最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作
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42 The differences on advertising translations under the Chinese and Western cultures 从许渊冲“三美论”评析《声声慢》三个译本 文化因素对品牌翻译的影响 解析《飘》中斯嘉丽的女性主义思想在其婚姻中的体现 初探法律英语用词的准确性与模糊性 乌鸦在中西文学作品中文化内涵的对比研究 论人文主义在《哈克贝利.费恩历险记》中的体现 A Popular Form of Subtitles Translation by Fansub Group on the Internet 中英文化差异对成语翻译的影响 《金色笔记》中女性主义的误读开题报告+论文( ) 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。原创Q 805 990 74 9 从功能理论角度分析电影《点球成金》字幕翻译 On the Female Character During the War Through A Farewell to Arms 跨文化交际背景下英语禁忌语探析 对话中语用意义的理论视角 《夜色温柔》男主人公迪克的精神变化研究 《可以吃的女人》的女性主义解读 浅析英文电影在高中英语教学应用 论英语新闻标题中修辞的汉译 巧克力包装的研究 埃德加?爱伦?坡短篇小说的语言特色分析 The Cultural Identity Dilemma of Colonized Afro-Americans: the Study of The Bluest Eye On the Aesthetic Connotation of the Death in For Whom the Bell Tolls by Hemingway 从叙事结构分析电影《撞车》中对种族歧视问题的诠释 论中美商务沟通中的跨文化意识 接受美学指导下的电影字幕翻译——以《冰河世纪II》为例 从玛氏公司看英美文化对广告的影响 中医术语翻译方法研究 浅析英语原版影视欣赏和英语学习 目的论视角下英语外贸函电汉译的研究 英国文化中的非语言交际的研究 Jude the Obscure and Hardy’s World View 海明威《雨中猫》的文体分析 从十字军东征看中世纪宗教冲突 苔丝悲剧中乌托邦情结的探析 与苦难嬉戏——透析《查尔斯兰姆散文集》 从电影《刮痧》看中西文化冲突 A Comparative Study of American and Chinese Spatial Language in Business Negotiation 分析《呼啸山庄》的哥特式特征 论简?奥斯丁《理智与情感》中两姐妹的成长 论《西游记》中文化因素的翻译策略——以詹纳尔和余国藩的英译本为例 The Pragmatic Analysis of English Euphemism
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86 小学英语语音拼读教学 经典英文电影台词的文体分析 An Analysis of the Images in The Catcher in the Rye 《老人与海》中马洛林形象的不可或缺性 英国议会制辩论－－探究与实践 新闻翻译中“编译”的合理性分析 从《哈利波特与火焰杯》看文学翻译中的文化冲突 文字之乐——浅析广告中的双关 论田纳西?威廉斯《欲望号街车》中的逃遁主义 浅析《追风筝的人》中风筝的象征意义 文化视角下的品牌名翻译研究 生存危机和渴求改变——黑色幽默小说的主体研究 A Comparison of the English Color Terms Vocabulary Teaching Based on Pragmatic Approach 英汉白色词的文化象征意义及翻译 论凯瑟琳?曼斯菲尔德短篇小说中的爱情观 对《觉醒》的女权主义解读 《雾都孤儿》中的反犹主义 从语言角度分析《功夫熊猫》中中西文化的交融 Sister Carrie：a Girl with Ascending but Unfulfilled Desires 英语习语汉译方法浅析 从《了不起的盖茨比》看美国梦的破灭—富兰克林式美国梦与爱默生式美国梦的比较 简析商务沟通中的非语言沟通 苔丝悲剧的解读 论《龙年》中呈现的中国文化 浅析奥斯卡王尔德童话作品中的唯美主义思想 从合作原则的违反谈黑色幽默在《第二十二条军规》中的实现 从中西思维差异角度看汉英翻译中的中式英语现象 试论法律文本的翻译原则 浅析《喜福会》中的中美文化冲突与融合 世纪年代前后美国电影中的华人女性形象对比 卢梭的浪漫主义思想在《远大前程》中的反映 中美家庭教育文化对比及其根源分析 《红楼梦》杨译本与霍译本文化意象的翻译对比 华盛顿?欧文与陶渊明逃遁思想对比研究 论广告定位中的文化冲突及对策 商务英语和普通英语对比浅析 [政治学与行政学]行政忠诚：困境与重塑 中英礼仪文化禁忌比较与跨文化交际 分析《嘉莉妹妹》中女主角嘉莉妹妹命运转变的原因 网络英语交际对会话合作原则的影响 On Success of Gone with the Wind 论凯瑟琳?曼斯菲尔德《幸福》中女性在两性关系中的无助与反叛 莎士比亚的悲剧对当代女性的影响
87 The Essence of Democracy and Freedom: An Interpretation of the Animal Farm
88 对林语堂的《吾国与吾民》几种中译本比较研究
89 从儒学与基督教的角度探析中西文化差异
90 Pragmatic Failures in Translation of C-E Advertisements
91 汉语茶文化特色词的英译研究——以《茶经》和《续茶经》为例
92 跨文化交际中的个人主义和集体主义冲突及解决办法
93 从《恋爱中的女人》看劳伦斯的男性霸权意识
94 浅析张培基的散文翻译风格
95 论《麦田里的守望者》中的象征体系及霍尔顿的精神世界
96 《简爱》与《名利场》中家庭女教师形象与命运的对比研究
97 文化背景知识在英语教学中的作用
98 EFL Learning Strategies on Web-based Autonomous Learning
99 隐喻认知理论与英语词汇教学
100 浅谈英语复杂句的翻译
101 浅析马克思主义女性主义视角下的凯瑟琳
102 用会话含义理论分析《傲慢与偏见》中的人物对白
103 对《红字》中罗杰齐灵沃斯的新认识
104 星巴克的成功之道
105 Study of Themes of George Bernard Shaw’s Social Problem Plays
106 《瓦尔登湖》与陶渊明作品中的自然观简析
107 不温不火，绵里藏针——分析《格列夫游记》的讽刺意义
108 从文化角度谈美国俚语的汉译
109 马克?吐温《汤姆?索亚历险记》的讽刺
110 “黑人会飞”——托妮?莫里森小说《所罗门之歌》中的黑人神话研究
111 跨文化交际中英汉礼貌语言的差异
112 非英语专业大学生英语学习动机调查
113 《当幸福来敲门》的人际功能文本分析
114 放弃完美选择缺失－－-对比分析王熙凤和郝思嘉
115 The Background Information and the Symbols Which Reflect the Emotional Keynote of Wuthering Heights
116 玛莎?诺曼戏剧中的母女关系研究
117 简析中西方译者翻译《论语》的差异性
118 Effects of Chinese Culture on Promotion of Automobiles－－Traditional Cultural Elements 119 《动物农庄》的极权主义的研究
120 浅谈毕业生求职面试技巧
121 从女性主义角度解读惠特曼的《草叶集》
122 Pecola’s Blues－－A Reading of The Bluest Eye
123 从广告语看中西文化观
124 语用预设视野下的广告英语分析
125 透过《傲慢与偏见》中四位女性的性格分析她们的不同婚姻
126 菲尔丁小说《汤姆?琼斯》中的戏剧因素分析
127 试用标记模式理论分析广告语中的语码混用现象
128 浅析《老人与海》中人对自然的态度
129 “家有儿女”VS“成长的烦恼”——对比研究中西方家庭教育
130 巫术救星：哈利波特系列的文化解读
131 中西文化差异在家庭教育中的体现
132 中美学校教育对比——学生个性发展方面
133 《哈利波特》系列里哈利波特与伏地魔的二元对立分析
134 文艺复兴及浪漫主义时期希腊神话对英国文学的影响
135 硬汉形象－浅析厄内斯特海明威《杀人者》
136 从《红字》看十七世纪新英格兰清教主义风尚
137 浅析《觉醒》中艾德娜自杀的必然性
138 浅析《飘》中女主人公斯佳丽的女性意识
139 Cultural Difference between Chinese and American Advertisement
140 《了不起的盖茨比》中三位女性形象的女性主义解读
141 对外新闻的导语编译研究
142 从语域理论角度分析商务发盘函的翻译策略
143 论《宠儿》中的母爱
144 比较研究王维与华兹华斯的自然观
145 文本特征与高中英语阅读
146 浅论康拉德《黑暗之心》中的女性形象
147 On the Application of Newmark’s Theory in Tourism English Translation
148 《嘉莉妹妹》之悲剧性——基于嘉莉与赫斯特伍德的比较
149 从归化的角度分析《飘》的中译本
150 中美篮球背后的青年文化
151 《喧哗与骚动》中没落的悲剧
152 解析《宠儿》的象征意义
153 An Analysis of Harmonious Coexistence Between Nature and Civilization in Wuthering Heights From the Perspective of Eco-criticism
154 文化语境维度下中餐菜名的英译研究
155 美剧网络字幕翻译研究
156 好莱坞电影中美国总统形象的演变和文化内涵
157 交际教学法在初中口语教学中的应用
158 浅析《喜福会》中母亲们悲惨遭遇的成因
159 科技英语语篇中被动语态语篇功能的分析
160 论《双城记》中的现实主义风格
161 Gothic Romance: Inheritance and Development of Medieval Romance－－ A Case Study of The Castle of Otranto
162 论《最蓝的眼睛》里黑人女性身份的迷失
163 《哈利波特》系列小说的浪漫主义情节分析
164 浅析爱伦·坡小说《黑猫》的写作艺术手法
165 马尔克斯《霍乱时期的爱情》主人公弗洛伦蒂诺心理分析
166 对英文广告中模糊语言美学功能的理论探究
167 论《劝导》中女性角色的地位
168 以《最后一片叶子》为例论欧亨利的创作风格
169 论电影翻译中的创造性叛逆——以《肖申克的救赎》为例
170 从西方讽刺剧看品特的威胁喜剧
171 英语语言中的性别歧视
172 Hawthorne’s Feminism Consciousness in The Scarlet Letter
173 从作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特看《简·爱》
174 An Analysis of Youth Subculture through the Movie－－Trainspotting
175 论礼貌原则在国际商务信函的应用
176 高中生英语学习成败归因现状调查及对策
177 A Contrastive Study on Language Features of Chinese and English Proverbs
178 永恒的精神追求—《天使，望故乡》的精神主题分析
179 浅析叶芝诗歌中的象征主义特征
180 从英剧《唐顿庄园》看英国贵族精神
181 英汉”黑色”的隐喻的对比研究
182 《简爱》在当代中国的现实意义——从温和的女性主义视角分析
183 Jane Austen’s Opinion towards Marriage in Pride and Prejudice
184 A Study of Nonverbal Communication
185 通过《蝇王》看人性
186 试析英语中的性别歧视及去性别化改革
187 从目的论角度研究法国香水网络广告语的汉译本的语言特征
188 模糊语言的社会语用功能
189 A Comparison of the English Color Terms
190 Comparative Study of Love-Tragedy Between Romeo and Juliet and The Butterfly Lovers 191 跨文化交际视角下沉默行为的解析
192 目的论下英语广告仿拟格的汉译
193 Cultural Conflicts in Daisy Miller—An Analysis on Henry James’ International Theme 194 国际商务谈判技巧与策略初探
195 《名利场》中女性命运对比
196 Application of Constructivism to Task-based Reading Teaching in Senior High School 197 浅析英汉问候语的文化异同
198 现代美式英语和英式英语的比较研究
199 成长小说视角下的史蒂芬?乔布斯基《壁花少年》
200 人民币升值对我国进出口贸易的影响研究
第二篇：傲慢与偏见会话分析
Contents
Abstract in English…………………………………………………………………...I Abstract in Chinese………………………………………………………………….Ⅱ
Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………....3
1.1 Research Questions…………………………………………………………..3
1.2 Significance of the Study…………………………………………………….3
1.3 Thesis Organization ………………………………………………………….4
1.4 Research Methodology……………………………………………………….4
1.5 Collection of Data……………………………………………………………5
Chapter 2 Literature Review………………………………………………………...6 Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework………………………………………………….7
3.1Grice's Cooperative Principle…………………………………………………7
3.1.1 The Four Conversational Maxims……………………………………...7
3.1.2 Flouting the Maxim…………………………………………………….7
3.1.2.1 Flouts Exploiting the Maxim of Quality………………………7
3.2.2.2 Flouts Exploiting the Maxim of Quantity……………………..7
3.2.2.3 Flouts Exploiting the Maxim of Relevance…………………....8
3.2.3.4 Flouts Exploiting the Maxim of Manner……………………....8
3.2 Brown and Levinson‘s Politeness Theory……………………………………9
3.2.1 The Notion of Face……………………………………………………..9
3.2.2 Face Threatening Acts………………………………………………...10
3.2.3 Super Strategies for Performing the FTA……………………………..10
3.3 Summary…………………………………………………………………….11
Chapter 4 Case Analysis: Pride and Prejudice……………………………............12
4.1 Brief Introduction to Pride and Prejudice…………………………………...12
4.2 Conversational Analysis in Pride and Prejudice…………………………….12
4.2.1 Violation of the Quality Maxim in Pride and Prejudice………………12
4.2.1.1 Irony………………………………………………………….13
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4.2.1.2 Denying………………………………………………………14
4.2.1.3 Metaphor……………………………………………………..15
4.2.1.4 Rhetorical Question…………………………………………..16
4.2.2 Violation of the Quantity Maxim in Pride and Prejudice……………..17
4.2.2.1 Overstatemen…………………………………………………17
4.2.2.2 Understatement ………………………………………………18
4.2.3 Violation of the Relevance Maxim in Pride and Prejudice…………...19
4.2.4 Violation of the Manner Maxim in Pride and Prejudice……………...22
4.2.4.1 Being Ambiguous or Vague…………………………………..22
4.2.4.2 Being out of Order……………………………………………23
4.2.4.3 Being Incomplete and Using Ellipsis………………………...24
4.3 Summary…………………………………………………………………....24
Chapter 5 Conclusion................................................................................................26
5.1 General Summary—Major Findings of the Study………………………….26
5.2 Contributions of the Study………………………………………………….26
5.3 Limitations of the Study ……………………………………………………27
References...................................................................................................................28 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………….29
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Chapter 1 Introduction
Jane Austin, a English female writer in the Romanticism Age, has created 6 works, each of which is a huge success. She is distinguished for her marital views, treatment of character, the exquisite humour, narrative method and irony. The topic of feminism, religion as well as politics are also involved in the works.
Pride and Prejudice, according to her sister Cassandra‘s letter, is Jane Austin‘s favourite work. For centuries, millions of people are fascinated by its lovely and moving love story, interesting characters, and humor. The conversations in Pride and Prejudice, noted for the employment of irony and satire, attract great interests and scrutiny. Jane Austen ia a master in dealing with dialogues. ―She is one of the greatest,one of the most accurate writers of dialogue of her own or any age,‖ as Dr.Chapman claims (Lascelles,1995:96; qtd. from Yang Liu 2003). These dialogues are perceived from the aspect of stylistics, history or philosophy. Compared with these conventional approaches, linguistics approach is still in its early stage. Thus, attempts in this thesis aims to make a full understanding of the characterizations through conversational analysis.
1.1 Research Questions
Based on the theoretical models and with the analysis of conversations in Pride and Prejudice, the present study intends to figure out the answers to the following questions:
(1)What maxims in Grice‘s Cooperative Principle are violated?
(2)Why are maxims in Pride and Prejudice violated?
(3)What are the functions of these strategies for Performing the FTA?
1.2 Significance of the Study
Conversations, even in daily life, is a kind of art, not to mention in literature works. When people talk with each other, they tend to execute in a smooth way and
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cooperation is the basis of successful conversations. However, in daily life, the phenomena of violating maxims of cooperative priciples occurs at a high frequency. Most of the time, it‘s for the sake of ―face‖. Through inference, the hearer can inteprate the implicatures and by making use of cummunication strategies, the risk of face loss is lower with less conflicts and relations between the speakers and hearers can be maintained.
1.3 Thesis Organization
Chapter one includes a brief introduction to the thesis topic, the language data, research methodology and the organization of the thesis.
Chapter two is devoted to literature review. It reviews what the previous study have done on the prominent novel.
Chapter three is the theoretical framework, with the emphasis being placed on Grice's CP and the implicature theory as well as Brown and Levinson's politeness theory, the FTAs.
Chapter four is committed to the conversational analysis in Pride and Prejudice. Conversations that flout the CP and do the FTA indirectly are under investigation from the approach of the CP, Brown and Levinson‘s Politeness theory.
The last chapter is the conclusion. A general summary is made and followed by the possible theoretical and practical significance with limitations.
1.4 Research Methodology
The qualitative method is adopted in this study and the procedures are as follows:
(1)To read the novel Pride and Prejudice as well as watch the movie at the same time, paying special attentions to conversations;
(2)To extract interesting dialogues especially those with rhetorical devices from the novel;
(3)To classify all these conversations into four categories according to the violations of cooperative principles;
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(4)To analyze how the maxims are violated;
(5)To demonstrate the reasons of violations.
1.5 Collection of Data
All the examples in the case study are extracted from the conversations in the Jane Austin‘s novel Pride and Prejudice. And all these conversations are classified into four categories according to the violations of cooperative principles.
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Chapter 2 Literature Review
Pride and Prejudice has gained wide readership and many people are fasicinated about it since its publication in 1813, its reputation in critical realm proceeds grudgingly and slowly. The early reviews only rest on‖ the loveliness of the characterization and the vigor of the writing in Pride and Prejudice‖(Southam,1968:6 qtd. from Yang Liu 2004).They offer readers merely outlines of the love story and character accounts.
The criticism on Jane Austen‘s novels makes considerable progress with the publication of the Memoir of Jane Austen in 1870 by her nephew Austen-Leigh. The interests in Jane Austen are awakened and serious discussion about the fiction is launched. Some experts made technical analysis about the fiction art: narrative, characters, plot etc..
In the middle 1940s, the ironic implication of the dialogues which reflect and define the characters in Pride and Prejudice begins by Reuben A.Brower. Since then, many linguists have analyzed Pride and Prejudice from the perspective of pragmatics and expects to make possible contributions.
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Chapter 3 Theoretical framework:
3.1Grice's Cooperative Principle
Grice(1975) propose the Coopreative Principle with the idea that people cooperate with each other in conversations and the theory runs as follows:
Make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
Grice suggests that in conversational interaction people work on the assumption that speakers and hearers comply with the rules the CP defines in order to have a meaningful conversation, unless they receive the opposite indications. The CP has observed one regularity in conversation and is used to explain the generation and interpretation of conversational implicature (Thomas 1995:62).
3.1.1 The Four Conversational Maxims
The Cooperative Principles include the following four maxims:
The maxim of Quality:
1) Do not say what you believe to be false.
2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
The maxim of Quantity:
1) Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchange
2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
The maxim of Relation:
Make your contributions be relevant.
The maxim of Manner:
1) Avoid obscurity of expression.
2) Avoid ambiguity
3) Be brief(avoid unnecessary prolixity).
4) Be orderly.
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(Yang Zhong 2006:98-99)
3.1.2 Flouting the Maxim
In conversions, people are supposed to obey the above rules. However, more often than not, these maxims are violated and people tend to bahave in a non-cooperative way. Thus, the implicit, non-conventional meanings are generated.
3.1.2.1 Flouts Exploiting the Maxim of Quality
When a speaker says something that is false or for which he lacks adequate evidence, he flouts the maxim of Quality. Here is an example:
Example :
Jane: Sam has betray you.
Jack: He is a good friend.
Evidently, Jack is saying something obviously false so he is flouting the maxim of quality. Because a person can‘t be in favor of someone who has ever betrayed him.
3.1.3.2 Flouts Exploiting the Maxim of Quantity
When a speaker offers more or less information than the situation requires, he flouts the maxim of Quantity. Here is an example:
Example :
Jack: Are you going to spend this weekend with me?
Jane: I‘m leaving for a northen city with my mother.
In this case, the maxim of quantity is violated because the information Jane provides is not informative though the sentence seems to be long enough. Jane doesn‘t answer Jack directly whether she is going to spend the weekend with him or not. From the conversational implication, Jack can easily understand the truth that Jane doesn't want to be with him.
3.1.2.3 Flouts Exploiting the Maxim of Relevance
The maxim of Relation is exploited by making a response which is completely
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irrelevant to the subject or the goal of the conversation. Take a look at the following example:
Father: Have you done your homework?
Daughter: Wow, the TV opera is fantastic!
The daughter has made a reply that seems unrelated to the question. She takes anvantage of the maxim of relevance and implies she would‘t like to be disturbed at the moment or she bothers to hear the word ―homework‖.
3.1.3.4 Flouts Exploiting the Maxim of Manner
The maxim of Manner is flouted by speaking redundantly, unclearly or disorderly. Look at the following example:
Dad: Let‘s get the kid something to eat.
Mom: Okay, but I veto I-C-E C-R-E-A-M! (Levinson 2001:104).
Obviously, Mom infringes the maxim of manner by spelling out the word ―ice-cream‖ in an effort not to have ice-creams in presence of the children. The Dad can derived the possible interpretation from certain context.
3.2 Brown and Levinson’s Politeness Theory
Grice‘s theory paints a really rosy picture about conversation and human relations. However, the reality is tough and there are a multitude of conditions which people don‘t cooperate. Grice's Cooperative Princlples is in a weak position to illustrate why people are so often flouting the maxims and indirectly convey what they really mean.
Among various reasons, Grice points out that a clash of maxims may lead to a compromise by holding one maxim while giving up another.The desire to make one's language interesting and increase its force may also lead to indirectness employment (Thomas 1995:145).
The pragmatic interest in the communication of indirect speech acts, in particular, as well as the interest in the social-relation aspect of and situational constraints on information change, more generally, are at the basis of an intereat in the face and politeness phenomena. One entrance to the study of politeness phenomena can indeed
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be built around the observation that language user often depart from the conditions of optimal information exchange because a failure to do so would result in an amount of lost face(Liu, Kang and Zhao 2009:49).
Brown and Levinson have established the most influential theory about politeness in the book Politeness: some universals in language usage. They point out that in general, people cooperate (and assume each other‘s cooperation ) in maintaining face in interaction, such cooperation being based on the mutual vulnerability of face (Brown and Livenson, qtd. from Chen Xinren 2009:129).
3.2.1 The Notion of Face
The concept ―face‖ is borrowed from chinese culture and has something to do with the feeling of embarrassed and humiliated.
Brown and Levinson (1978:62) define ―face‖ as individual‘s self-worth or self-image,which can be maintained, damaged, or enhanced, through interaction with others, and further distinguish two kinds of face: positive face—the desire to be liked, approved, respected and appreciated by others, and negative face—the desire not to be imposed on in one‘s actions. In simple terms, negative face is the need to be independent and positive face is the need to be connected(Yule 2000:62).
3.2.2 Face Threatening Acts
According to Brown and Levinson, some illocutionary acts speakers perform are Face Threatening Acts (FTA for short) because they run contrary to either their own face wants or those of their hearers. And the FTAcan be categorized into four types:
1) Acts threatening the hearer‘s positive face by indicating the speaker‘s lack of
concern for the hearer‘s self-image (e.g. disagreeing, criticism, accusations, insults, contradiction, boasts);
2) Acts threatening the hearer‘s negative face by imposing on the hearer (e.g.
requests, orders, offers, expressions of anger);
3) Acts threatening speaker‘s negative face (e.g. thanking, accepting offers,
making unwilling promises);
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4) Acts threatening speaker‘s positive face (e.g. apologies, confessions,
admissions of responsibility) (Chen Xinren 2009:130-31).
In conversational interaction speakers are sensitive about each other‘s face. In order not to threaten face or to reduce the degree of face damage, speakers may adopt certain strategies. These strategies are determined by the size of the FTA. Speakers can evaluate the size of the FTA on the basis of the parameters of power (P), distance(D), and rating of imposition(R). The overall weightiness of the FTA then in turn influences the strategies employed (Thomas,1995:169).
3.2.3 Super Strategies for Performing the FTA
Brown and Levinson point out that a speaker first has to decide whether to do the FTA or not.If the speaker decides to perform the FTA, he can have fourstrategies:
(1)bold-on-record without any redress; (2) positive politeness with redress;
(3)negative politeness with redress; (4)off-record politeness. The speaker can also choose not to do an FTA at all if he considers it too face-threatening(Chen Xiaoquan 2004:23). Under each category there is a list of strategies for performing different politeness, such as exaggeration, intensifying interest to hearer, giving hints, being ironic, usingm etaphors, using rhetorical questions and so on.
3.3 Summary
This chapter has introduced the theoretical framework which comprises Grice‘s CP and the conversational maxims and Brown and Levinson‘s politeness theory and strategies for performing the FTA,which will ground and facilitate the case analysis below.
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Chapter 4 Case Analysis: Pride and Prejudice
4.1 Brief Introduction to Pride and Prejudice
Pride and Prejudice is the romantic story of young people, Elizabeth Bennet and William Darcy, as well as Jane Bennet and Mr. Bingley. The novel takes place during the 1700s in the English county Hertfordshire. It illustrates the diffuculty for women of that time, with little control over their own fortune or fate and how women in the 18th century went to great lengths to attract husbands of good fortune.
Jane Austen was an English women writer of the early 19th century , the Romantic Age. Her novle has always been distinguished by excellent language, perfect dialogues and distinctive characters. As American critics Edmund Wilson(1944) commented, ―There have been several revolutions of taste during the last century and a quarter of English literature, and through them all perhaps only two reputations have never been affected by the shifts of fashion: Shakespeare‘s and Jane Austen‘s‖ (Littlewood 1998:3; qtd. from Sun Lifang 2008).
Under the pen of Jane Austen, the conversations are witty, humurous deliberatly-organized and exquisite. Besides, there emerged many conversational implicatures. Thereforee, people have been fascinated about it and studies such as martial views, conversation arts and discourse analysis of conversations.
In this chapter, the discourse analysis of conversations of Pride and Prejudice will be studied. Through which different characteristics of the figures will be demonstrated.
4.2 discourse analysis of conversations in Pride and Prejudice
4.2.1 Violation of the Quality Maxim in Pride and Prejudice
The phenomena of violation of the Quality Maxim can be seen in Pride and Prejudice in man places. Most of them are employment of strategies for performing the face-threatening acts.
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4.2.1.1 Irony
Irony is most important rhetorical device in Jane Austin‘s Pride and Prejudice. Instead of saying what the speaker really mean, he or she says the opposite, therefore, the speaker does the FTA indirectly and direct conflicts are avoided.
Example1:
―This was a lucky idea of mine, indeed!‖ said Mrs.Bennet more than once.
―Well, my dear,‖ said Mr.Bennet, when Elizabeth had the note aloud, ―if your daughter should have a dangerous fit of illness, if she should die, it would be comfort to know that is was in pursuit of Mr.Bingley, and under your orders.‖ ―Oh! I‘m not afraid of her dying. People do not die of little trifling cold. She will be taken good care of. As long sa she stays there, it is all very well. I would go and see her, if I should have the carriage.‖[said Mrs.Bennet]
This conversation happens between Mrs.Bennet and Mr.Bennet. Mr.Bennet‘s remarks on his wife‘s good idea violates the maxim of quality. He manage to respect his wife‘s positive face by describing it as a wonderfull result if Jane dies of cold. Although the ironic implicature is very clear, Mrs. Bennet ignores the implicature Mr.Bennet has conveyed indirectly and goes on talking and objects his husband‘s words by saying that no one would die from cold. In this example, the strategy of doing FTA –off record strategy fails, because there is a possible range of interpretations, the hearer can choose the interpretation which is beneficial for him to keep the talk going toward.
Example 2:
―From the very beginning,from the first moment I may also say, one of my acquaintance with you, your manners impressing me with the fullest belief of your arrogance,your conceit, and your selfish disdain of the feelings of others. And I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed to marry.‖
―and this is your opinion of me! This is the estimation in whichyou hold me! I thank you for explaining it so fully.‖
This is the conversation between Mr.Darcy and Elizabeth. Darcy proposes but
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only gain rejections. Becasuse in spite of her love for Darcy, Elizabeth feels extremely angry about Darcy‘s behavior of seperating her sister Jane and Mr.Bingley and pereive him as a proud and selfish man.
Confronting Elizabeth‘s harsh remarks, Darcy is heartbroken so that he responds with thanks. Just imagine, when a best friend or someone you lovs makes harsh remarks and critizes you, how could you also thank him or her fir doing that. It‘s an obvious irony, a violation of quality maxim. Darcy uses irony to control his sad mood and protect his image as a gentleman.
Example 3:
―He is as fine a fellow," said Mr.Bennet, as soon as they were out of the house, "as ever I saw, he simpers, and smirks, and makes love to us all. I am prodigiously proud of him. I defy even Sir William Lucas to produce a more valuable son-in-law.‖
This utterance is made by Mr.Bennet. He is proposing a toaste to ―praise‖ his son-in-law William. Lydia has eloped with Wickham for a long time and Wickham only gets married on condition that he will be granted a large sum of monay. Darcy has discharged all the debts for Wickham, arranged a position for him in the regulars in Newcastle and paid the expenses for their marriage. Besides, Lydia‘s uncle spends a huge amount pounds on Wickham. The whole family know exactly Wickham is a liar and dissapter. With the employment of irony, Mr.Bennt conveys his scorn and detest. And in this way he threatens Wickham's positive face implicitly and aviod direct conflicts.
4.2.1.2 Denying
More often than not, people use the strategy of deny to protect the positive face and preventing his or her real feeling to be exposed in front of relative persons. This is specially true for the girls in daily life. It‘s due to the shy charactiristics.
Example 4:
―And how are you? Miss Elizabeth, are you looking for someone?‖
―No, not at all. I was just admiring the general splender.‖
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In this conversation, when Elizabeth was looking around, trying to spot Wickham, Mr.Bingley asks her the above question. However, Elizabeth denies it r because she does‘t want to be eithe rude when having a talk with Mr.Bingley at the ball or have her affection of Wickham to be exposed. She uses FTA strategy, endeavouring to protect her positive image.
Example 5:
As the day of his[Mr.Bingley] arrival drew near,
―I begin to be sorry that he comes at all,‖ said Jane to her sister. ―It would be nothing; I sould see him with perfect indifference, but I can hardly bear to hear it thus perpectually talked of.[…] happy shall I be, when his stay at Netherfeld is over.
―I wish I could say anything to comfort you,‖ replied Elizabeth;‖ but it is wholly out of my power.‖
This is the conversation between Elizabeth and heer sister Jane when they are informed that Mr.Bingley will be back to Netherfield in a short time. Strongly, Jane denies her affection for Mr. Bingley and pretends to be calm. It‘s due to Jane‘s previous experience of feeling been abandoned by Mr.Bingley. No one would ever acknowledge the love if she has been hurt by the guy. Jane uses deny to express her strong feeling oppositely.
4.2.1.3 Metaphor
Metaphor is another kind of off-record politeness strategy in terms of pragmatics. Like irony and denying, it also violates the Quality maxim. The use of metaphor is likely to produces humor and delighting atmosphere. Ironic and sarcastic feeling can be delivered indirectly as well.
Example 6:
Lydia: ―Mom, Mom! You will never, ever believe what we are about to tell you. ―Tell me ‖[Mrs. Bennet]
―She is giong to take the veil.‖ Said Mr. Bennet.
This conversation happen between Lydia and her father Mr. Bennet. Veil, a
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convering on the nuns‘face, is a metaphor for nun.. Lydia can't help jumping to her parents and tell them the regiment‘s coming and their station there for the whole winter. At that time in England, marriage is the only goal of life and every girl went to great lengths to attract husband, officers are a nice chioce. Apparently, Mr.Bennet knows what Lydia is going to tell her mother. But he violates the maxim of quality, mocking that her daughter plans to be a nun. It‘s rather ironic and ridiculous since a nun would never do such a kind of snobbish act. Mr.Bennet‘s utterance seems very polite and pleasant. He pays Lydia a high compliment and thus enhances her positive face. But from the context, it is easy to infer the opposite implicature he delivers.
Example 7:
―Mr.Bennet,how can you abuse your own children in such a way?You take delight in vexing me. You have no compassion on my nerves.‖
―You mistake me,my dear.I have a high respect for your nerves.They are my old friends.I have heard you mention them with consideration these twenty years at least.‖
This is the conversation between the Bennt couple. Mr.Bennet compares Mrs.Bennets nerves as his old friends because whenever Mrs. Bennet is worried and distressed, she will always take her nerves as excuse to make her family members submit to her will. Mr. Bennet has been tired of her trick. In ordianry sense, a friend is someone one cares, willing to help and experiences difficulties together. By employing metaphor, Mr.Bennet teases Mrs.Bennet, conveying his ironic feeling indirectly and pays respect to Mrs.Bennet's positive face on the surface. Therefore, a humorous atmosphere engenders.
4.2.1.4 Rhetorical Question
Speakers who ask rhetorical questions want no answer from hearers and usually the implicatures is to express surprise, anger, criticism, and irony etc. and thus violate the quality maxim. By employing rhetorical questions, the intonation is intensified, thus, the mood is better expressed.
Example 8:
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―Is that his design in setting here?‖[Mr.Bennet]
―Design! Nonsense, how can you talk so! But it‘s very likely that he may fall in love with one of them, and therefore, you must visit him as soon as he comes.‖ This is the conversation between Mr.Bennet and his wife. Mr.Bennet likes to make fun of Mrs.Bennet. He pretends not to know her intention of marring one of the daughters to Mr.Bingley and employs rhetorical questions with the answer already in mind. The implicature indirectly exhibits his sarcasms on Mrs.Bennet's purpose of visiting. By means of rhetorical questions, the FTA is performed indirectly and the face damage is reduced to some extent.
Example 9:
She[Elizabeth] could not help crying out:
―Engaged to Mr.Collins! My dear Charlotte, impossible!‖
―Why should you be surprised,my dear Eliza? Do you think it incredible that Mr.Collins should procure any woman‘s good opinion ,because he was not so happy as to succeed with you?‖
This conversation occurs when Miss Lucas tells Elizabeth that she has accepted Mr. Collins's proposal. Elizabeth is shocked because it is unbelievable that Mr.Collins has made two offers of marriage within three days and more astonishingly, Lucas has accepted him. In Elizabeth's view, Mr.Collinsis an odd and rigid man and he is by no means a good match for her best friend Lucas. She can't make sense why Lucas has made this decision to marry such a kind of person.
4.2.2 Violation of the Quantity Maxim in Pride and Prejudice
For the current purpose of exchange, sometimes people don‘t make contributions as informative as required. There are two kinds of violations: understatement and overstatement. More often than not, they are used with irony to indirectly do the FTA.
4.2.2.1 Overstatement
Example 10:
―It‘s pleasure to make you acquitance.‖ Mr.Bingley was good looking and
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gentlemanlike, he has a pleasant face, and easy, unaffected manners.
―It‘s a pleasure. I have tow others[daughters]. But they are already dancing.‖
This is he conversation between at the ball when the Bennet family firstly meets Mr.Bingley. Mr.bingley greet them as a kind of civility. However, the foolish, chattering Mrs.Bennet introduce her daughters so warmheartedly, even including those two who are dancing else where. Obviously, this manner is a violation of the quantity maxim. Mrs‘Bennnt‘s eagerness to introduce her duughters to the wealthy Bingley reflects the primary interests in his life was to find a rich husband for her daughter. Mrs.Bennet uses the strategy of overstatement to promote her positive image, evev that of her family.
Example 11:
―I dare say you will find him very agreeable.‖
―Heaven forbid! That would be the greatest misfortune of all! To find a man agreeable whom one is determined to hate! Do not wish me such an evil.‖
This is he conversation between Charlotte and Elizabeth. Having accepted Mr.Darcy's invitation to dance, Elizabeth is diatressed because of negligence by Darcy just before the dialogue. Besides, Wickham salnder Darcy by saying that Darcy is jealous, cruel and hypocritic. So that Elizabeth nourishes resentment and prejudice towards Darcy. She employs the strategy of overstatements which means to say if she found Darcy agreeable, whom she hates firmly, she would be cursed. It implicates that it is impossible for her to find Darcy agreeable.By means of overstatement, Elizabeth does the FTA implicitly and conveys her criticism on Darcy.
Example 12:
―Yes, a thousand times yes!‖
This is the utterance made by Jane when she accepts Mr.Bingley‘s propose. Apart from expressing that she agrees, she overstates by saying ―a thousand times yes‖ to demonstrate her willing and happiness. The use of overstatement not only enhance Mr.Bingley‘s positive face, but aslo her herself‘s.
4.2.2.2 Understatement
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Example 13:
―How delighted Miss Darcy will be to receive such a letter!‖
He[Darcy] made no answer.
This is the dialogue between Miss Bingley and Darcy when Darcy is writing to his sister. Miss Bingley praise Darcy's letter and handwriting in order to arouse his attention and win his favor. Out of expectation, Darcy's utterance contains a bold-on-record FTA without redress and an understatement in response to her fervent compliment. The understatement of silence conveys that Darcy knows Miss Bingley's intention and he is fed up with the flattery. Darcy's understatement does the FTA to Miss Bingley's positive face with pride.
Example 14:
―"Oh,she is the most beautiful creature I ever beheld! But there is one of her
sisters sitting down just behind you, who is very pretty, and I dare say very agreeable. Do let me ask my partner to introduce you.‖
―Which do you mean?‖ And turning round, he looked for moment at Elizabeth, till, catching here eye, he withdrew his own, and coldly said, ―She is tolerable,but not handsome enough to tempt me.‖
This conversation happens at a ball where Darcy and Elizabeth meet each other for the first time. Bingley is attracted by Jane's beauty and extols her. Compared with his overstatement which conveys his extreme admiration of Jane, Darcy's reply is an understatement. This implies that he doesn't think Elizabeth is pretty at all. The understatement manages to reduce the face damage to some extent on the surface,though it is actually offensive at a deeper level. And after Darcy walked away, Elizabeth remained with no very cordial feelings towards him.
4.2.3 Violation of the Relevance Maxim in Pride and Prejudice
Some conversational implicatures are produced by violation of the Relevance maxim. The speaker may say something which is not related to the topic and invites the hearer to seek for an interpretation that the speaker do not want to continue the topic any more.
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Example 15:
―Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance[…].‖
―You make me laugh; but it‘s not the sound. You know it is not the sound, and you would never act in this way yourself.‖
In this conversation between Charlotte and Elizabeth, the latter violate the relevance of maxim, indicting that she diasgree with ber best‘s marital view. Elibeth insists that marriage is not a matter of chance, beside, she emphasizes the importance of love and equality. Charlotte marries Mr.Collins due to the reason that he is capable of rendering her a comfortable home and protection, regardless of his ridiculous behaviors and Charlotte should feels extremely thankful. On the contrary, Elizabeth holds a serious attitudes towards marriage. And she regards that, Charlotte, the wife of Collins, was a most humuliating picture. And to the pang of a friend disgracing herselfand sunk in her esteem, was added the distressing conviction that it was impossible for that friend to be tolerable happy in the lot she had chosen.
Example 16:
Mr. Bennet refuses his wife‘s suggestion to visit Mr. Bingley which makes his wife very angry and disappointed. She vents her anger on one of her daughters Kitty who happens to keep coughing at that time:
??Don‘t keep coughing so, Kitty, for heaven‘s sake! Have a little compassion on my nerves. You tear them to pieces.‘‘
But when Mr. Bennet tells her that he has already visited Mr. Bingley, she immediately brightens up and goes into raptures. She then begins to speak well of her husband. Under such circumstances, Mr.Bennet says:
??Now, Kitty, you may cough as much as you choose.‘‘
The utterace made by Mr.Bennet is no doubt a violation of relavance maxim. He indirectly critizes Mrs.Bennet‘s misbehavoir of venting anger on the poor Kitty who can't help coughing due to physical reason which is absolutely out of control. As Sperber and Wilson claim, in order to reach the ironic sense of this utterance, the hearer/reader is expected to label it as an echo towards which the speaker has an attitude of dissociation. Indeed, there is no problem for the effective interpretation of
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the ironic sense of the utterance, since the contextual information invalidates any chance that the speaker intends to communicate—as an explicature—the proposition expressed by the second sentence. Mr. Bennet is ironically echoing Mrs. Bennet‘s previous criticism for her daughter‘s coughing (Zhao Hong 177).
Example17:
―I have heard, indeed, that she is uncommonly improved within this year or two. When I last saw she was very promising. I am very glad you liked her. I hope she will turn out well.‖
―I daresay she will;she has got over the most trying age.‖
―Did you go by the village of Kympton?‖
―I do not recollect that we did.‖
This is the conversation between Elizabeth and Wickham when Lydia and Wickham return home after a long time of elopement and Wickham married Lydia, becoming .Elizabeth‘s brother-in-law. Elizabeth has already known Wickham's real face as well as his wickedness and moral defects and look down upon him deeply. In this conversation, Elizabeth deliberately mentions Darcy's sister, Georgiana who is seduced by Wickham when she was only 15'. Actually, she was condemning Wickham's evil deeds.She does the FTA to Wickham's positive face implicitly by means of giving hints. Her implicature is understood by Wickham and in order to divert the embarrassment,Wickham makes no response and changes the topic immediately. Anyway Elizabeth‘s implication has been understood and the blaming reachs the intention.
Example 18
―What do you mean,Mr.Bennet,by talking in this way?You have promised to insist upon her marrying him.‖
―My dear,‖ replied her husband, ―I have two small favors to request－first,that you will allow me the free use of my understanding on the present occasion;and,secondly,of my room.I shall be glad to have the library to myself as soon as may be.‖
This the conversation between the Bennet couple after Elizabeth refuses
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Mr.Collins's offer of marriage. Mrs.Bennet is extremely angry and incites Mr.Bennet to persuade her to accept Mr.Collins‘s proposal. However, Mr.Bennet don‘t care about it because he regards Mr.Collins, who is pompous, foolish and self-conceited, by no means a good match for his beloved daughter --Elizabeth. And he does not want to waste time with Mrs.Bennet who is also foolish and whose understanding ability is rather weak. ―I shall be glad to have the library to myself as soon as may be‖ is a clue, which intends to require Mrs.Bennet to leave the library right away.
4.2.4 Violation of the Manner Maxim in Pride and Prejudice
When people speak with obscurity and ambiguity und not express ordly nor briefly, the implicatures generated.
4.2.4.1 Being Ambiguous or Vague
When a speaker says something vague or ambiguous, he violates the Manner maxim of the CP and generates an implicature. He does FTA implicitly with the politeness in mind. Brown and Levinson claim that in a broad sense every off-record strategy essentially exploits ambiguity.
Example 19:
??I was surprised to see Darcy in town last month. We passed each other several times. I wonder what he can be doing there.‘‘
??Perhaps preparing for his marriage with Miss de Bourgh,‘‘ said Elizabeth. ??It must be something particular to take him there at this time of year.‘‘
This is the conversation between Elizabeth and Wickham. Wickham has become Elizabeth‘s brother-in-law, knows that Elizabeth has already visited Darcy‘s grounds in Derbyshire, he attempts to find out how much truth she has known. Elizabeth knows that Darcy goes in town in order to find her sister Lydia and Wickham. However, she responds in a ambigous way, covering her anger and contempt in order to aviod direct conflicts, thus protecting Wickham‘s positive face.
Example 20:
―I can‘t help feeling that someone‘s going to produce a piglet and make us
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chase it.‖
This utterance is made by Miss.Bingley—Mr.Bingley‘s sister to Darcy while they are dancing. In this sentence, ―someone‖ may refer to Mrs.Bennet, the Bennet family or all the ladies at the ball. Contemptation can be indicated with references. It threatens the positive face of the Bennet family as well that of Darcy because Miss.Bingley knows exactly that he is in favor of Elizabeth. The ambiguity reduces face damages to some extend.
Example 21:
―Very well; that reply will do for the present. Perhaps, by and by, I may observe that private balls are much pleasanter than public ones; but now we may be silent.‖
―Do you talk by rule, then, while you are dancing?‖
―Sometimes. One must speak a little, you know. It would look odd to be entirely silentfor half an hour together; and yet, for the advantage of some, conversation ought to be so arranged as that they may have the trouble of saying as little as possible.‖
This conversation happens between Elizabeth and Darcy at the Netherfield ball. They are dancing partners, but remain silent. Elizabeth comes up with hthe idea that it will be a great punishment to provoke him to speak, so she makes the statement that private balls may be much pleasanter than public ones. ―Public ones‖ is ambiguous and may generally refer to grand balls a lot of people participate in or this Netherfield ball they are attending now. The implicature conveys her blame on Darcy who seems to have spoiled the fun of the party.It threatens Darcy's positive face implicitly.
4.2.4.2 Being out of order
Sometimes, in exchange, people do not talk orderly, thus violating the manner maxim. They either want to indicate something else or may be too nervous to express himself or herself freely. It has connection with someone‘s characteristics.
Example 22:
―I am very sensible, madam‖ he continued, ― of the hardship to my fair cousin,
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and could say much on the subject, but that I am cautious of appearing forward and precipate. But I assure the young ladies that I come to prepare to admire them. At present I will not say more, but perhaps when we are better acquinted…‖ he was interruprted by a summons to dinner.
This long unterrance is made by Mr.collins when he visits the Bennet and intends to select a wife from his cousins. However, everybody is tired of his awesome expressions. It demonstrates Mr.Collins‘s characteristics— a hypocractic person.
4.2.4.3 Being Incomplete and Using Ellipsis
Incomplete and elliptical utterance violates the Manner maxim as well as the Quantity maxim. It leaves the FTA and the face damage unfinished and the implicature undetermined.
Example 23:
―Do not make yourself uneasy, my love. Wherever you and Jane are known, you must be respected and valued; and you will not appear to less advantage for having a couple of－or, I may, three－very silly sisters. We shall have no peace at Longbourn if Lydia does not go to Brighton. Let her go, then. Colonel Forster is a sensible man, and will keep her out of any real mischief; and she is luckily too poor to be an object of prey to anybody[…].‖
This utterance is made by Mr.Bennet when Elizabeth complains about Lydia‘s misbehavior and begs her father to prevent Lydia from going to Brighton where officers are going to stay. Elizabeth worries that Lydia's imprudent manner and flirtation with the officers will bring disgrace to the whole family. Mr.Bennet tries comforts her. He mentions ―a couple of‖, which is incomplete. Actually he refers to himself and Mrs.Bennet. It is easy to deduce the implicature that they are not sensible and qualified couple who may sometimes disgrace Elizabeth and Jane. The employment of being incomplete safeguards Mr.Bennet's esteem.
4.3 Summary
In this chapter, several examples are listed and examined from the approach of
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Grice's CP and Brown and Levinson's politeness theory. It illustrates how the cooperative principles are violated thus conversational implicature is derived and the reasons behind the violations.
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Chapter 5 Conclusion
5.1 General Summary—Major Findings of the Study
Having made a comprehensive review of the historical criticisms on Jane Austen‘s greatest novel Pride and Prejudice, this thesis finds it necessary and significant to study the violations of cooperative principles and their conversational implicature systematically by using the theories of Grice's CP and the related conversational maxims and Brown and Levinson's politeness theory.
Grice's CP observes a set of rules which people are supposed to obey in ordinary conversation. But actually certain conversational maxims are breached in conversational interactions.
Though Grice's theory of implicature is capable of illustrating the relation between the utterance meaning and the implied meaning, it is inept at clarifying why people are often indirect in conveying what they mean. Brown and Levinson also take politeness as a pragmatic phenomenon and strategy to realize conversational goals.
After the theoretical elaboration is the case analysis. Severals conversations together with utterance is selected. They are classified into different categories in accordance with the violation of cooperative principles. It illustrate how and why the maxims are violated and conversational implicature is generated. Characters try to accomplish their conversational goals by means of violation.
5.2 Contributions of the study
This thesis provides a general description about Grice's CP and conversational maxims and Brown and Levinson's politeness strategies.They all serve forthe analysis of conversational implicature and interpretation. Grice's CP is exploited to explain how the implicature is generated and interpreted. Brown and Levinson's strategies is utilized to clarify why people are indirect in conveying their real intention and people in exchanges can do the FTA indirectly.
In practice, if people observe Grice's CP and conversational maxims, they may
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conduct efficient and smooth conversation. From a social point of view ,the politeness strategies formulated by Brown and Levinson can be employed to maintain the stable and harmonious relationship in human interaction. The face damage can be done indirectly and apparent conflict or argument can be avoided.
5.3 Limitations of the Study
This thesis only observe dialogues in Pride and Prejudice from normal view, regardless of social rank and power, which are also a great aspects in analysing people‘s communications. Being an ever-lasting great literary classic, Pride and Prejudice provides sufficient materials for further research from the perspective of pragmatics.
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References
[1] Austin, J. Pride and Prejudice[M]. Beijing: Central Translation Publishing
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[2] Brown, P. and Levinson,S. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage.
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[3] Levinson, S.C. Pragmatic[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and
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Acknowledgements
At the moment I‘ve finished my paper, I have many thanks to express.
My special gratitude goes to Professor Zhao Yingling, my paper writing teacher, for her excellent teaching skills and valuable suggestions in choosing the topic. Without her patient teaching and guidance, I could not have completed my paper so smoothly.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the respectable teachers of School of Foreign Languages, Northeast Normal University, who have ever taught and enhance my English standard, especially for Professor Lin Li, who guided into the grandhall of literature.
I wish to express my sincere appreciation for the use of quotations, extracts and adaptations of copyright materials listed in my references.
I also want to express my heartfelt thanks to my dormmates for their encouragement, support.
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