennet, author of this book, is a famous sociologist and thinker, he was a professor at New York University and a professor of London School of Economics and Political Science. He has won the Hagel prize, Spinoza prize and other international awards for his outstanding contribution to sociology and urban planning. In addition to the book, he also published the "nineteenth Century", "the decline of the public", "body and stone: the body and the city in the Western civilization" and other academic works.
"Builders" by "craftsmen", "Artimber", "Artimber" is composed of three parts. Author across the historical time and space, from ancient Roman brick making workers to Renaissance goldsmith, from Paris to the printing press to London
factories are to investigate t he object. Book with solemn rational strokes, combing the western history the workman's social status, living conditions of labor and complex social relations. The author believes that: in the science and technology is changing today, although a lot of work has been replaced by robots, but the craftsmen who have the excellence, dedication to the spirit of the character is not a substitute for.
The builders also known as craftsmen, generally refers to a master craftsman. And these people who have the rigorous, focused, dedicated spirit, known as the craftsman spirit. From the perspective of history, artisans are a group of modern society, their work and labor, mainly rely on manual completion. After the industrial revolution, the production of machinery and production instead of the manual workshop, artisans gradually neglected. However, in the era of machine production, pay more attention to product quality and precision, and the artisan spirit agree without prior without previous consultation. It can be said that the more scientific and technological development, the more important the spirit of artisans. In today's society, it is not the one that encourages people to be engaged in manual labor, because the production methods of manual workshops are gone. I want to point out that: we can not do the craftsmen, nor can everyone become a craftsman, but the spirit of the craftsmen worth learning. Today, the leading industry in the high-tech industry, the spirit of the craftsman is particularly valuable.
Frankly speaking, a lot of Chinese people are biased, and even look down on the craftsmen. And in our neighboring Japan, if you are called artisans, it means you have been greatly respected. Only one industry is very focused, do a good person, to be known as craftsmen. If you do well, others will praise you as a good craftsman. According to the factors of climate, temperature of craftsmen, a combination of true roll flour, then make a pasta this alone. Similarly, the creation of the two of the world's top 500 companies, Japan operates saint "Inamori is a with artisan spirit of entrepreneurs, he said:" entrepreneurs as craftsmen that hand take a magnifying mirror observe carefully products, with ears listening to the products' cry '. " In addition, Mitsubishi, Hitachi, Nippon Steel and other large enterprises, have completely artisan spirit.
The absence of artisans in China
There is a reason for the people of the craftsmen have a bias, that the work of the artisans, is repetitive, .cn not creative. In fact, artisans in the production process of the entire enterprise to play a key role, all the production design, blueprint, standards, rely on craftsmen and skilled workers to achieve. In other words, the enterprise development of the enterprise, the enterprise development of the enterprise, the enterprise is not realized. In the work of the craftsman is a repetitive, but a good worker, n the work can continue to find new problems, improve the production process, so as to improve the production quality and efficiency. Countless facts show that production and technological innovation, is not only the experts and engineers of the things, craftsmen also promising, CCTV broadcast of the TV series "big craftsman" is more intuitive.
Turning to the spirit of the artisans, we will invariably think of Swiss watches. As a high precision objects, the watch is finished by hand. And the Swiss watch reason is famous in the world, it is because accurate, precise, meticulous craft, artisans in this spirit vividly presented. In addition, the spirit of the German craftsmen also
worthy of our respect. German management guru Herman Simon in the "invisible champion: twenty-first Century the most undervalued competitive advantage" has pointed out: Germany to keep the world in the field of exports of the world's first secret, it is in the artisans of the "invisible champion" body. This group of "invisible champion" has a common feature, that is, there are excellent handicraft heritage, with the spirit of a respectable craftsman.