《傲慢与偏见》中女性话语的言语行为理论分析

时间:2024.5.8

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第二篇:《傲慢与偏见》中的反讽:言语行为理论视角


东北师范大学

硕士学位论文

《傲慢与偏见》中的反讽:言语行为理论视角

姓名:陈婷

申请学位级别:硕士

专业:外国语言学及应用语言学

指导教师:张绍杰

20080501

摘要

本文以语用学中的言语行为理论为理论基础,就简?奥斯汀《傲慢与偏见》中的显著特色一反讽的使用进行了详尽的分析。

本文回顾了从文学和语言学角度分析反讽的理论研究,详细阐述了反讽与言语行为理论之间的关联,回顾了关于简?奥斯汀的反讽艺术及其在《傲慢与偏见》中的运用的文学研究和批评,最后本文就《傲慢与偏见》中的反讽运用进行了言语行为理论视角的个案研究。

随着语用学的发展,许多核心的语用理论都已被成功的运用于文学批评,从而产生了一门新的交叉学科一文学语用学,而言语行为理论则是该学科的主要理论,并且已得到广泛的运用。

反讽是奥斯汀《傲慢与偏见》一书中最显著的特色。然而,纵观文学领域的奥斯汀研究,先前的学者们在评论《傲慢与偏见》中的反讽艺术时,仅仅将目光聚焦在作者本身或作品的思想性、文学性方面。既然奥斯汀花费了如此多的时间来提炼她的语言,我们在研究她的作品时就不应忽视其语言技巧。

鉴于以上几点,本文运用Austin和Searle的言语行为理论对简?奥斯汀《傲慢与偏见》中的反讽进行了个案研究,以求验证语用理论,特别是言语行为理论,在文学研究方面的可行性。

关键词:言语行为理论反讽简?奥斯汀《傲慢与偏见》II

Abstract

Thisthesisisintendedtomakeironyin

detailedanalysisofthedominantfeature—

Jane

Austen’sPrideand

P吲udice

withintheframeworkofSpeechAct

Theoryinpragmatics.

Itreviewsapproachestoironyinbothliterary

andlinguisticfields,elaboratesthe

criticism

connectionsbetweenironyandspeechacttheory,presentspreviousliterary

on

J趾e

Austen,SiionyinPrideandP耐udice,and

finally

makes

acase

analysisof

thefeatureinthefictionfromtheperspectiveofspeechacttheory.

Withthedevelopment

ofpragmatics,manyofits

core

theorieshavefound

successfulapplicationinliterarycriticism,thusemerged

standsas

LiteraryPragmatics,inwhichspeechacttheorywide

newinterdiscipline—

dominanttheoryandhasa

rangeofapplication.

Ironvis

the

most

outstanding

characteristicinAusten’SnovelPride

on

and

or

Pre{udice.However,inliterarystudies,previousscholarsonlyfocus

theauthor

id∞logical

contentintheircriticsofironyinPrideand

SO

Pr自udice.Sincethe

have

noreason

novelist

herselfinvestedher

muchtime

on

refiningherlanguage,we

toneglect

language

techniqueinstudy.

on

Inviewoftheabove,thisdissertationdrawstheoryinthecaseanalysisofironyin

Austin

and

Searle’Sspeech

act

Jane

Austen’sPrideand

act

Prejudice,toaffirm

the

feasibilityofapplyingpragmatictheories,speech

studies.

theoryinparticular,inliterary

Keywords:SpeechActTheory

irony

Jane

Austcn

PrideandPrejudice

独创性声明

本人郑重声明:所提交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。据我所知,除了特另tlDn以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本人的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中作了明确的说明。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。

学位论文作者签名:日期:加哆.6.8

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学位论文作者签名:

日期:指导教师签名:Et亏乞锄声,≯期:7卯彦.石.彦

学位论文作者毕业后去向:

工作单位:

通讯地址:电话:邮编:

Acknowledgements

Thecompletionofthisthesiscouldneverhavebeenpossiblewithoutthehelpofmyteachers,myfriendsandmyfamily.

Firstandforemost,1wouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorZhangShaojie.Withouthisenlighteninginstruction,stimulatingcommentsandinsightfulguidance,thisthesiscouldneverhavecomeintothewesemversion.Hisencouragementandadvicealealwaystherewheninneed.ProfessorZhangalsopouredconsiderabletimeandenergyinreadingandrevisingmydraftspatientlyandconscientiously.

IWOuldliketogivemyspecialthankstoalltheteachersintheSchoolofForeignLan星皿ages,NortheastNormalUniversity.TothemIowemuchofknowledge,whichlaysagoodfoundationofmythesis.

AtlaSt.1wouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoallmyfriendsandmyfamilywhohavehelpedmegreatlyinmystudyandhavegivenmetimelyencouragement?

傲慢与偏见中的反讽言语行为理论视角

傲慢与偏见中的反讽言语行为理论视角

-——————————————————-————————————————————————————————————一东北师范大学硕士学位论文

(d)Socratickony.

(http://www.bartleby.com/61/61/10236100.html)

4.Webster(1913):

(a)Dissimulation;ignorancefeignedforthepurposeofconfoundingorprovokingallantagonist;

(b)Asortofhumor,ridicule,orlightsarcasm,whichadoptsamodeofspeechthemeaningofwhichiscontrarytotheliteralsenseofthewords.

(http://www.hydroponicsearch.com/spelling/simplesearch.php)

Alltheabovedefinitionsattempttodescribethenatureofironyfrombothformandfunction.Andthefirstthreedictionariesgivequite

coveracomprehensiveviewofirony,allexplainedthesmcetheyalmost

wordnoteverypossibleaspectsoftheword,andtheyonlyfromthelinguisticperspectivebutalsohavetakentheliteraryperspectiveintoconsideration.However,theabovedefinitionsallhaveshortcomings.Noneofthemprovideaneffectivewaytoidentifyironyfromnon.irony.

toTherearemanykindsofclassificationsofironyaccordingdifferentstandards.

Themost

(sometimescommondistinctionofironyinliteraryandrhetoricalareasisbetweencalledrhetoricalverbalirony(alsoirony),dramaticironyandcosmicironycalledsituationalirony).Beingthemoststraightforwardkindofirony,

orverbalironyisparticularlyemployedformepurposeofridicule,mockerycontempt.

Sometimes,verbalironyisalsocalledsarcasm,wherethespeakerintentionallyexpressestheoppositeofwhathebelieves,andexpectstheaudiencetorecognizethedissembling.Indramaticirony,usuallyitistheaudiencethatbecomesawareofthecontradictionintheplotwhilethecharactersthemselvesarequiteunconsciousofthe

orclue.Eithertheaudiencealreadyknowsmorethanthecharactersotherelementsof

totheplayshowthediscrepancy.Cosmicironysuggeststheuniverse’Sindifference

theeffortsofman.Being

theresultsofthingsignorantofhumanbeings’desires,Godortheuniverseturnsoutofpeople’Sexpectations.

The

Andheabovekindofclassificationisalsoacceptedintoverbalironyandadoptedbysomelinguists.ironyandironyoffate.irony,directiveHaverkate(1990)dividesironyfurthercategorizedirony,dramaticintoassertiveverbalirony,commissiveirony

classificationin

inandexpressiveirony.Ofcourse,therearemanyotherwaysofwhateverclassificationitmaybe,thebasicdistinctionlinguistics.Butlinguisticsisnaturallymadebetweenverbalironyandsituationalirony.Sincelinguisticsisbasicallythescientificstudyoflanguage,thelanguagephenomenon—verbalironyiSdefinitelyitsfocus.3

傲慢与偏见中的反讽言语行为理论视角

傲慢与偏见中的反讽言语行为理论视角

dealtwithintheframeworkofpragmatics,andheembarkedspecificrequirements

on

findingout“which

tobe

moregeneralpragmatictheorymustfulfillinorder

successfullyappliedinthestudyof

literature”(ibid:25).Hesuggestswe‘'treat

literature’itself

asa

conditions’’

specificspeechactwithitsownappropriateness

(ibid:36).Furthermore,VanDijk

distinguishedthe‘'macrospeechacts’’and‘‘micro

second

speechacts”inliteraryworks,‘'thefirstdeterminethewholediscourse,the

merelycharacterizingtheindividualof‘‘literature”,or

speech

sentencesofthediscourse”,andtheconception

asa

literarygenre,wasalsoemphasizedtobetaken

distinctmacro

act(ibid:36).

InToward

reasons

SpeechActTheoryofLiteraryDiscourse,Mary

no

Louise

Pratt(1977)

theories

literarydiscourseandordinarylanguagehold

adoptedto

analyzenatural

discrepancy,andthe

which

are

languageCanbewellappliedintoliterary

criticism:

Thereis

no

valid

reasonto

assanlethatlanguagestopsbeingitselfwhenit

enters

literarywork...itisbothpossible

US

and

necessarytodevelop

unifiedtheoryof

use

discoursewhichallows

totalkaboutliterature

inthesametermswe

totalk

aboutalltheotherthingspeopledowithlanguage.

(Pratt,1977:vii)

Prattabout

argues

thatAustinandSearle’Sspeechacttheoryprovides

notonlyin

wayoftalking

utterances

ofthe

terms

oftheirsurfacegrammaticalpropertiesbutalsoin

ale

terms

contextin

whichthey

made,theintentions,attitudesandexpectations

oftheparticipants,andtherelationshipsexistingbetweenapplyingspeechacttheorytospecificliterary

participants.Thus,by

dialogues,wecan

texts,especially

revealthethemeoftheliterarytexts,thewriter’Sattitudetowardthecharactershe/she

Reates,thecharacteristicsthem.

and

fateofthecharacters

andtherelationshipbetween

neaforementionedtheoriesandstudiesseriouslychallengedthetraditional

pointsofviewofAustinandSearle,whobothexcludedliterarydiscoursefromthe

study

on

speech

acttheory,takentheliterarydiscourseaspurelyfictional.

asone

Nowadays,theapplicationoflinguisticsintoliteraturestands

ofthemost

activeandoriginalfieldsinliteraryresearch.Nevertheless,inactualtextonlystudy

aspecific

on

analysis,

dramaandpoetry

Canfindthiskindofapplication.Fewpeopleexplored

literarywork,especiallynovels,fromtheperspectiveofspeechacttheory.

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

1.4TheoreticalFramework,LanguageDataandThesis

Organization

Concludedfromtheabovesections,thisthesisattemptstoadoptspeechacttheoryandmake

inPrideandaqualitativecaseanalysisofJaneAusten’Sdominantfeature—ironyPrejudice,aimingtofindconvincingillustrationswithspeechacttheory

actastheframework,affirmingthattheapplicationofspeech

criticismandappreciationhas

feasible.

BasedonatheoryinliteraryispracticalandsolidtheoreticalfoundationandAustinandSearle’Sspeechacttheory(detailedaccountinpart3),Van

fromDijk’Sdistinctionofmacroandmicrospeechacts,andHaverkate’Sfourtypesofanverbalirony(see3.2),thethesiswillanalyzetheironyinPride

bothmacroP嘲udiceandmicroperspectives,sixsubcategoriesindetail.

Alltheexamplesinthecase

TheyareanalysisareselectedfromPrideandPrejudice。alltypicallyironicinnature.

Thepaperconsistsofsixparts.

PartOnepresentsabriefintroductiontothethesistopic——irony,thetargetedlanguagedata—JaneAustenjSPrideandPr自udice,researchmethodologyandtheorganizationofthethesis.

PartTwoisdevotedtoliterature

begivenspecificaccountin

PartThreemakesareview.Thedisciplines.ondifferentapproachestoironyaretorelevantfour-foldanalysistherelationshipbetweenspeechacttheoryandirony.

aPartFourmakessurveyofJaneAusten’Sironyandthelanguagephenomenain

PrideandPrejudiceintheliterarystudies。

PartFiveisthecaseanalysisofironyinPrideandPrejudicewithinthetheoreticalframeworkofspeechacttheory.

PartSixistheconclusion.Ageneralsummaryismadepossibletheoreticalandwillbefollowedbyandpracticalsignificanceofthethesis,togetherwithlimitationsandsuggestionsforfurtherresearchefforts.7

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

2.DifferentApproachestoIrony

2.1

Etymology,Historical

Irony

DevelopmentandLiterary

Accountof

Theterm‘‘irony’’rootedinthecharacter‘‘eiron’’in

Greekcomedy.Beingand

humbleandcraftyunderdog,“eiron'’defeatsthe“alazon”fromtime

to

stupid

boastfhlcharacter

timebyusinghis

wit.The

Greek

word“eironeia”,meaning

one

toSocratesby

“irony”.firstappearedinPlato’SRepublic.“Eironeia'’wasapplied

ofhisvictims.Itrefers

tothoseunderstatementsinthe

nature

ofdissimulationin

particular.(Gooch,1987:95)

The

analyzed

attractedSocrates.He

specialcharacterofironyinancientGreekplays

it

as

the

one

pretendingtobe

ignorantandwithoutknowledge,while

constantly

attheend.

tryingtogainknowledgethroughothers,butinevitablefailing

Heobservedthatironydenoted

Then

hefoundthatsome

discrepancybetweenappearanceandthereality.

utterancesindailyhumancommunicationsharedthenature

aSa

ofirony.Therefore.heviewedironythiswayofspeech

asa

particularformofconversation,andadopted

dialecticmethodinhisownconversation.Socratesoftenasked

hisinterlocutorsseeminglyinnocuousandnaivequestions,bywhichheexposedthe

vanity

or

illogicalityofthe

interlocutor’Sproposition

andfinally

undermined

the

interlocutor’Scase.Theironyentertainedthoseonlookerswho

knew

thatSocratesWas

muchwiserthanhelethimselftobe

on

thesurfaceandwhomightperceiveslightly

in

SO

advancethedirectionthatthose“naive”questionswouldtake.SuchironyWasespecially

andnotablyoccurredinSocratesconversationthatitbecame

tobe

known

aS“Socraticirony”.Thiswastheinitialstageofirony,meaning“feignedignorance”.

inthetraditionalwesternculture

(DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas,volume

2:627.634;金慧敏,2006:8—9)

enjoys

ofthemtalked

Theaestheticstatusandvalue

thatirony

Can

bedatedbacktoAristotleandAristotledidnotthinkthat

Quintilian.Both

lotaboutirony.

personcouldbetotallymockeryunlesstheperson

to

Wasacting

aS

anotherin

play,whichmadePlato’Sideasseemimpossible

him.He

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

alsoattributedtheelementofdualitytoirony,describingitpraiseby

as

blamebypraise

or

blame.This

dichotomyofironyiswidelyacknowledgedbycontemporary

as

scholarsandresearchers,whoturntoshowmoreinterestindescribingirony

blame

bypraisesinceinpracticalapplicationofironythefrequencyofthepraisebyblame

casesisquitelow.

InAristotle’SclassicalworkRhetoric,therhetoricmastermadebetweenirony

comparison

and

parody.Heconcludedthatthe

on

use

ofironyincarnated

use

gentleman

demeanorandWasexquisite,while

ofananticandWasflattering

theother

hand,theofparodywasthetrick

andfescennine.Theaestheticmoodandcompetenceof

detectingwriters’intentionsthroughtheirfeint

language

couldonlybepossessedby

as

gentlemen.Obviously,Aristotlefavoredirony.Hesawit

whichtheironistsamusethemselves

nobleform

ofjesting,in

type

and

notnecessarilyother

participants.This

ofcaballerostylethatAristotleadvocatedhasbeenpasseddownsincethen.(金慧敏,

2006:9;DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas,volume

2:627—634)

Quintilian,the

Aristotle,gave

great

Roman

rhetoricianwholivedaround300yearslater

torhetorical

than

moregeneral

other

sense

irony.Observingthattheironist

intends

to

convey

than

whathe

actually

says,Quintilian

terms

irony

as

“diversiloquium’’or“the

use

ofexpressionscontrarytothethoughtofthespeaker”.In

irony,Quintilianmaintains

atthe

thatthe

speaker

states

theoppositeofwhathemeansand

one

sametimecommunicates

as

thatthestatedmessageWasnotthe

actually

intended.Heviewedirony

theincongruitybetweenliteralandfigurativemeanings,

namely,condemnationisexpressedcondemnation.The

by

sense

throughpraise,whilepraiseisconveyedthrough

use

ofindirectionthatmarksthe

ofironyiSnicelycaptured

Quintilian’Sviewpoint,buthisviewpointalsobearsinadequacyinthatverbal

indirectionalsocharacterizesthe

indirection

is

substantial

number

and

ofnon—ironicphenomena,inwhich

communicated

implicitly—metaphor,synecdoche,puns,

SOon.

conversationalimplicature,presupposition

Quintilian

alsodistinguishedironyintotwodifferentcategories:ironyas

trope

inwhichtheoppositeofthespeaker’Sthoughtextendedonlyto

fewwordsin

language;and

irony

asa

figureofthoughtinwhichtheoppositeofthe

or

speaker’S

thought

extended

toa

wholepassagediscourse,andtheirony

servesas

disguise

ofthespeaker’Swholemeaninginthediscourse.(DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas,

volume2:627—634)

“Ironia'’isthetermforironyinLatin,andthe

meaning

intent

ofthewordturnedintoin

the

simplylyingby

concealmentof

true

language

——

东北师范大学硕士学位论文——————————————————————————∑|_二二二-二_二二=::

(http://sc.tri-bit.corn/Irony).

Itwasnotuntil1502that

ironyWaSfirstmentionedinEnglishaS“yronVe”,

m船mngtheway

mailsays

or

one

andgivestounderstandthe

contrary.In

Europe,for

tWOnundredyears

moreironyWasregardedmainlyas

use

figureofspeech.The

tem

“irony”didnotcomeintogeneraluntil

lateinthe17tllcentury,orearlvinthel8tIl

century?Butinthisperiod,irony,asbeginningtoattain

modeofthinking,feelingandexpression,waS

highdegreeofmaturity.Alargenumberofdistinguishedwriters

1ncludingShakespeare,Dryden,Defoe,Swiftbeginningofthe

20th

century,the

word

and

Popehadusedironyadeptly.Bythe

new

corulotationsin

ofironv

“irony”obtained

Germany.Germanromantic

lay

in

criticsheldtheviewthatthe

contradictorynature

thecontradictorynatureoftheworld

in

and

peopleneeded

corresponding

attitude

perceivingtheworldasitWas.The

asense

term“irony”has

beenincreasinglvused

aIl

inthe20“1centurytodescribe

ofdetachment—anattitudeofmindheldbv

scene

obseⅣer

or

speakerwhenhedissociateshimselffromthe

andviews

everything

impartially.(DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas,volu】me2:627.6341

Now,theword“irony”isusuallyunderstoodinmeanlng

varies

varietyofirony

ways觚dits

become

aIl

from

person

to

person.The

study

of

has

Interdisciplinaryinterest.Thefollowingsectionwillgivestudies

on

surveyofthediversified

ironywithinthelinguisticsrealm.

2.2LinguisticAccountof

Irony

Thedevelopmentof

ironyinhistorytookquiteand

longtime.BesidesphilosopherS

rhetoricians,linguists

also

paidgreatattentionto

this‘'trope”.Aspreviouslv

n{ltIJrally,verbal

stated,linguisticsisbasicallythescientificstudyof

language.Thus

ironybecomesitsfocus.Thelinguisticaccountofironyreviewedinthissectionis

comprisedofthreemajorstreamsofstudies:thepragmaticapproaches,thecogIlitiveapproachesandthepsycholinguisticapproach.

2.2?1PragmaticApproachesto

Irony

2.2?1?1TheStandard

PragmaticApproach

Theclassicalviewof

ironyadoptedbymodernpragmatistsassumesthatironyis

special

form

oflanguageuse,bywhichwhatis

said(sentencemeaning)is

usedt0

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

communicatewhatisunsaid(speaker’Smeaning).Andtheveryfirstpragmaticview

ofironyistakenby

Grice(1975,1978).According

involved.nle

to

Griee,language

use

requiresthe

cooperationofthetwoparties

speakershouldgive

cluesofhis

communicativeintention

tofour

to

hishearer.Tobecooperative,thespeakershouldconform

maxims:(a)He

or

shouldprovideadequateamountof

information

thatitwill

not

betoolittletoo

muchin

given

situation;(b)Thismust

be

information

deliverthe

mustbetrue,in

be

concordwithwhathebelieves,andit

verifiable;(c)Theinformationmust

relevant

concise

tothetopicbeingdiscussed;and(d)Hemust

manner.T11espeaker

information

in

and

unambiguous

coherent

conforming

as

tothese

requirements

toachieve

guarantees

andstraightforwarddiscourse.However,sometimes

specialeffects,thespeakermayovertlyfloutthemaxims,SOdetecttheviolation

toenablehishearer

to

and

identifyhiscommunicativeintention.Thecooperativehearer

oven

alertedbythehint—theintention

violationofthemaxim—identifiesthe

speaker’S

and

figuresouthisintended

meaning(termed‘‘conversational

oftheaboveconversational

implicature’’

byGrice).

Gricelistsironydemonstrateshow

as

anexample

implicature,and

one

Can

accountforirony

as

caseoffloutingtheCooperative

Principle(CPfor

short

text)by

violatingthemaximof

quality(Grice,1975:34).At

firstsight,hispragmaticapproachtoironylooksmorepromisingapproaches.Buthisbriefaccountof

than

the

traditional

figurativelanguage(1975:53;1978:123-5)iS

reanalyze

thenotionof

verymuchintheclassicalrhetoricaltradition.Heattemptstofigurative

meaning

intermsofhiscategoryofconversationalimplicature.Thus,for

him,ironicutterancesconversationallyimplicate,ratherthanfigurativelymean,the

Grice’Sview,when

speakersays

contradictoryofwhatthey

literallysay.In

somethingwhichwouldovertlyviolatethemaximoftruthfulness,thatiSthemaxim

of

quality(Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobe

on

false),thehearerwillassumethat

willtryto

recover

the

maximisbeingobserved

propositionas

anotherlevel,and

which

somerelated

animplicature

speaker

observingthemaximmighthave

wanted

to

convey.Below,for

example,is

typical

and

classical

instance

ofironical

utterance

XiS

thatGriceusedwherethefirst

maxim

ofqualityisviolated:

finefriend.

oven

Griceregardsthe

violationofthemaximofquality

atthelevelof“whatis

case

said”(sentencemeaning)as

intheaboveclose

crucialtotheinterpretationofirony.Fortheofirony

on

example,Grice

betrayed

describes

situationinwhichX,withwhomAis

terms,has

secretofA'stoabusinessrival.孵西enthe

utteranceabove

ll

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

iSfalse.whichApresumestobeobvioustotheaudience,AiStakentotry“toget

across

someotherpropositionthanthe

one

hepurportstobeputtingforward...the

one

mostobviouslyrelatedpropositionisthecontradictoryofthe

putting“It’S

hepurportstobe

forward”(Grice,1975:34).According

tothispointview,theironic

utterance

lovelydayforpicnic(Theygofor

picnic

and

it

rains),”andthelike,should

notalovelyday

implicatethecontradictoryoftheirliteralmeanings,namely,it’S

for

aboveutteranceinfact

picnic,etc.Thisprediction,however,isnotproper.The

means

lovely

theopposite,notthecontradictory,ofitsliteralmeaning.Forinstance,“It’S

dayfor

picnic”initsironic

use

istakentoimplythatit’S

ratherawfuldayfor

picnic.

Comparedwiththetraditionalsemanticapproaches,Gl-ice’Sapproach

of

radicallypragmatic:theappropriateinterpretation

to

an

toironyis

ironical

utterance

isassumed

to

consistonly

ofconversational

implicatures,logically

torelieve

derived

according

pragmaticpattemsofinference.Hisproposalseems

semantic

theoryofthe

all

problemsofdefiningfigurativemeaningandderivingthefigurativemeaningfrom

utterance.Theseproblems,however,are

not

simplysolvedbytransferringthemfrom

thesemanticdomaintothepragmaticdomain.Inreality,Grice’SdeparturefromthetraditionalaccountofironyiSnotwhatthespeakerof

an

radicalone.ItiSbased

on

the

salTle

assumption:

ironical

utterance

intends

togetacross

istheoppositeofwhat

hehasliterallysaid.BothapproachesasSUlllethatwhentheliteralinterpretationis

improper,theappropriatefigurativeinterpretationsomehowcomes

to

thehearer’S

shouldbe

mind.Therefore.Grice

fromliteralmeaning

also

failstoexplainwhy

an

ironical

utterance

preferredtoitsliteralcounterpartandfailsto

toconversational

make

explicithowexactlythemove

implicatureismadeinthecaseofirony.

Grice’Saccountalsoflawsinthefactthattheviolationofothermaximsshowntotriggerironyaswell,asshownbySperber

Can

be

andWilson(1981)inthecaseof

understatement.Forexample,twopeoplearecaughtin

says,“Itseemstobe

downpour,and

one

ofthem

raining”(SperberandWilson,198

1:300).Inthiscase,Sperber

andWilson

pointoutthatthe

no

speaker

doesnotsaytheoppositeofwhathe

means,

onlyless.Thereseemstobe

doubtthattheexampledoesnotviolatethe

maximof

quality,butonlythemaximofrelevance(whatiSsaidiSobvious,hence

irrelevant)or

quantity(thespeakerisnotsaying

hasalso

enough).

Kaufer(1981:500.11

shownthattheviolationofanyofthemaxims

breachof

Can

beironical.Ironymayinvolve‘‘friends

are

no

maximaswell,aSintheexample

alwaystherewhentheyneedyou”.Thissentencefollowsall

fourmaxims

oftheca,butiSironical“becauseofitssloganthatconveys

weanobviouscontrastwithamuchmorecommonattitudediametricallyopposed”(Kaufer,1981:502).Therefore,acanconcludethatGrice’Stheoryistoorestrictedtogivefullexplanation.Theviolationofonemaximofqualityisnotsufficientforthecreationofirony.

GiorapointsoutanotherflawofGdce’Sapproach.InGrice’Smodel,thefirstmeaningofanironyisdiscardedandhencenolongeravailable(Giora,1995:241).

ofironyisnotsuppressedWhileonthecontrary,Gioraarguesthat,theliteralmeaning

andreplacedbytheironicmeaning.Someaspectsoftheliteralmeaningofironyareactuallyretainedandusedfort11eprocessingoftheimplicatedironicmeaning(ibid:240.1).

2.2.1.2Leech’SAccountofIrony

GLeechalsoagreeswithGrieeattainedbytakingtheformofatosomedegree.Hethinksthatironymaybeabreachofthequantitymaxim,ormoreoftenofbreachofthequalitymaxim.Inaddition,hehasputforwardtheIronyshorttext)whichtakesitsplacealongsidetheCPshortPrinciple(IPforandthePolitenessPrinciple(PPfortext)in

astheinterpersonalrhetoric.Accordingtohim,theIPCanbegenerallystatedfollows:

Ifyoumustcauseoffense,atleastdoSOinawaywhichdoesn’tovertlyconflict

remark、)l,iththePP,butallowsthehearertoarriveattheoffensivepointofyour

indirectly,bywayofimplicature.

(Leech,1983:82)

Let’Sconsiderthefollowingexample:A:We’1lallmissBillandLisa,won’twe?

Bill.B:Well,we’11allmiss

konytypicallytakestheAccordingtotheIP,wethecanformofbeingtooobviouslypolitefortheoccasion?utteranceininterpretthisironicalthisway:whatBsaysinBreallyexampleispolitetoAandisclearlynottrue.Therefore,whatmeansisimpolitetoAandtrue.Inthecase,BonlyconfirmspartofA'sopinionandviolatesthe

whilewithoutbeingoffended,Afiguresoutquantitymaxim.Alertedbythisviolation

theintendedmeaning,thatis,Lisaisnotanicepersonandwillnotbemissedbyother

added“butnotLisa'’inordertoobservethepeoplebesideshimself.IfBMaximof

Quantity,thenBwouldbeimpolite.Obviously,B’Sindirectreplyismotivatedby

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

politeness.

InLeech’Sview,theIP

polite.Inbeingpolite,acanmakethespeakerbeimpolitewhileseemingatobespeakerisoftenfacedwithclashbetweentheCPandthePP.Thespeakerhastochoosehowto“tradeoff,’oneagainsttheother.Butinbeingironic,aspeakerexploitsthePPinordertoupholdtheCP.The

aspeakerovervaluesthePP,SOheovertlybreaksmaximoftheCPinordertosticktothePP.Butthespeakeronly

breakstheCPonthesurface.ultimatelyhestillobservesit.ToquoteLeech:“We’reironicatsomeone’Sexpense,scoringoffothersbypolitenessthatisobviouslyinsincere,asasubstitutefor

orimpoliteness”(Leech,1983"142).LeechutterancesasaseesthatthereiSinsincerity,morelessobvious.inironical

theresultofthebreachoftheMaximofQualityorMaximofQuantity.Forexample:(1)Withfriends

(2)Billwantedlikehim,whoneedenemies?thatnewslikehe

ofwantedaholeinthehead.In(1)and(2),theMaxim

directQualityisviolatedbyimplicatureratherthanbystatement.Utterance(1)purports

atoexpressabeliefthatenemiesareagoodthing.Utterance(2)presents

onesimilarlyfavorableviewofholesinthehead.Ineitherofthesetwoutterances,thespeakerappearstomakeaninnocentassumptionwhichisapparentlyuntrue,andbythatmeansimplicatesthattheoppositeassumption,whichiSimpolite,iStrue(Leech,l983:142—3).2.2.2CognitiveApproachestoIrony

Mostformsofironyinvolvetheperceptionorawarenessof

actionsadiscrepancyorincongruitybetweenwords

betweenappearanceandtheirmeanings,orbetweenandtheirresults,orlinguistsargueandreality(Cuddon,1998:430).Modemcognitive

majorthatironyisoneofthefigurativemodeswherebypeopleconceptualizetheir

experience,and

thjIlkironically.ouruseandunderstandingofironyaremotivatedbythefactthatwe

2.2.2.1Relevance-basedEchoicMentionTheoryofIrony

Sperberand

accountWilsonpointoutthatGrice’Snotbreachtheclassicalpragmaticviewcannotforironiesthatdotruthfulnessrequirement(MaximofQuality).

aMoreover,theclassicalview,theyclaim,doesnotexplainwhyspeaker,whoCan

expresshisintendedmessagedirectly,shouldchoose,instead,toconveyitindirectly

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

bysayingtheoppositeofwhathemeans.Asinsight,Sperberandthekeyto

an

attempt

todevelopGdce’Sbasic

Wilson

putforwardthe

RelevanceTheory(1986).Theyarguehumancognition.The

any

that

an

explanationof

humancommunication

generalviewof

liesinthenotionofrelevance,a

productionof

an

notionthatisgroundedin

utterance

isrelevance—governed,SOisthecognitionofit.In

contexLwe

have

to

assumethatwhatpeoplesayisrelevant.

Although

an

ironic

utterance

is

specialtypeofpragmaticphenomenon,its

as

understanding,justas

thatofcommon

discourse,Can

Sperber

wellbecopedwithwithinthe

thatironyis

frameworkofRelevance

Theory.Therefore

andWilsonclaim

typeofechoicutterance.whichiSusedtoindicatethespeaker’Sattitudetotheopinionechoed.Inotherwords,theyanalyzeironywhich

as“a

varietyofechoicinterpretiveuse,in

thecommunicator

or

dissociates

himselfforthe

opinion

echoedwith

accompanyingridicule

therelevanceof

an

scom”(SperberandWilson,1992:75).Theyutterance

alsoholdthat

ironic

iSassumedtolieeitherintheinformationthe

utterancegivesaboutthecontentoftheattributedthoughtorintheinformationitgives

aboutthe

speaker’Sattitudetowardstheattributedthought.

The

notionof‘‘echo’’Sperberand

covers

Wilson

use

inanalyzingironyis

technical

one.Thescopeit

isratherbroadanditgoesbeyondwhatwouldgenerallybe

cases

understoodbytheordinaryword“echo”.Itincludesnotonly

ofdirectand

immediateechoesofsomeone’Sutterance,butalsoechoesofattributed

general

thought.

norms,universal

desires

or

standardexpectations(SperberandWilson,

1998:1-2).

ForSperber

andWilson,all

verbalironyisnecessarilyechoic.“Verbalirony,we

argue,invariablyinvolvestheexpressionofanattitudeofechoes

disapproval…Thespeaker

thoughtsheattributestosomeoneelse,whiledissociatingherselffromit、Ⅳitll

anythingfrommildridiculetosavagescorn'’(SperberandWilson,1992:60).

However,theechoicmentiontheoryisstillincompleteforofirony.Sperberall

cases

comprehensiveview

andWilson’S

notionofechoicinterpretationistoonarrowtoexplain

ofirony.Forexample:

Terry:I'dbepromotedbeforeyou.

Peter:Thankyouforinformingmeofyourpricelessopinion.

According

toSperberand

Wilson(1992),anutterance

or

is

an

the

echoicinterpretation

extent

of,orinterpretivelyresembles,anotherthought

utterance

to

thatthesetwo

above

propositionssharelogicalandcontextual

implications.Hence,theexample

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

cannotbeanalyzedas

an

interpretiveechobecauseitdoesnotshareanyimplications

doesitsharethemwithanygeneralnorm

or

淅m

Terry’Spreceding

utterance,nor

universaldesire.

Anotherproblemisthatironyis

It

can

notnecessarilyassociatedwithridiculeorscorn.

alsobe

formofplayfulhumor.

Ithinkthewashinghasn’t

dried.(Said

ona

veryrainy

day)

(Giora,1995:246)

Being

acase

ofironyinthespecifiedweathercondition,theutterancemeans

‘'thewashingmustbesoakedthrough”witll

toneofhumor.

2.2.2.2ThePretenseTheoryofIrony

HavingdiscoveredthedeficienciesoftheinitialSperberironyasechoicmention,Clarkand

statesthatironyisin

andWilson’Smodel

of

Gerrig(1984)propose

pretensetheory,which

an

fact

formofpretense,with

speaker“pretendingtobe

injudiciouspersonspeakingto

an

uninitiated

audience”(ibid:25).Theirtheoryis

notableforitsattempttoshiftthefocusfromtheutterancetotheparticipants.

Clark

and

Gerrigbasetheirtheory

on

Grice

and

Fowler’S

suggestions(ibid:25).

“IronyisintimatelyconnectedwiththeexpressionofIcannotsaysomethingironicallyunlesswhatI

feeling,attitude,orevaluation.

say

isintendedtoreflect

or

hostile

or

derogatoryjudgment

ora

feelingsuch

aS

indignation

one

contempt.Tobeironicalis,

amongotherthings,topretend,andwhile

such,to

announce

wants

thepretensetoberecognized

as

it

asa

pretensewouldspoilthe

effect”(Grice,1978:124—5).Fowler

utterancethatpostulatesadouble

(1965,PP.305-306)also

audience,consistingof

saysthat“Ironyis

formof

one

partythathearingshallhear

and

shallnot

understand,and

anotherpartythat.whenmoreis

meantthan

meetstheear,isawarebothofthatmore

bedefined

as

and

oftheoutsider’S

incomprehension.【It]may

meaning

the

use

ofwords

intendedtoconvey

one

totheuninitiatedpartof

secret

theaudienceandanother

to

theinitiated,thedelightofitlyinginthethespeaker'’(ClarkandGerrig,1984:26).

intimacysetup

betweenthelatterand

BaseduponGrice’SandFowler’Spointsofview,ClarkandGerrigillustratetheir

pretensetheoryasfollows:“SupposeSisspeakingtoA,theprimaryaddressee,andto

A,,whomaybepresent

pretendingtobe

or

absent,real

or

imaginary.In

sayingis,in

or

speaking

way

or

ironically,Sis

S’speaking

to

A’.WhatS’is

one

another,patently

or

uninformed

such

as

or

injudicious,worthy

or

ofa‘hostile

derogatoryjudgment

feeling

to

indignationcontempt’(Grice,1978,P.124).A,,inignorance,isintended

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

missthispretense

totakeSasspeakingsincerely.But

A,aspartofthe‘innercircle’,

(to

use

Fowler’S

phrase),is

intendedtosee

everything—thepretense,S’S

injudiciousness,A'sS’andA,may

ofIn

ignorance,andhenceS'sattitudetowardS’,A,,and

whatS’said.

people

berecognizable

individuals(1ikethe

TVweather

forecaster)or

recognizabletypes(1ikeopportunisticpoliticians)”(ClarkandGerrig,1984:26—7).afewwords,ClarkandGerrig(1984)holdtheviewthatinbeingironic,aspeakeris

aninjudiciouspersonspeaking

to

pretendingtobe

an

uninitiatedaudience;the

speaker

see

intendstheaddresseeoftheironytodiscoverthepretensebyhimselfthespeaker’Sattitudetowardthe

and

thereby

injudicious

speaker,theuninitiatedaudience

andthe

utterance.

111erecentversionofpretensetheoryby

as

Clark(19961argues

person,the

thatironyisviewed

jointpretense.Ratherthanassuming

animaginary

joint

pretenseview

assumesanimaginarysituation,inwhichthespeakerofironyisperformingcommunicative

act

serious

to

directedattheaddressee.Bothactualparticipantsareintended

thesalientcontrastsbetweenthedemonstrated

‘‘mutuallyappreciate

andactual

situations”(Clark,1996:368).

Althoughmention

and

pretense

are

similarconcepts,mentionis,asClarkand

can

Gerrig

note,a

farmorerestrictedconceptthanpretense.Thus,pretensetheory

be

showntobeabletohandle

somecasesthatmentiontheorywouldhaveproblems

dealingwith;moreover’pretensetheory

Can

be

expandedeasilyto

cover

dramaticand

situationalirony(ClarkandGerrig,1984:28-9).Butthetheoryisinsufficientinthe

factthatitisonlyableto

handlecounterfactualstatements.Sometimes

atrue

assertion,

forexample,“Yousurelyknow

all

lot,’’Can

beusedquReironicallywhenaddressedto

all

eruditebutboastfulindividual.Inthiscase,thestatementiStrue,butitis

insincere

compliment.nletheory

alsofailstospecifythe

means

ofconveyingironic

implications.Furthermore,thepretense

ofironyinthatitCanbeapplied

theoryistoopowerfulfor

an

adequate

theory

toallindirectspeechacts.

2.2.3PsyeholinguistieApproachtoIrony—Giora’SGradedSalienceHypothesis

Animportantcontributiontothestudyofironycomesfrom

Giora(1995,1997,

Giora,FeinandSchwartz,1998).Similar

nature.Shealsothinksthatirony

to

Grice’S,Giora’Stheoryisdichotomicin

makestheaddresseeprocessthesurface

meaning

whilegeneratingtheimplicature.Butinherview,comprehensionofbothfigurativeandliterallanguageisgovemedby

moregeneralprincipleofsalience(Giora,

1997:184).

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

Giora’Sanalysiscomprisesoftwoparts,whichshepublishedrespectivelyin1995and1997:OnIronyandNegationandThegradedsaliencehypothesis.

Thenotion‘‘indirectnegation’’indicatesthatironyinvolvesthepresenceofboththeliteralandtheimpliedmeanings

Understandingfigurative

andliterallanguage:

and

thattherelationship

between

thetwoisthatof

non-explicitnegation.Thisdiffersfromthetraditionalaccountinthatitsuggeststhatironydoesnotnecessarilyimplicateitsoppositebutsometimesintermediatevalues

on

thenegatedspectrum.Accordingtotheindirectnegationview,theironist’Saimistodrawattentionto

failedexpectation——tosome

to

significant

disparitybetweenwhatis

said,whichwouldusuallyleadsomeexpectation—andwhatis.Insteadofcanceling

theindirectlynegatedmessageandreplacingit、Ⅳith

anotherone(Clarkand

Gerrig.

1984;Grice,1975),ironyinindirectnegationtheoryretainsboththeexplicit

and

implicatedmessages

surfacemeaning

of

SOan

thatthedifferencebetweenthemironic

maybecomputed.Theboth

theprocessing

and

utterance

isinvolved

in

implicatureofthe

or

utterance.Furthermore,the

implicatedmessageismoreattenuated

mitigatedthanthe‘oppositeofwhatissaid’(Giora,1995:261).

Theindirectnegationtheoryfurthersuggeststhatironyismore

difficult

to

processthanliteralironyhasonly

one

language.Itdepartsfromtheechoicview,whichassumesthat

one

interpretationandinvolvesprocessingonly

meaning,and

whichconcludesthatironyisaseasytounderstandasnon—ironiclanguage.

havepriorityin

The

thenthe

gradedsaliencehypothesisstatesthatmoresalient

utterance’S

meanings

interpretation,i.e.,thespeakerprocessesfirstthe

mostsalientmeaningand

others(Giora,1997:187).Here,salienceof

conventionality(i.e.,whether

word

or

utteranceiS

defined

asa

functionofits

wordhasthatmeaningbyconvention;

inotherwords,ifitislistedinthelexiconashavingthat

meaning),familiarity(e.g.

frequentlyused

or

freedomismore

familiar

thanliberty);frequency(i.e.more

meanings

aremoresalient),and“givennessstatus”in

certainlinguistic

non—linguistic

three

context(ibid:185).Giora’SargumentsCanbesummed

aspects:salientinterpretationhasunconditionalpriorityThemostsalientmeaningof

upinthefollowing

over

lesssalientinterpretation:

word

oran

utteranceisalwaysactivated;anovel

sequentialprocess,wherebythesalient

interpretationofasalientmeaninginvolves

meaningisrejectedastheintendedmeaningandreinterpreted.Themoresalientthereinterpretedlanguage,themoredifficultitisinterpretationmustbemoredifficult

toderive

to

reject

astheintendedmeaning;novel

and

itshouldrequiremore

and

different

to

contextual

supportforits

derivation(ibid:200).Theseassumptionsareapplicable

bothfigurativeandliterallanguage.Hence,thecaseofironicutte啪cesinducesmcsameapplication.

忱oramakes№principalclaimsinheranalysis:literalmeaningsshouldstillbe

activated;andir011icalinte印retatioIlsavailableafternon-literalmeaningshavebeen

aresalientthanliteralmeanings,hencetheyshouldtakelongertoprocess.SoaccordingtoGiora’stheory,weprocessanutteranceashavelesSfollows:1)salientmeaningspriority;2)novelmeanings

itasareinterpretedbyaccessingthesalientmeaningfirst,rejectingtheintendedmeaning,andreinterpreting;3)novel

rejectsmeaningsareharder幻process(ibid:186)?In

1nsteadpostulatesotherwords,Giorathepriodtyofliteralmeaningandthepriorityofsalientmeanings(ibid:197).Thus,sherejectsthetradltlonalandGriceaninterpretationsofirony,whichrenderliteralmealling趾

processingof‘absolutepriority,whileretainingthedouble-stagemodel,sinceher

innovativeironiesrequiresbacktrackingaIldreinte即retation.

19

3.

SpeechActTheoryandIrony

Theterm“speechact’’wasoriginallyindicativeofspecific

an

actofusinglanguageunder

circumstances

toachievesome

objective.Both

in

writtenandspoken

communication,speechactsareinvolved.Later,J.L.Austin

actandshapedtheSpeechAct

and

J.R.Searledid

systematicstudyonspeech

Theory.

workisin

TheOxfordphilosopherAustin’Spublishedposthumouslyas

1955lecturesatHarvardUniversitywere

How

to

toDoThingswithWords(1962).Austin’S

manyaspectsanopposition

language.He

sometraditionalandinfluentialattitudestoward

isusedforfarmore

thanmerely“stating”,

cannotbesaidtobe

oneor

argues

that

language

‘‘describing’’or‘‘illustrating’’and

eithertrue

or

thatforthemostpart

all

utterances

users

false.Bymaking

utterance,languageperform

more

socialacts,whicharecalledthespeaker’Sintendedspeechacts.Austinproposesthat

speech

an

actconsistsofthree

elements:thespeakersayssomething,thespeakersignals

thespeechact

causes

an

associated

speech

act,and

effect

on

thelisteners

or

participants.Thus

and

three—folddistinctionismadeamong

sense

locutionaryact,bywhich

rulesof

theactofsayingsomethingmakespronunciation

in

languagebyfollowingthe

grammar;anillocutionaryact,whichistheintendedactionbythe

concern

speakerand

isthemainofthe

linguists;and

perlocutionaryact,whichisthe

concerns

effector‘take-up’ofanillocutionaryact.However,speechacttheorymainlyillocutionaryacts.

AfterAustin’SoriginalexplorationofSAT,John

R.Searle(1969,1979)madethe

mostimportantelaborationsinhiswork

to

systematizetheapproach.Hismajor

contributionslieinthreeaspects.First,heallocatesthecentralplacetocommunicative

intentions,based

on

the

assumption

thatof

speakerhaswants,beliefs

andintentions

thatareindexedinthe

performanceutterances.Second,hedevelopstypologyof

occur

speechacts,whichforhimisrootedintherangeofillocutionaryverbsthat

given

in

language.His

on

thirdcontributionisthedevelopmentof

theoryofindirect

speechacts,basedtheobservationthatbyutteringwhatappearstobe

statement,

language

users

oftenindirectlyperform

an

illocutionary

act.

3.1IndirectSpeechActandIrony

AccordingtoSearle,if,in

utterancestotally

specificcontext,theliteralmeaningsofwords

or

conform

towhatthespeakerintendtoconvey,then

wecallthem

directspeechacts.Insuchcases,the

speakerintendsto

produce

certainillocutionary

effectbygettingthehearerto

recognizehisintentiontoproduceitinvirtueofthe

hearer’Sknowledgeoftherulesthatgovemthe

direct

speech

utterance

duringtheinteraction.For

acts,performative

verbsandthree

sentence

pattems——imperative

appliedtocarry

sentence,interrogativesentence

outacts

anddeclarativesentence——areoften

of“order”,“request”,“question”,and“smtement”.

However,muchofpeople’Sverbalcommunicationisexpressedinratherindirect

ways,creating

potentialobstacle

course

forthehearer.Often,thespeaker’Sutterance

meanmg

andthesentence

meaningcome印artinvariousways,thatiS,when

speakermeant

uttersasentence,anotherillocutionwithadifferent

propositionalcontentis

simultaneously.Such

an

utteranceistobesharply

distinguishedfromthe

iscalled

one

inwhich

thespeakerdirectlytellsthehearertheinferred

results,and

an

indirectspeech

act,“inwhich

one

illocutionaryactis

performed

indirectlybywayof

performing

speechforceand

another”(Searle,1979:60).In

acts

Searle’Sopinion,afullthe

understandingofindirect

concepts:literal

mustbe

precededby

knowledgeoftwo

illocutionaryforce.LiteralsyntaxofanSincethe

forcedenotestheliteralmeaningformedbywords

and

utterance.Illocutionaryforceisequaltothefunctionofillocutionaryact.

use

ofironyexpressessomethingotherthanand

especiallytheoppositeof

theliteralmeaning,ironicalspeechactsare

necessarilyindirectspeechacts.Itisthe

case

thatin

all

ironicalspeechacttwopropositions,whichmustconflict‘?P1≠P2”.are

one

predicatedopposition

or

ispredicated

and

theotherisnegation

implied.“[They]must

or

bein

formal

to【onean】otherthrough

as

throughsome

opposing

semantic

relationshipsuch

complemenmfity,antonymy,contradiction,orconverseness.Ifno

suchformallynegativerelationshipseemstoexistmustbe

between

P1andP2,thentherestill

very

discerniblebut

perhapsnon-polar

difference”(Amante,1981:82).

metaphor,does

not

Searlebelievesthat‘‘Itisimportantreqmreffnyconventions,extralinguistic

or

toseethatirony,like

otherwise.Theprinciplesofconversation

andthegeneralrulesfor

performingspeechactsaresufficienttoprovidethebasicprinciplesof

irony”(Searle,1979:113).On

this

account,an

ironicutteranceisalso

utteranceofan

indirect.The

speaker

primaryillocutionaryact(PIA)performedinthe

ironic

second

isbeingironical

andthespeaker

does

SO

bywayof

performing

21

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

illocutionaryact(SIA).AndtheSIAisperformedbywayofuttering

aasentencetheliteralmeaningofwhichissuchthatitsliteralutteranceconstitutes

thatillocutionaryact.Therefore,it

PIAisnon.1iteral.performanceofCanbesaidthatinirony,theSIAisliteralwhilethe

3.2InsincerityandIrony

IronyisabletopresentUS、析thadoubleperspectivethatinvokestwouncoordinatedworldscharacterizedbytheexpressionofdoubtwherethereshouldbecertainty,ortheexpressionofcertaintywherethereshouldbedoubt.Itsetsupexpectationsthatitsubsequentlyoverturns.Tobeironic,thespeakerwouldhavetosaysomethingtoinvokeanalternativeworldwherecertaintiesarenotSOcertain,andthusthesincerityofthespeakeriscalledintoquestion.

AccordingtoSearle,a

whichisdeveloped

condition,sincerityonwell—formedspeechandessential

areasactmustmeetfourfelicityconditions,thebasisofAustin’Sidea:propositionalcondition,preparatoryconditioncondition.Taken‘'promising’’asallexample,Searle’Sfelicityconditionsfollowing:

PrepositionalconditionSpeaker(S)predicatesafutureact(A)ofSpeaker(S).PreparatoryconditionSbelievesthatdoingactAisinH’SbestinterestandthatS

candoA.

intendstodoactA.

anSincerityconditionSpeakerEssentialconditionSundertakesobligationtodoactA.

(Thomas,1996:94)

(HereHstands

Sincerityforhearer)aformsnecessaryconditionincommittinganyspeechact.刀le

becausesincerityconditionplaysanimportantrolesincerityofthespeaker

isthepresupposesthattheutteranceshouldreflectloyallywhathemeans.However,it

insinceritythatworksinironicspeechacts,duetothefactthatthepropositionconveyssomethingthatisagainsttherealintentionofthespeaker.Theviolationofthesincerityconditionisoftenregarded

Accordingtoasthebasisforthetriggeringofirony.speechactsAmante,ironicmustbeinsincere(1981:83).A

ironyisnotrestrictedtosignificantissuehighlightedbyR.Brown(1980)isthat

asassertions.Browninitiallydefinesironytheperformanceofaspeechactwithall

attendantflauntingoftheabsenceoftherequiredsincerityconditions.Inferredfrom

asBrown’Sdefinition,speechactsthatdonothavesincerityconditions,such

22greetings,

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

cannot

be

performed

ironically.Haverkatenotesthat

on

irony

canconcentrateon

predicates,onpropositions,andintentionalexpressionof

illocutionaryforce.Hethenstatesthat“ironyisthe

correspondsessentiallyto

insincerity”(1990:104),which

Brown’Sdefinition.Inhisarticle.Haverkatearguedmattheironicspeakerintendsthe

hearer

to

recognizehisinsincerity,inthatitistransparent

or

overt.Adetailed

discussionofvarioustypesofspeechactsup

andhow

on

they

Can

beappliedironicallytook

greatpercentageofthearticle.Based

Searle’Sclassificationofspeechacts,

Haverkateproceeded

pioneeringstudystatingthatironyisnotevenlydistributed

amongthefivecategoriesofspeech

expressivesanddeclarations.T,he

acts,namely,assertives,directives,commissives,

ofironicspeechacts

occur

majority

inthecasesof

assertives,andduetothefactthatsinceritydoesn’texistindeclarations,ironycannot

beproducedinthiscategoryofspeechacts.Haverkate’Sstudyprovides

valuable

to

resourcefortheanalysisofironyinspeechacts,butithasonlybeenapplied

languageingeneral.Thus,theauthorintendstoexploretheapplicationofHaverkate’Sstudyinliterarycriticism.

Glucksberg(1995)introducesthe

he

conceptof‘‘pragmaticinsincerity’’bywhichatleast

one

meant

that‘‘thespeakerhasviolated

ofthefelicityconditionsof

thenwent

on

well—formedspeech

state

acts,usuallythesincerity

condition”(p.52).He

to

that

pragmatic

insincerityisnecessarybutnot

sufficientconditionforthe

creation/perceptionofirony(p.53).The

or

othernecessaryconditionistheallusionto

one

“somepriorexpectation,norm

conventionthathasbeenviolatedin

way

or

another'’(p.53).(Attardo,144-5)

Theironicoperationofsincerityisintrinsicinperforminganyironicspeechacts

(vanDijk,1976:100).A

insincerity.By

successful

one

ironydependsmainly

on

theconditionof

theopposite.

notapplicable

performing

speechact,thespeaker

often

means

PerformativeverbsCanbeinsertedintoindirectperformatives,butitis

inthecaseofironicspeechacts,thatis,noperformativeverbsappearinironicspeechacts.Verbalironyisincompatiblewi戗lmetareferrentialexpressions,whichmaybe

empiricallyinferredfromthefactthattheredoes

notexista

performativeverb‘'to

ironize”(ibid:97).

3.3IllocutionaryForceandIrony

ItWasillustratedin3.1thatironicutterancesarenecessarilyindirectspeechacts

and

thesecond

illocutionaryactis

literalwhiletheprimary

illocutionaryactis

non.1iteral.IfitiSknownthathowthehearerunderstandsthe1iteralSIAfromthe

utterance

ofthesentence,then

howdoesheunderstandthenon.1iteral

use

PIA舶m

understandingtheliteralSIA?Searlehasconsideredindetailtheyoupassmethesalt?”atthedinnertablebyXas

ofaqueStion“Call

requestofYtopasstllesa】tinstead

ofjustasking

derive

questionaboutY’sabilitytodoSO.Hegavetensteps

necessaryforYto

therequestforcefromthe

tenstepsnecessaryto

get

utterance.Now

we

Call

followthesteps

and

infer

similar

theironicimplicaturefrom

seeminglyutterance.

Example:Onlearningherson(whohasalwayshad

again,themothergotrather

bad

record)played

truant

angryand

pledgedhisteacherthatshe、vould11ave

discussionwiththeson’sfatherforsolution。Andshesaidthe

following

teacher:

sentencetonle

Mother:That

willpleasehim.

Byproducingtheabove

utterance,themother

reallyintendedtome觚“T11at

will

definitelymakehimmad”.Abriefreconstructionofthestepsnecessarytode订ve舭

primaryillocutionfromtheliteralillocutioninnormalconversationwould

go嬲

follows:

Step1:Theteacherhascriticizedtheboy’Smisdeedtothemother,andinresponse

themotherhasmade

statementtothe

effectthatwhather

son

hasdonewillpleaseher

husband.(factsabout

the

conversation)

Step2:Itisassumedthatthemotheriscooperatingintheconversationandthatthereforeher

utterance

isintendedto

be

relevant.(principlesof

conversational

cooperation)

Step3.Arelevantresponsemust

be

one

ofapology,criticism,promise,or

embarrassmentetc.(theoryofspeechacts)

Step4:Butherliteral

utterance

Was

notoneof

these,and

SO

Was

notarelevant

response.(inferencefrom

Step

steps1and3)

5:Therefore,she

steps2and

probablymeansmorethanshesays.Assumingthather

orle.

remarkisrelevant,herprimaryillocutionary

pointmustdifferfromllerliteral

(inferencefrom

4)

Step6:ItisbelievedthatplayingtruantisopposedbyboththeteacheraIldthe

parents.(factualbackgroundinformation)

Step

7:Therefore,it

son’s

isdoubtlessthat

notonly

she,butalsoherhusband.willget

madabouttheir

misdeed.(inferencefrom

on

step61

or

on

Step8:Apreparatorycondition

theacceptanceofcriticism

actpredicated

anyother

commissionistheability

to

perform

the

inthepropositionalcontent

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

。—————————————————————————_————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————●——-——一condition.(theoryofspeechacts)

Step9:Therefore,themotherhassaidsomethingwiththeconsequencethatherson’smisdeedwillprobablydrivehisfathermad.(inferencefromsteps1,7and8)

Step10:Therefore,herprimaryillocutionarypointisprobablytobeironical.

steps5and9)(inferencefrom

InHaverkate’Sfourcategoriesofironicspeechacts,thespecificdeviationofthetwoillocutionaryforcesisasfollowing:inassertiveirony,thespeakerhimselfdoesnot

canbelievethepropositiontobetrue,buthehopesandensuresthatthehearerperceive

hisintentiontheotherway;indirectiveirony,thedeviationliesinthefactthatthepropositionisfarfromreasonable,aspecificcontext

thehearertorealizethatthe

deviationisformedonorsemanticincongruityenablesirony,thespeakerisemployingirony;incommissivethebasisofthefactthatbothoftheinterlocutorsknowthatⅡ1e

aspeakerhasnoabilitytoperformspecifictask,buthestillasksforitpurposefully;in

expressiveirony,thedeviationiscausedbytheinconsistencybetweenthepropositionandwhatthespeakerreallywantstoexpress.

3.4PerlocutionaryEffectandIrony

Differentfromtheliteralutterance,speakersmake

onuseofironyinordertoareproducecertainperlocutionaryeffectsthehearers.Theseeffectsbroughtaboutby

or‘‘breakingthepatternofexpectationofthepersonfacedwiththeironicutterance

carriesevent”(Haverkate,1990:79).Ironywithitselfastrongerillocutionaryforce

inachievinghisthandirectspeechacts,whichturnsouttofacilitatethespeaker

act

aanticipatedobjective.Asuseamoreeffectiveandforcefulspeechoncomparedwithdirectones,thevarietyofcontextualfactorsinofironydependstwokindsoffactors:oneis

communication;theotherispeople’Spsychologicalstate.Inspecific

situation,thecommunicativespeakerwill,consciouslyorunconsciously,adoptcorrespondingdevicestoexpresswhatheintendstomean.Therefore,ironicspeechactsappearmoremovingandexpressive.Theheareroftentendstoexpectthetruthofthepropositionconcemed.

thehearerrealizesthattheWhencommonexpectationofrelevanceisviolatedintentionallybythespeaker,hewillattempttoperceivethespecificillocutionaryforcewhichthelocutionaryactcarries.Theillocutionaryforceisperceivedonthebasisofthe

ormismatchbetweenthespeaker’Srealattitudeorexpectationandthestatedattitude

expectation.Theperceivedillocutionaryforce,inturn,producesgreaterpsychologicalandfunctionaleffectsonthehearersthanthatofdirectspeechacts.

Besidesthesocial

majorpsychologicaleffect,employing

effects.Irony

reveals

ironylot

can

alsoachievecertain

communicative

andcommunicative

aboutme

constructionoffriendship,whichis

apparentlynottotallyorientedtowardsdisplaying

harmony.Peoplehave

tofind

strategiestodealwiththeir

di虢rences

andadhereto

to

certainsocialconventionsatthebe

sametimeindailycommunication.Andironyseems

socialdifferences

or

veryproductive

and

acceptablewaytocommunicate

one

iust

differentsituationalexpectations.On

hand,speakers

use

ironytobuildin-group

ona

solidaritythroughsharedplay.Thefactthatironyshared

set

understanding?reliesverymuch

ofassumptions

makesittheperfecttoolforcreationofintimacvand

familiarity.It

usea

Can

therebyfosterthecommongroundandcreatetrust.Peoplefrequentlv

simpleformofverbalironytoforgebondswith

tocreate

on

new

acquaintance.Shared

irony

serves

an

in—groupfeeling

andallowsthemembersto

re.affirm

thein.group.

HoweveL

theother

hand,for

thesamereasonofitsneedofshared

knowledgeand

commongroundforinterpretation,ironyCanexcludeoutsiders.By

usingirony,the

speakerintendstoconveythey

are

disassociatingattitudeandsomeotherimplicationsthat

psychologicallyassociatedwithconfederatesanddissociatedwithoutsiderS.In

socialcommunication,peopleusuallyavoidoffensiveremarks

and

trytobepoliteto

and

respecteachother.Seeminglyaggressive

on

thesurface,ironyactuallyislessexpressing

damaging

of“face”than

overt

hostilitywhilecriticism

or

showing

dissatisfaction

and

hand

thusitachievestheeffecttriestocriticize

or

ofpolitenessincommunication.The

over

speakeron

one

showhissuperiority

theaudiencewhile

on

theotherhandtakesintoaccountofthe

politenessconventioninsocialcommunication

and

keepshisintentionnottooconspicuous.Furthermore,ironyofferstheoptionof

toitspolitenesseffect.Ben.endonner

retractability,whichalsocontributes

lrony,becauseitallows

the

one

claimsthat

tostate

something

and

itsoppositeatthesametime,allows

speakerto

avoidany

sanctionsthat

mayfollowfromstatingdirectlywhathethinks.

Fromthisperspective,ironyallowsthe

speakertotake

noncommittalattitudetowal.ds

tolanguage

whatheissaying.Addinghumorandcomicelements

perlocutionaryeffect.It

isirony,Sanother

reverse

an

Canmake

languagevivid

andimpressive,and

embarrassing

itsplacein

or

awkwardsituationunexpectedly.Andirony’Shumoreffectoftenfinds

tellironicfeellike

jokes.Speakersmay

whogetthe

jokes

inordertoembarrassmehearersaIld

participants

jokemay

memberofagroupand

wewill

enjoythepleasure

ofhumor.Sometimesinverbalcommunication

or

encounterexpressing

difficuIt

truth,whichishardtobeputintowords

the

normal

utterancesbut

mustbeexpI.essedin

situation?However,irony

Can

serve

toreveal

thedifficulttruthbecauseitsstructure

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

enablesittousewords

atopointbeyondlanguage.Ironyadoptsanoddwayofrevealingstmingtheandemphasizinghardtruthbynotstatingitexplicitly,butratherby

con扛aryorthecontradictory,oroverstatingorunderstatingit.(GibbsandColston,2007:PartIV)

Irony’Spsychological,socialandcommunicativeeffectsmake

to

aitaverypowerfulweaponinverbalinteraction.Duethis,manyironistssuchasPlato,Chaucer,aShakespeare,andDickensregarditasvaluableweaponinlaunchingfierceattack

uponavarietyofsocialevils.

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

4.1ronyandJaneAusten’SPrideandPrejudiceinLiterary

Studies

4.1JaneAustenandHerIrony

JaneAusteniSnowconsidered

one

ofthegreatestwritersintheworld.But1t

ISnot

smoothprocessforhertogetthewell—deservedreputationandstatus.DuringJane

Austen’Slifetime.onlyfifteenearlyreviewswerewrittenforherworks.CharlotteBronte,oneof

numberofprominentmid19thcenturyauthorswhoharshlycriticized

Austen’Snovels,excludedherfromtheranksofgreatauthorsbecauseshethoughtthat

‘'thepassions

are

perfectlyunknowntoher”(Dowling,1983:4).Manyinsightful

Walter

critics,

however,realizedthevalueof

Jane

Austen’Sworks.Sir

Scottthoughthighlyof

Austen’S“exquisitetouch,whichrendersordinarycommonplacethingsandcharacters

interesting”(ibid:8).Whately,in

therepresentativeofAusten

1821,sawAustenas

distinctively“modem'’novelist,

George

Leweshailed

newschoolof

writing.Macaulayand

no

classicofliterature,andregardedheraslessthana“proseShakespeare’’

(Southam,1996:2).But

theseinfluential19mcenturycriticsonlyanalyzedthegeneral

thefirst

qualitiesofAusten’Sworks.Littlesubstantialcriticismappearedduringthe19thcentury.

In

the

second

halfof

19m

halfof

century,Jane

Austen’S

nephew,James

Edward

Austen-Leigh,publishedA

MemoirofJane

and

Austen,adetailedbibliographyofJane

on

Austen,in1870.Andwiththispublication,thecriticismHaving

JaneAustenmakesprogress.

clearerpictureaboutherlife

herwriting,reviewers’furtherinterestsin

Jane

Austenareawakenedanddiscussionsaboutherfictionsarelaunched.Acultof

appreciationwasencouraged,inwhichbiographicaldetailsandliterarycommentarywereeasilyanduncritically

mingled.(ibid:2)Also

Jane

in1

870,砌chard

Simpsonforthe

firsttimebroughtforththeissueofironyinAustenis

Austen’Snovels.‘‘Simpson’S

Jane

genius,inoutlookessentiallycritical,limitedinherscope,yetremarkable

forthepowerofironywithwhichshesearchestheconduct

valuesofhersociety”

(ibid:3).Simpson’Sviewhad

no

antecedents

and

no

immediatefollowing.Itawakened

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

noresponseinVictorianthoughtandfor

nomanyyearsthisunderstandingofJaneAusten’Scontrollingironyplayed

thispartinthediscussionofthenovelist’Sart.Duringasaperiod,JaneAustenwasdescribedbenignandpiousspinsteraunt,afactthatinhibitedtheprogressofseriousAustencriticism.Thus,althoughbothJaneAustenandherworksreceivedincreasingattentionattheendofthe19‘hcentury,thecriticshad‘‘noreadyapproachtothetechniquesofnarrative

whichthenovelandstructure,andthemodeofironyinvolve”(ibid:3),and

Materialsitremainedforthe20mcenturycriticstoexploreindepthvariousfacetsofJaneAusten’SClaytonHamiltoninhis

in1909,madecraftsmanship.andMethodsofFiction,publishedinNewY0rktechnicalanalysisaboutthefictionart:narrative,characters,plot,settingandthepointofviewinnarrative.He

characterillustrates“JaneAusten’Smethodofportrayingathroughtheconversationsofothersandtheself-revelationthat

aCanoccurinthesamesituation’’byquotingfromEmmaand‘‘discernssimilareffectinPrideand

lecturein1911P嘲udice…(Southam,1987:78).InEngland,A.C.Bradley’S

anotherimportantadvanceinmadediscussing“Jane

infindingAusten’Smoralityaandreligion,increditinghernovelswith‘wisdom’andstrongattachmenttoJohnsonand

Cowper”(ibid:79).Farter,in

andconcentratedappraisalof

perspectiveof1917,producedthegreatessaywhichpresented“asubtleJaneAusten’Sart,identifyingitsweaknessandstrength’’fromtheEuropeanliterature.HeexaminesAusten’Sartindetail,observingthe‘‘wovenpaRemofAustenianirony”,the“intensepreoccupationwithcharacter”andJaneAusten’Smasteryoverhermaterialsetc(ibid:92).MaryLascelles’SJaneAustenandHerArt,thefirstcomprehensivestudyoftheauthorandherworks,in1939,refreshestheapproachofthecriticismtradition.InexpoundingJaneAusten’Scraftoffiction,Lascellesemphasizesthebondbetweenthewriterandreader.LikeLascelles,D.w:Harding,withtheessayRegulatedHatred:anaspectoftheworkofJaneAusten,breaksnewgroundinshapingthemodemapproachestoJaneAusten,asSouthamclaims.HeviewsJaneAusten

producingassubversive,attackinghersocietyfromwithin,witllan“ungentleJane”whichisanti-tradition(ibid:128).Harding.together

suggestthatthereWasaMudrickandothersdarkersidetoAusten’Sironyandhumor.

HardinganalyzedtheironyinJaneAusten’Sworksfromtheperspectiveofpsychologyintheabove-mentionedessay.HethoughtthatJaneAustenis“adelicatesatirist,

ofrevealingwithinimitablelightnessoftouchthecomicfoiblesandamiableweakness

thepeoplewhomshelivedamongstandliked”(D.W.Harding,1998:6).HepointedoutthattheaimofAusten’Sironyis“tofindthemeansforunobtrusivespiritualsurvival,withoutopenconflictwiththefriendlypeoplearoundherwhosestandardsinsimpler29

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

thingsshecouldacceptandwhoseaffectionshegreatlyneeded’’andthesatireis“obviouslyameansnotofadmonitionbutofself-preservation”(ibid:12).InMudrick’Sview,Austen’Suseofironyistheprimarycharacteristicofherfiction,onethatrevealsheroftenambivalentperspectiveonthesocialvaluesofherworld.ModemAustencriticismneverstopstogrowandexpandsinwidthanddepth.Feminismandwoman’sstudiesseemtosteerthedirectionofcurrentAustencriticism.

4.2IronyinPrideandPrejudice

ThetraditionalandmodemcriticismonJaneAustenandherartheavilyinfluencetheapproachesandsubjectstheessaysandreviewschoosetostudyonPrideandPrejudice,themasterpieceandthemostfavoredworkofJaneAustenherselfThecriticisminthe19仇centuryweremerestory-telling,characterdepictionandmoralitylecturing,limitedinscopeandshallowinquality.ThebookseizedwidereadershipandWas“remarkablywell—received”(Southarn,1996:7)sinceitspublicationin1813,butitsreputationincriticalrealmproceedsslowly.Rightafteritspublication,thereviewerswereinnodoubtaboutthesuperiorityofthework,SheridanremarkedthatthebookWas‘‘oneofthecleverestthingsheeverread’’;WarrenHastings‘‘admiredthenovel,particularlythecharacterofElizabethBennet”;itwas“thefashionablenovelofthetime”,accordingtoAnnabellaMilbanke,“whoWasimpressedbyitsstrengthofcharacter”;WilliamGifford,theeditoroftheQuarterlyReview,remarkedinasimilarwayuponthenovel(ibid:7-8).But“theirnoticesareextremelylimitedinscopetheyremarkonpointswhichanymodemcriticwouldwanttomake——…thelivelinessofthecharacterizationandthevigourofthewritinginPrideandPrejudice,theunnaturalabruptnessofthechangeinDarcy,fromindifferencetoardour;and...JaneAustenWascommendedforcombiningamusementandethicalteaching”(ibid:7).Theyofferreadersmerelyoutlinesofthelovestoryandcharacteraccounts,beingsuperficialandsimplistic。Somecritics,likeLadyDarcy,complainedthatPrideandPrejudiceisshortofromanticinterestwhichmarksthepopularsentimentalandgothicfictionintheearly19mcentury.Theydepreciatedtherealism,theaccuracyandtruthofthecommonplaceinPrideandPr句udice,whichcomestoberecognizedasoneofthepropertiesofJaneAusten’Saccomplishmentsinartinmodemcriticism.

AsAustencriticismdeveloped,Saintsburyin1894madeanalysisaboutthecharacteristicofAusten’SsubtlehumorandexpressedhisfavoronMr.CollinsandElizabethBennet.Actually,thecriticismofPrideandPrejudiceisusuallyembodiedinthegeneraldiscussionaboutJaneAustenandherartaccomplishments,fewindividual30

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

pieces

are

devotedtothediscussion

tobethe

on

thisbook.Thecharacterizationthecomedyand

humorseem

mostconventionalaspectsindiscussingPrideandPrejudice。The

1945

rangeofmodemcriticismgrowsinthe20mcentury.ReubenA.Browerin

expositedAusten’SskillincontrollingtheironicimplicationofthedialogueswhichreflectanddefinethecharactersinPrideand

Prejudice.D.W.HardinganalyzedJane

and

tookPrideand

Austen!Sironyfromthepsychologicalperspectivestudy

Prejudice

asa

case.Mudrick

illustratedthefunctionofcomicirony

and

howitdiscriminates

charactersintodifferenttypes.RonaldPaulsonin1967reassessedtheemploymentof

satireconvention

and

itscontributiontoAusten’Srealism.

ForAusten,ironyismuchmore

wayofobservation

thananand

artistictechnique.

Shelaidbarecontradictionsanddiscordancesbetweensurface

nature,whishes

and

reality.Forexample,inthenovel,LadyCatherinedeBourghrushed

marriageofDarcy

topreventthe

andElizabeth,but

an

intheenditturnedouttofacilitatetheirunion;for

in

disclosing

Austen,ironyis

efficienttechniquethecomplexity

oflife

and

limitationsofpeople’Sknowledge.Itwasalso

main

source

ofcomedyandreading

favored

interestinherworks.IntheverybeginninginPrideand

Prejudice,Elizabeth

Wickhamfor

his

handsome

looksandsweetflattering,butdetestedsincereDarcy,

announcinghewasthelast

man

intheworldshewouldmarry.Later,shecameto

even

realizeherfaults.Ironically,sheAustenjSPrideand

becameMrs.Darcyintheendofthestory.In

throughnotonlynarrativetone,but

Prejudice。ironyWasdisplayed

not

alsotalentedcharacterpainting;through

thewholestructureofthenovel.

onlyspecificsituations

and

plots,butalso

Fromtheabove,wecan

see

thatthepreviousstudies

on

JaneAusten’sPrideand

as

Prejudiceand

issueironic

or

theartofironywovenintothenoveleithertaketheauthor

on

thecentral

merelyfocustheideologicalandliterarynatureofthenovel.Theartistic

and

to

language

inPrideand

Pr白udicehas

notbeen

systematicallyanalyzed,not

mentionanalysisfromthepragmatic

intotherefined

act

perspective.Therefore,this

makepossiblecontributions.

thesistriestoprobe

language

of

Jane

Austen’Sironyfromthepragmaticperspective,speech

to

theoryinparticular,andexpects

东北Ⅱ币范大学硕士学位论文

ACaseAnalysisofIronyinPrideand

Prejudice

ItiswellknownthatPrideandgreatestclassics,isfeaturedby

Prejudice,which

an

ranked

amongtheworld’S

irony.Withironictone.JaneAustentoldstoriesof

howyounggirlspursuedtheiridealhusbands,attackingthemerelycommercialsocialvalueprevailingatthattime.Austen’Sirony

structureof

Can

befoundinhernarration,thewhole

the

novelandthedialoguesbetweenthecharacters.AndaccordingtoVan

can

Dijk’Spoim

ofview,we

analyze

the

dominantandfundamental

acts

featurefromboth

themacroperspective,whichisironicspeech

performedbythenovelistinher

communicationwiththereader,namely,thewholestory’Snarrationandstructure,andthemicroperspective,whichistheironicspeechtheircommunication

toeach

acts

performedbythecharactersin

thenovel.

other,namely,thedialoguesin

5.1

Macro

IronicSpeechActs

MacroironicMacro

speech

Call

befurtherdividedintoliteralitony

andstructural

or

itony.

literalironyindicatesthatwhatthenarratorreallymeansinhis

hernarration

an

intheworkdeviatesfromitsliteralattitude

on

meaning.This

kindofironyclearlystates

thesurface,butimpliesatthesametime

quitedifferentone,usuallythe

opposim,whichiSwhatthenarratortrulywishestoexpress.Asformacrostructuralirony,insteadofusingspecificwords

or

sentences,thenarratorplotsthewholestory

with

an

ironicstructure.

5.1.1Literal

Irony(IronicNarration)

Inthenovel,Austenseldomdirectlyattacksratherexpressesherironyinpositivenarrations

or

criticizes

certainphenomena,but

with

satiricaltone.Rightatthevery

beginningofthenovel,Austenputsforwarda“universaltruth”.

Itis

truthuniversallyacknowledged

that

singlemaninpossessionofagood

fortunemustbeinwantofawife.

(Austen,2003:1)

Atthepointwe,beingordinaryreaders,encounterthissentence,possiblytheonly

32

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

knowledgewehaveaboutthe“natureofthewe

are

communicationsituation”,isthefactthat

reading

onea

novelcalledPrideand

Prejudice

writtenbysomeonecalledJane

US

Austen.Asconfronting

kindofliteraryworks,thelabel“novel”entitles

to

assumewe

are

narrativedisplaytext.Sincetheabovesentenceimmediatelyfollowsthe

titleofthenovel,weinferthatthesentenceiseitherevaluationstatementabouteventstobeinthissentenceisasserting

continuationoftheabstract

or

an

narrated(Pratt,1977:166).Themain

no

onecan

speechact

truth,butsurely

acceptthatsuch

sense

truthis

“universallyacknowledged”.Sohowdowereadersmake

ofwhatAustenis

saying?Weassumethat

as

thenovelistisspeaking

ironically,andunderstandherroughly

following:although

thisisnot

universal

truth,thesocialconventionsofmarriage

outof

moneyinsteadoflove

being

atthat

timemade

lotofpeoplebehaveinsuch

way,

Mrs.Bennet

prototype.Thenarratorseemstoclaimthisintheshoesofthose

thebachelorsdonotallagreewiththisstatement,nordothe

richbachelors,but

sure

readers.Sothenarratorinthenovel,namelyissayingsomethingobviouslynot

Jane

we

Austenherself,isbeinginsincere

see

and

true.When

Mrs.Bennettry

norlTl

to

marryoffher

daughterstoanyrich

man

withinsight,wethenrecognizethe

ofbehaviorthatis

beingsatirizedinthisnarration.ThisopeningremarkrevealsthethemeofPrideand

尸吲udice—how

and

girlsfromthebourgeoisieclasspursuetheirmarriagewithrichgentry,

italsosetsthetonefortherestofthenovel.Austendeliberatelyadopts

an

ironic

speechacttoridiculetheprevailing

property-and?status—firstvalue

of

marriage,andthis

openingremarkalertsthereaderstoinsightintothewholefictionbearingthis‘‘truth’’in

mind,aswellasperceivingthecharactersinthe

As

sanle

way.

matteroffact,itis

not

that“asinglemanoflargefortunemustbeinwantofa

、)l,ife”,butthat

we

singlewomanofsmallfortunemustbein

want

ofarichhusband.And

can

find

perfectproofinthefollowingparagraph:

Howeverlittleentering

known

thefeelings

orSO

viewsofsuch

manmaybe

on

hisfirst

neighbourhood,thistruthis

as

wellfixedinthemindsofthe

propertyofsome

oneor

surrounding

families

thatheisconsideredthe

rightful

otheroftheir

daughters.

(Austen,2003:1)

Thispassagerevealsthebackup‘‘evidence’’forthe‘‘universallytruth'’一itis“fixedinthemindsofthe

acknowledged

this,the

tozero.

surroundingfamilies”.‘‘Supported”by

considered”)adoptedinthe

authenticityofthe“truth”isautomaticallyreducedinreaders’minds,almost

Moreover,thepassive

voice

Che

isnarrationfurther

33

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

devaluessinglerichmen,puttingthemintothepositionofvictims.Thesesinglemen

are

treatedas‘'therightfulproperty”bytheyounggirls

as

Austenputsforward,which

highlystrengthenstheironictone.

Besidestheironicnarrationintheopeningparagraphs,thenarratoradoptsthetechniqueinthenarrativeintroductionanddepictionofmanycharacters.

(a)Mrs.BennetMrs.Bennet

is

successfullydepictedcharacterinthenovel.Though

on

sheisquite

obnoxious,westillcannotdenythefactthatshebecomesquitelivelythroughthelinesAustenspends

on

her.Sheisthemotherthatsetsallhermind

pursuer

marryingher

daughterswell,a

franticand

supporterofthe‘‘universallyacknowledgedtruth'’.

an

Rightinthefirstchapterofthebook,Austengives

overviewof

Mrs.Bennet’S

character.

HermindWaslessdifficult

todevelop.She

Was

woman

ofmeanunderstanding,

littleinformation,anduncertaintemper.WhensheWasdiscontentedshe

fancied

herself

nervous.Thebusinessofherlifewastogetherdaughtersmarried;itssolacewas

visitingandnews.

(ibid:3)

Theadjective“lessdifficult”in

readers

can

thisspeechactactuallyis

withoutany

an

understatement.We

herbehaviors

develop

Mrs.Bennet’Smind

difficulty,since

makeherthoughtsandpersonalityalmosttransparent.Byoutwardcriticismandimplyingirony,aBabbittisoutlinedfightinfrontofcommunicated

our

readers’eyes.Having

this‘‘formula”to

US

readersbythisnarrativespeechact,Austen

proceedsallMrs.Bennet’Sstoryfromthis

point.WhereverMrs.Bennetgoes,whoever

todo

shelikesanddislikes,whateversheordersElizabeththepurposeis

tochase

andencouragesLydia

to

do,

son—in—laws.

Beingtheonlybusinessofherlife,togethertopicandsourceof

daughters

marriedalsobecomesthe

Mrs.Bennet’S

never-failingbabbles.Pleasedbythesparklesoflovealreadygoes

on

betweenJane

andMr.Bingley,she

toindulgeherselfinthe

imagination

other

ofthemarriagebetweenthe

two.Beinginvited

tothe

ball,shecannothelptelling

peoplethe“delightingnews’’:

...hermotherwastalkingtothat

nothingelsebutofherexpectationthat

one

person(LadyLucas)freely,openly,and

be

soon

of

Janewouldmarried

to

Mr.Bingley.——It

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

wasananimatingsubject,andMrs.Bennetseemedincapableoffatiguewhileenumeratingtheadvantagesofthematch.

(ibid:86)

ThesubjectmakesMrs.Bennet“incapable

vexoffatigue”.Onthecontrary,herbehaviorsdeeplyElizabeth,and

Janeactuallyturnouttodamagethepossibleunionbetweenherdaughterandtherichsingleman

onMr.Bingley,sinceMr.DarcythinkstheBennetssettheireyesonly

friendfrompotentialtheBingleys’moneyandsetsouttoprotecthisdearharm.Mrs.Bennetlaysherownbedforherdisillusionment.

(b)TheBingleysisters

Inthenovel,theBingleysistersarequiteunpopularcharacters.Thoughcomingfromarichfamily,theyinpersonalityarenotSOwell—educated.Beingarrogant

toandhypocritical,theylookdownuponElizabethandherfamily,constantlytrying

theBennets,especiallyEliza,infrontofotherpeople.Andinthemocklanguage,wecandetectAusten’Snegativeattitudetowardsthetwocharactersbytheironysheemploys.

Onherfirstacquaintance、析ththeBingleysisters.Elizabethhasperceptedthesisters’personalitiesfromtheslightest,forming

belovedsister:arathercontradictoryopiniontoher

Theywereinfactveryfineladies;notdeficientingoodhumourwhentheywerepleased,notinthepowerofbeingagreeablewhentheychoseit;butproudandconceited.Theywererather

seminariesintown,had

spendingmorethantheyahandsome,hadbeeneducatedinoneofthefirstprivatefortuneoftwentythousandpounds,wereinthehabitofought,andofassociatingwithpeopleofrank;andwerethereforeineveryrespectentitledtOthiIll(wellofthemselves,andmeanlyofothers.

(ibid:11-2)

Thefirsttwosentencesformaparallelednarration,butthesmoothnessisinterruptedbythetransitconjunction“but”.OnthesurfaceAustenseemstobepraising

payattentiontoherwording,wetheBingleysisters,butwhenwereadcarefullyand

willnaturallyfindAusten’SinsincerityindoingSO.Readingtherestoftheparagraph,theopeningpraise‘‘veryfineladies”obviouslyintendstOeveryaspectentitledtothiI血wellofmeantheopposite,and“inthemselves.andmeanlyofothers”certainlyis

ofridiculous,judgingbycommonsense.Theself-indulgence,selfishnessandsnobbery

atheBingleysistersarerevealedclearlyinglance.

CaughtbyaheavyrainonherwaytoNetherfield,Janegetsaterriblecoldandhas35

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

tostayattheBingleysforafewdays.Elizabethgoestovisither,seeingsheisbynomeansgettingbetter.AndtheBingleysisters’reactiontowardsthisis:

Thesisters,onhearingthis,repeatedthreeorfourtimeshowmuchtheyweregrieved,howshockingitwastohaveabadcold,andhowexcessivelytheydislikedbeingillthemselves;andthenthoughtnomoreofthematter:andtheirindifferencetowardsJanewhennotimmediatelybeforethem,restoredElizabethtotheenjoymentofallheroriginaldislike.

(ibid:28)

Thethreeparalleled‘‘howmuch'’seemtotellUSreadershowcompassionatetheBingleysistersare.Butinnotimethesistersforgetthemattertotally.Theironictoneinthethree“howmuch”showsthenarratorsdeepdetestofthetwosistersindifference.Deepdown,theydon’tcareaboutothersata11.Thefeelingsandwordsareonlycourtesytheypaytotheirguest.

(c)Mr.Collins

Mr.CollinsisanotherSUCCESSofJaneAusten.HealwaysmakesUSreadershaveagoodlaugh,butnotbecauseofhishumorouswordsbutratherhissillyandawkwardcharacter.Hefrequentlypreachesuppeopleandhimselfinaveryimproperway,whichactuallyachievesthecounter-effects.AndhisoverlyobedienceandpraisetoLadyCatherinedeBourghmakeshimaclowninthenovel.

WhenhepaysavisittotheBennetsfamilyforthefirsttime,hehastomakecommendationofeveryoneandeverythinginthehouse:

…Mr.Collinsseemedneitherinneedofencouragement,norinclinedtobesilenthimself…HehadnotbeenlongseatedbeforehecomplimentedMrs.BennetonhavingSOfineafamilyofdaughters;saidhehadheardmuchoftheirbeauty,butthat,inthisinstance,famehadfallenshortofthetruth;andaddedthathedidnotdoubtherseeingthemallinduetimewelldisposedofinmarriage….Thehall,thedining-room,andallitsfurniturewereexaminedandpraised....

(ibid:55-6)

Itisdefinitelystrangetohaveeverycomerofone’Shousebeingpraised,evenifthedecorationisgrandeurindeed.AndthewayMr.Collinscomplimentsthebeautyofthegirlssurewillnotmakepeoplefeelcomfortable,withthewordsbeingSOexaggerated.Naturally,thecomplimentedtendstothinkthespeakerisbeing

东北师范大学硕士学位论文——.——————————————————————————_二—二=—二_二—二=二一一

disingenuousinhispraise.And

Mr.Collins’continuousemployment

ofsuchhigh

commendationlabelshimselfwithpedantry,whichmakesreaders

laugheveryriowand

then:

…Started

subject

inwhichheexpectedhimto

shine,byobservingthathe

seemedveryfortunateinhispatroness,LadyCatherinede

wishesandconsiderationforhiscomfort

appearedvery

nothavechosento

Bourgh’sa舵ntion

to1lis

remarkable.Mr.Bennet

could

beRer.Mr.Collinswaseloquent

inherpraise.The

subjectelevatedhim

morethanusualsolemnityofmanner,andwith

never

mostimportantaspecthepI?otestcd

thathehadaffability

inhislifewitnessedsuchbehaviourin

personof“mk—such

and

condescensionashehadhimself

experiencedfrom

Lady

Catherine….

(ibid:56)

Mr.Collinsalways

both

in

demonstrateshishumblenessandobediencetoLadyCatherine.

behaviors,duetothefactthatitisthis“great,,ladythat

his

utterancesandinhis

to

promoteshim

thepositionof

rector.Mr.Collins

regardsLadyCatherine

aS

his

pa∞oness,anditis“veryfortunate’’forhimtobefavored

bythislady,SOhepaysherlipservicewheneverhe

Can.

(d)LadyCatherinedeBourgh

Being

descendantof

an

oldnoblefamilyand

owning

large

estate,Lady

Catherineisquiteused

tobehaveinarather

arrogantandconceitedway.Shetalksto

otherpeopleoverbearingly,isaccustomedtocriticize

peoplearoundher,孤:ldmdkesithabitto

arrange

anythingpossibleforotherpeopleintheirlife.

When

todineat

LadyCatherineinvites

Mr.&Mrs.Collins,Elizabeth

to

andSir

Willi锄LucaS

Rosings,wereadersforthefirsttimegets

narrator’Seyes:

know

this“legendary,,ladv

throughthe

…Butwhatevershesaidwasspokenin

SO

authoritative

to

atoneas

markedher

self-importance,andbroughtMr.Wickhamimmediately

Elizabeth,smind:alldfrom

to

theobservationofthedayaltogetller,shebelieved

LadyCatherine

hadrepresented.

beexaCtlvwhathe

(ibid:140)

ThoughLadyCatherine’Sconceitiswellconcealedinhermannersandair’but舔

soon

as

she

speaks,her

on

dictatorytonegives

hercharacteraway.Sheplaceex缸.eme

triestodirectthings

11nporrtance

herownwords,ignoringothers’opinions,and

37

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

towardsthewayshefavored.

LadyCatherine’SproudinherpropertyandstatusbehaviorsduringthediningattheRosings:caneasilybeperceivedbyher

Aftersittingafewminutes,theywereallsenttooneofthewindowstoadmiretheview....AndLadyCatherinekindlyinformingthemthatitWasmuchbetterworthlookingatinthesummer....LadyCatherineseemedgratifiedbytheirexcessive

onadmiration,andgavemostgracioussmilesespeciallywhenanydish

athetableprovednoveltytothem.

(ibid:140—1)

Thinkinghighlyofherself,LadyCatherinefavorsflatteryandlikestoberespectedbyeveryone,evenifitiSoverlydone.

ElizabethsoonperceivedthatthoughthisgreatladyWasnotinthecommissionof

athepeaceforthecounty,shewasmostactivemagistrateinherownparish,the

minutestconcemsofwhichwerecarriedtoherbyMr.Collins;andwheneveranyofthecottagersweredisposedtobequarrelsome,discontented,ortoopoor,shesalliedforthintothevillagetosettletheirdifferences,silencetheircomplaints,andscoldthemintoharmonyandplenty.

(ibid:145-6)

AttachinggreatimportancetoherseleLadyCatherineviewsitflresponsibilityforhertomaintaintheharmonyinherparish,thussheinterfereswithanthecottagersbusinesswhenevershecan.ButthesolutionsheoffersiSscoldingthecomplainersandquarrelersintosilence.Anosy,bossyandsillyoldwomanisportrayedadequatelythroughthenarration.

(e)SirWilliamLucas

Being

Austenasaflatcharacter,SirandWilliamLueasisnotdepictedwithpungentironybyMrs.BennetMr.Collinsare.Yet,wecan

SirstillsenseAusten’Sironictoneinhernarrationofthis

ascharacter.WhenWilliamseesLadyCatherineatMr.Collins’shedropsby,

…SirWilliam,toElizabeth’Shighdiversion,wasstationedinthedoorwayinearnestcontemplationofthegreatnessbeforehim,andconstantlybowingwhenever

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

Miss

deBourghlookedthatway.

(ibid:137)

OnlyobservingLadyCathenneandherdaughterfromtalkingtothem,Sir

distanceandnot

even

William

showshishumblenesstothegreatlady

completely.The

choiceofwordingsuchas“station'’,“earnest'’and“constantly’’illustratesthenarrator’Sironicattitudeclearlyinthesentence.

WheninvitedtodineatRosings,Sir

William

Lucascannotextricate

himselffrom

theadmirationofthespectacularityofLadyCatherine’Sestate:

Inspiteofhavingbeenat

St.James’S,SirWilliamwasso

completelyawedbythe

grandeursurroundinghimthathehadbutjustcourageenoughtomake

andtakehisseatwithoutsaying

verylowbow,

word...

(ibid:139)

(f)Wickham

Owning

an

expressionofgoodnessinhiscountenance

andpossessing

an

openness

and

gentlenessinhis

manner,Wickham

easilywinsgirlshearts.AndintheBennets,

hissuperficial

bothElizabeth

and

from

Lydiahavefeelingsforhim.Butdeviated

on

qualities,hehasonlygotpoisonandevil

hismind.Hebehavesdissipatedly,doesnot

attend

toproperdutiesandseducesyounggirlsoutofhisdesireof

moneyandwealth.

HepersuadesMr.Darcy’Sfifteen.year-old

as

sisterGeorgianatoelopewithhiminorderto

on

snatchherlargefortune,aswellgetstoknowthetruthofDarcy

revenginghimself

Darcy.Later,whenElizabeth

andWickham’Sfeud,Wickhamplaysthe

an

sametricks

on

thefeatherbrainedLydiaBennet,whois、ⅣithElizabeth.hold

easypreyforhim.Thereaders,together

strongdetestoftheshameless

man:

Wickham

SO

Wasnotatall

moredistressedthanherselebuthismannerswerealways

beenexactlywhatthey

pleasingthathadhischaracterandhismarriage

ought,hisdelighted

smileS

and

hiseasyaddress,whileheclaimedtheirrelationship,wouldhave

not

nlema11.Elizabethhad

sat

beforebelievedhimquiteequal

no

tosuch

to

assurance;butshe

an

down,resolving

withinherselftodraw

limitsinfuture

theimpudenceof

impudentman.

(ibid:269)

revealspartofthe“follies

Throughallthenarrativespeechactsabove,Austen

and

nonsense,whimsandinconsistencies”ofthecharactersthatareportrayed,which

enables

US

readers

topenetratethroughthese

characters’dialogues

andbehaviorsinthe

39

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

restofthestory,and

endows

USa

bettercomprehensionofthecharacters

andthe

whole

fiction.

5.1.2Structural

Irony(DramaticIrony)

TheotheraspectofAusten’Smacroironyliesinheradoptionofstructuralirony.Asaforementioned,indramaticirony,thevoiceoftheInstead,thecharactersrevealthemselvesin

or

an

author(narrator)does

not

appear.

ironicpredicamentoftheirowncreation

oftheirfate’S.CertaincharactersinPrtdeandPre{udicehave

course

tatkr

unexpected

rumintheir

ofevents,whichfacilitatestheendingtodevelopintheopposite

directionfromtheirexpectationinthebeginningofthestory.Andthemosttypical

examplesaretheheroandheroineofthebook——Mr.DarcyandElizabethBennet.

(a)Mr.Darcy

Intraditionallovestories.weoften

see

handsome

herofallsinlovewiththe

beautifulheroineatfirstsight,thenthetwolivetooldageinprotagonistsinPrideandaffairisnot

conjugalbliss.And

the

Pr自udiceare

indeed

an

handsomeandbeautiful,but

theirlove

smoothjourney.Mr.Darcyis

idealcharacter.HeWasborntothepurple,

iSa“fine.tall

person”with“handsomefeatures”and“noblemien”,andhas‘'ten

heis“pride”in

sees

thousand

year”(ibid:7).But

nature,whichmakeshimharbor

rather,Mr.Darcy

no

admirationforElizabethwhenhe

atEliza

herinthefirstball.But

looks

withhiscaptiouseyes,

“Your[Bingley’S】sistersare

whomitwould

not

not

engaged,andthereisnot

to

anotherwomanintheroom

be

punishment

to

me

tostandup

with.”…“SheiStolerable;but

no

handsome

enough

temptme;andIamin

humour

at

presentto

give

consequencetoyoungladieswhoareslightedbyothermen.’’

(ibid:8)

Mr.Darcy’S

wordsandbehaviorarouserepulsioninElizabeth’Smind

and

heart.

HedeniesthatElizabethiSElizaforthesecond

pretty,and

shows

no

favortowardsher.Butwhenhemeets

time,andwithnothinghavingchanged,he

begins

to

findcharmin

Eliza’S

beautifuldarkeyes:

But

nosooner

hadhemadeitcleartohimselfandhisfriendsthatshehadhardly

goodfeatureinherface,than

he

began

tofinditwasrendered

uncommonly

intelligent

bythebeautifulexpressionofherdarkeyes.Tothisdiscoverysucceededsomeothers

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

equallymortifying.Thoughhehaddetectedwithacriticaleyemorethanonefailureof

andperfectsymmetryinherform,hewasforcedtoacknowledgeherfiguretobelight

pleasing;andinspiteofhisassertingthathermannerswerenotthoseofthefashionableworld,heWaScaughtbytheireasyplayfulness.

(ibid:18)

EnchantedbyElizabeth’Sbeautifuldarkeyes,light

playfulandpleasingform,andhereasy,manners,Mr.DarcymakesaproposalformarriagetoElizabethregardlessoftllebiggapbetweentheirfamilystatus.However,evenintheprocessofhisproposal,Mr.Darcyhas

familytoemphasizeonhowheovercomesvariousworries,suchasthebigagainsthiswill,hisreasonandevenobstacles,helikesElizaagainsthis

rousecharacteretc.Hiswordsareovertlyfeaturedbyhis“pride’’andconsequently

resentmentinElizainsteadofaffection.HoldinganinstinctiverevolttowardsDarcy’Sgentrypride,deludedby

ruinedherWickham’Swords,andstubbornlythinkingitisDarcythathasdownDarcy’Sproposal.

badsisterJane’Shappinessforlife,ElizafirmlyturnedaDarcywouldneverhavethoughtthathehasleftElizasuchimpression,andhe

becomes

writesatorealizehowsupercilioushisexternalbehaviorsandutterancesare.HethenlettertoElizaandexplainseverything.WhenDarcymeetsElizainPemberley,hebehavesrefinedandcourteous,whichdeeplytouchesElizabeth’Sheart.Intheend,

notMr.Darcymarriesthis“tolerablebut

inferiorhandsomeenoughtotemptme”girlfromanfamily,andheevenenduresWickham,whohegreatlydetest,tobehisbrother-in.1aw

(b)ElizabethBennet

asApparently,ElizabethisdepictedbyAustenthemostintellectcharacterinPride

andPre|udice.Inthefirstchapter,Elizabeth!Switandbrightness、ScommendedthroughMr.Bennet’S

sillypreferencetowardsheramongallhisdaughters一‘'theyareallandignorantlikeothergirls;butLizzyhassomethingmoreofquicknessthanhersisters”(ibid:3).AllthefatuityandfolliesoftheanticsinthefictionarepenetratedandcriticizedthroughElizabeth’Seyes,wordsandthoughts.JaneAustenherselfhasalsostraightforwardlyshowedherpreferenceofthisvivaciousheroine.Nevertheless,thisbelovedcharacterElizabethstilldoesnotsucceedinescapingAusten’Sironyinherfate.

Witty'insightfuland

sisters.Andcomparedcourageous,ElizabethnaturallystandsoutamongtheBennettothesnobbishBingleysisters,Elizapossessesdignityinher

onepersonalityandsuperiorityinherspirit.Inthatworldfulloffollies,sheisthe

onlywithsenseandandintellect.EvenSO,influencedbythesocialenvironment,thoughnot41

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

identifywiththe“universallyacknowledgedtruth”,Elizastillhastoconformtoacertainextent.Shealsohastosocialize晰thpeopleshemightnotlike,orevendetest;hastojoindancingballs,talksanddinners;hastobehaveinthewaythataladyoughttobehave.WhenshemeetsDarcyinthefirstball,sheisoffendedbyhisarrogantwordsandbehaviors,

…He【Mr.Darey]waslookedat、Ⅳithgreatadmirationforabouthalftheevening,tillhismannersgaveadisgustwhichturnedthetideofhispopularity;forhewasdiscoveredtobeproud,tobeabovehiscompany,andabovebeingpleased;andnotallhislargeestateinDerbyshirecouldthensavehimfromhavingamostforbidding,disagreeablecountenance,andbeingunworthytobecomparedwithhisfriend.

(ibid:7)

ButduetoElizabeth’Slivelyandplayfuldisposition,shetakesdelightinstrikingbacktheridiculousbehaviorsofMr.Darcy,andwinsrespectandaffectionofthemaninstead,demonstratinghercharacter.ShetakesupeverychanceinhertalkwithDarcytoattackhisarrogance.Elizabethhasa“beliefoftheinconsistencyofallhumancharacters”,holdingtheviewthat“littledependenceCanbeplacedontheappearanceofeithermeritorsense”(ibid:117).ButithappenstobeherselfthathasbeendeludedbyWickham’Scountenanceandmanners,withoutthoroughunderstandingofhischaracter.Outsidersseemorethantheinsiders.Eliza’SfallingforWickhamiswellperceivedinothers’eyes.Heraunthasremindedhertobecautiousinthisdeal,andherfriendCharlottehasalsocautionedher‘‘nottobeasimpletonandallowherfancyforWickhamtomakeherappearunpleasantintheeyesofamanoftentimeshisconsequence”(ibid:78).Unfortunately,ourwise—all—the-timeElizaturnsintoafool,loseshersense,andnotonlydecisivelydeclinesDarcy’Sproposal,butalsogoesontoafull.scalereprehensionagainsttheman.

“Fromtheverybeginning,fromthefirstmoment,Imayalmostsay,ofmyacquaintancewithyou,yourmannersimpressingme谢ththefullestbeliefofyourarrogance,yourconceit,andyourselfishdisdainofthefeelingsofothers,weresuchastoformthatgroundworkofdisapprobationonwhichsucceedingeventshavebuiltSOimmovableadislike;andIhadknownyouamonthbeforeIfeltthatyouwerethelastmanintheworldwhomIcouldeverbeprevailedonto瑚aHy”

(ibid:166)

Elizaisdeeplydriveninto‘‘prejudice’’againstpoorMr.Darcy.Andthefollowing42

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

events

provethefactthather

cause

rejection

isbased

on

mereprejudice.Coming

to

apprehensionofallin

andeffect,sheismovedby

Mr.Darcy’Scomprehension,falls

intheworld”whomshe“would

love谢th

him,andfinallymarriesthis“last

on

man

ever

beprevailedtomarry”.

(c)WickhamandMiss

Bingley

are

Forthesetwocharacterswho

deficientintheirmorals,Austenalso

arrangesan

ironicattackintheirdramaticfate.Thenovelistshowsexternalbehaviorsandinternal

strongcontrastbetweentheir

thoughts,betweentheirwordsandactions,betweentheir

are

deedswhentheysucceedintheirevilandtheirendingwhenthey

underexposure.

The

officers

oftheshireWereingeneral

verycreditable,gentlemanlike

as

set,and

thebestofthemwereofthepresentparty;butinperson,countenance,air

Mr.Wickhamwas

farbeyondthemml

andwalk…

(ibid:65)

Butafter

Wickham

carriesintoexecutionofhisimpudentelopement、析t11Lydia,

toashes:

theperfectimpression

vanishes

WickhamWas

so

notatall

moredistressedthanherself,buthismannerswerealways?

pleasingthathadhischaracterandhismarriagebeenexactlywhattheyought,his

smiles

and

hiseasyaddress,while

he

claimedtheirrelationship,wouldhavedelighted"

himquiteequal

no

thema11.Elizabethhad

notbeforebelieved

tosuch

assurance;butshe

satdown,resolvingwithinherselftodrawlimitsinfuturetotheimpudenceof

an

impudent

man.

(ibid:269)

and

Being

rich.MissBingleyrecognizesherselfwithsupedority,alwaystalks

thinksmeanlyofothers.Outofjealousy,shefrequentlymakesfunofElizabeth,aswell

as

Eliza’Srelatives,in

ordertobrew

Mr.Darcy’S

disliketowardsEliza,which

never

works,

‘‘Miss

has

no

ElizaBennet’’said

Miss

Bingley,“despises

cards.She

is

greatreaderand

sure

pleasureinanything

else.”…“InnursingyoursisterI

ain

youhave

pleasure”…

(ibid:30—1)

Besidesdefaming

Elizabeth

infrontof

Darcy,Miss

Bingleydoesnothesitatein

43

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

sacrificingherbrother’Shappinessinordertoprotectherownbenefits.ShewritesletterstoJanetoprovokemischiefin

awayfrom

oneJane’SaffectionforBingley,keepsinformationMr.Bingleytoprohibitmeetingbetweenthetwolovers,settingupobstaclesafteranother.However,ratherincomplianttoMissBingley’Swill,ElizabethandDarcygetmarried,togethercomestheknot—tyingbetweenherbrotherBingleyBennet.AndherandJanebittemessiSdisplayedinher“congratulations’’:

MissBingley’Scongratulationstoherbrotheronhisapproachingmarriagewereallthatwasaffectionateandinsincere.ShewroteeventoJaneontheoccasion,toexpressherdelight,andrepeatallherformerprofessionsofregard.JaneWasnotdeceived…

(ibid:330)

Byemployingstructuralironicspeechacts,bitbybitthefateoftheabovecharactersisuncoveredrespectively.Inthiscommunicationwithreaders,Austenallowstheperceptiveaudiencetoplayaknowledgeableroleinthedevelopmentofthestory.

orWhentheironicvictimbelievesinhisherdestiny,whichhasbeenshowncontrastto

thereality,togetherwiththefactthatthereadersareclearlyawareofthiscontradiction,astrikingeffectisproduced.Andthroughthisprocess,thecharactersbecomemorevividandlifelike.Justas

ones.Austenherselfagrees,everyonehassomefollies,eventhe】ovable

5.2MicroIronicSpeechActs

Themicroironyismanifestedbycommunicationsbetweenthecharacters,namelydialogues.InPrideandPrejudice,thedailylifeofthe18曲centurygentryinvolvescountlessvisits,dinnersanddances,whichwerethesocialcustomsandconventions

takeupathen.Andduring

Peopletalkto

gossipthesesocialevents,dialoguesgreatpercentageofthetime.thingsexchangetheirideasonscandalsaboutpeopletheydislike.Throughothers,commentonhappened,andeventhis,variouskindsofemotionsarerevealed,relationshipsarebound,theplotofthefictionisdevelopedandthedepiction

descriptionofcharactersisfulfilled.InPrideandPrejudice,Austenspendsfewlines

ofoncharacters’externalappearances,butratherletthecharactersexposetheirpersonalitiesthroughtheirownwords.

Asaforementioned,theanalysisofmicroironicspeechactswillbeinaccordancetoSearle’Scategories.ButasHaverkatehaspointedout,sincerityconditiondoes

nonotexistindeclarations,thusironycanbegeneratedinthiscategory.Consequently,

microironicspeechactswillbeexploredindetailinthefollowingfourcategories:44

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

assertives,directives,commissives

andexpressives.

5.2.1AssertiveIrony

TheillocutionarygoalofassertivespeechactsCan

bedefinedintermsofthe

speaker’Sintentionofgettingthehearertoacceptthepropositionalcontentofthe

utterance

astheexpressionofatrue

stateof

affairs(Searle,1969:66).In

to

otherwords,in

his

assertives,thespeakerintendsthehearer

accept

hisproposition,believing

statement.While

tobe

inassertiveirony,thespeakerhimselfdoesnotbelievetheproposition

ensuresversa.

true,buthehopesand

or

thehearerbelievesit.The

speakermeans

to

criticizebywayofpraise

Thethe

case

vice

majority

ofironicspeechactsareassertive

irony(Haverkate,1990).It

isalso

inthiSnovel.

(a)Mr.Bennet

Intheopeningofthestory,itisclearlydemonstratedmatmixtureofquickparts,sarcastichumour,reserve

Mr.Bennet

is

an“odd

andcaprice”(Austen,2003:3).He

Pr旬udice,Mr.Bennet

takesdelightinbefoolingcomiccharactersaroundhimandalwaysemploysironytocopewithhiswife?Sincessantbabble

and

hysteria.InPrideand

ironizeshiswifetimeaftertimeinfrontofhisdaughters.

“My

dear

Mr.Bennet.’’said

hisladytohim

one

day,‘‘haveyouheardthat

NetherfieldParkiSletatlast?”

Mr.Bennet

repliedthathehadnot.

‘‘Butitis,’’returnedshe;‘‘foraboutit.’’

Mrs.Longhasjust

beenhere,andshetoldmeall

Mr.Bennetmade

‘‘Donotyou

no

answer.

hastakenit?’’criedhiswifeimpatiently.

no

want

toknowwho

“Youwanttotell

me.andIhave

objection

to

hearit.”

TllisWasinvitation

enough.

(ibid:1)

nle

lastreplyof

Mr.Bennet

is

anexampleofassertiveirony.Searle’Sbasic

wants

to

sincerityconditionfor‘‘enquiries’’isthatthe

speaker

should

obtain

in

relevant

information,and

accordingto

this,Mr.Bennet

no

answer

hiswife

more

enthusiasticway.Butapparently,hehasassertionlacks

interestinhiswife’Sbabbling.thusthe

sincerity.Mrs.Bennet

isalreadyimpatienttotell

45

Mr.Bennet

ofthenews

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

that

richsinglemallhascomeintotheirneighborhood,andthathasbeenreckoned

as

great

chance

forhertomaltyherdaughterswell.

“Mr.Bennet,how

catl

youabuseyourownchildreninsuch

no

way?Youtake

delightinvexingme.Youhave

compassion

on

mypoornerves.’’

“Youmistakeme,mydear.Ihave

highrespectforyour

nerves.They

are

myold

friends.Ihaveheardyoumentionthemwithconsiderationthesetwenty

yearsatleast.,,

(ibid:3)

Mr.Bermet

nervesas

inthisassertiveironyexpresseshiswearinessofMrs.Bennetusingherexcuse,andhisvexationofhiswife’Shysteria.

constant

Dialoguesliketheaboveexamples,whichshowMr.Bennet’Ssarcasmtowardshis

wife,Canbeeasilyfoundin

Thevillainous

manychapters.

Wickhamelopes、析thLydia.and

only

under

the

circumstanceof

Darcyprovidinghim

steadysumofincomedoesheagreetodecentlymarryLydia.

Theshameless

theyhave

couplecomesbackhome

on

anddonotrealizeinthe

soon

as

slightest

thestigma

brought

the

family’S

reputation.Asthey

leave,Mr.Bennet

commentS:

‘‘Heisasfine

ever

fellow,”saidMr.Bennet,as

soon

astheywere

US

outofthehouse,“as

Isaw.Hesimpers,and

even

smirks,andmakes

loveto

a11.Iamprodigiouslyproudof

him.Ideny

Sir

WilliamLucashimselfto

produce

amorevaluableson.in.1aw.,,

(ibid:282)

Mr.Bennetproclaims

excellent

heisproudofWickham,commendinghim

being

even

more

thanMr.Collins.But

Mr.Collins

inreality,Mr.Bennethas

never

held

any

positive

opinionstowards

andhasresolutelyrefusedtomarryElizabethto

him.With

thisknowledgeinmind,wereaders

in

will

notfindit

difficult

torecognizetheinsincerity

this“praise”.Moreover,Mr.Bennet’Sironyisalsoattached

with

asense

ofremorse.

to

becausebesidesthedeficienciesinLydia’Scharacter,theelopementhassomething

do谢th

hisindulgenceofhisdaughters.

(b)ElizabethWhenMiss

witll

Bennet

stayinginNetherfieldPark,Elizabethinvolvesin

an

talkwithDarcy

and

Bingleyaboutthequalificationsof

accomplishedwoman.Mr.Darcy,together

Miss

Bingley,thinksthat

all

accomplishedwomanshouldhave

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

“athoroughknowledgeofmusic,singing,drawing,dancing,allthemodem

besidesallthis,shemustpossessalanguages…andcertainsomethinginherairand

shemannerofwalking,thetoneofhervoice,heraddressandexpressions…toallthis

mustyetaddsomethingmoresubstantial,intheimprovementofhermindbyextensivereading.’’

(ibid:32)

AlreadyprejudicedagainstDarcy,andhavingheardtheseridiculous,perfection-demandingcriteria,Elizabeth

“IamcannothelpteasingDarcy,nolongersurprisedatyourknowingonlysixaccomplishedwomen.Iratherwondernowatyourknowingany.’’

(ibid:33)

herdissatisfactionofElizabeth’S

qualifications.InwordsanexpressstrongDarcy’Srigorousordinarydialogue,Darcy’Sarroganceislaidbare,andElizabeth’Switandcouragearedemonstrated.

WiththemisunderstandingbetweenElizabethandDarcycleared,thetwoengage.AndEliza’Swordscomebacktoitsnormalwitty,livelyandinformalstatus.Beinthehabitofinterferinginotherpeople’Sbusiness,LadyCatherinetriestoprohibittheunionofDarcyandElizabeth,whichturnsouttofacilitatetheevent.Andintheendofthenovel.Elizabethdismissesthisoldladywithirony,

“LadyCatherinehasbeenofinfinite

lovestobeofuse.’’use,whichoughttomakeherhappy,forshe

。(ibid:328)Itisshared

isnosyandbackgroundknowledgebetweenElizaand

betweenDarcythatLadyCatherinebossy,andshedefinitelywillbefuriousaboutthemarriage.SotheironyasElizaemploysherestrengthenstheintimacy

oldladyfulloffollies.thetwo,aswelldismissingthis

(c)The

Miss

forBingleysistersBingleyintendstomarryrichDarcy.SeeingBingley’SMr.Darcy’SgrowingaffectionElizabeth,Miss

ElizabethjealousylethertakeeverypossiblechancetomockherwordswouldbrewaanddefameinfrontofMr.Darcy,wishingdislikeinDarcy’ShearttowardsEliza:47

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

‘‘ElizaBennet.’’said

Miss

Bingley,whenthedoorwasclosed

on

her,‘‘is

one

of

thoseyoungladieswhoseektorecommendthemselvestotheothertheirown;andwithdevice,avery

sex

byundervaluing

many

art.’’

men,Idaresay,itsucceeds.But,inmyopinion,itis

paltry

mean

(ibid:33)

But

unfortunately,Mr.Darcy

always

fightsbackandSticksupforElizabeth,

showinghispositiveaffectionofElizaand

atthe

sametime,his

negativefeelingsabout

Miss

Bingley.

“Undoubtedly,”repliedDarcy…“thereismeannessinalltheartswhichladies

sometimescondescend

despicable.’’

to

employforcaptivation.Whateverbearsaffinitytocunningis

(ibid:33)

TheBingleysisterspositionthemselvesintheupperclass,andtheydonotwantto

havecloserelationswiththemiddle-classBennets.Theytakepleasurein

mockingEliza’S

uncle

who

makes

living

on

business.However,thoughtheBingleyfamilyis

sanae

rich,theirfortuneisalsoacquiredbytrade,exactlythetheyarrogantlymakefunof.

withEliza’Suncle,whom

“Ihave

an

excessiveregardforJaneBennet,she

isreallysuch

verysweet

girl,and

wishwithallmyheartshewerewellsettled.Butsuchlow

with

father

andmother,and

connections,Iamafraidthereis

near

no

chance

ofit.”…‘‘Yes;andtheyhave

another[uncle],who

livessomewhere

Cheapside.”“Thatiscapital,”addedher

sister,andtheylaughedheartily.

(ibid:30)

5.2.2DirectiveIrony

Thespeaker’S

something.In

illocutionarypointofperformingdirectivesistogetthehearertododirectiveirony,the

propositionmade

or

by

thespeakerisfarfrom

enablethehearerto

reasonable,and

realizethatthe

specificcontext

semanticincongruitywill

speakerisemployingirony.

(a)Mr.Bennet

Inthesecond

paid

chapter,Mr.Bennet

for

deliberatelyconcealsthebignewsthatbetter

hehas

visitto

Mr.Bingley,looking

chanceto

surprisehisfamily,especially

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

hiswife.Hegets

too

on

on

purposespeaksof

Mr.Bingleycontinuously,which

anger,Mrs.Bennet

no

annoyshiswifeand

coughing

her

nerves

again.Toventher

reproachesⅪ姆for

to

much.Mr.Bennet

ironicallysays,“Kittyhas

discretioninher

COUghS,shetimes

themi11.”However,themomentMr.Bennetdiscloseshisvisit

BennetbecomesoverwhelmedbytumulttowardsKitty:

Mr.Bingley,Mrs.

uttersadirective

ofjoy.And

then

Mr.Bennet

‘'Now,Kitty,youmay

cough

as

much嬲youchoose”

(ibid:5).

Thisis

typicaldirectiveirony.Inresponsetohiswife’Sadmirmion.inordertobe

shouldnotproduce

as

an

relevant,Mr.Bennet

‘‘Youmaycough

as

utterance

an

to

Kitty.Moreover,in

context,

much

youchoose’’is

ordertoKitty,butitisunreasonablein

the

sense

thatitordersKittytodosomethingincontrollable

and

isagainstcommon

sense.Sothisdirectiveironyistargeting

Mrs.Bennet,who

sets

allhermind

on

marryingher

andalways

daughters

her

well.Sheblamesherdaughterswhenevershefeelsdiscontented,

to

usesnervesasanexcuse

wincompassion.

vex

Beingflatulent

andconceited,Mr.Collinsarouses

anddisgustin

Mr.Bennet.。

restraint,

WhenMr.CollinscommendsMr.Bennet

LadyCatherineinfrontoftheBennets

without

cannothelpteasing

himin

disguisedsolemnattitude:

‘‘You

judge

veryproperly,’’said

offlattedngwith

Mr.Bennet.‘‘anddelicacy.May

itishappyforyouthatyou

possessthetalentaskwhetherthesepleaSing

attentionsproceedfromtheimpulseofthemoment,oraretheresultofpreviousstudy?’’

(ibid:58)

This

excessivelypolitedirectivepraises

Mr.Collins

techniquesinflattedng

on

the

surface,butactuallycontainsstrongsatire.Understandingtheirfather’Sintended

meaning,all

respondsto

theBennetgirlsburstintolaugh.Onthecontrary,theabsurd

Mr.Collins

theliteralmeaningofthewords,incapableofcomprehensionofthe

underlyingtruemeaning.

(b)Elizabeth

Bennet

encounterin

Fromtheirfirst

NetherfieldPark,ElizabethhaSbeenbearing

strong

prejudiceand

prejudice

detestationagainst

Mr.Darcy.As

on

misunderstandingdeepens,Eliza’S

againstDarcyisnotextinguishedbutratherstrengthened,whichleadsto

Elizabeth’Smocking

and

criticizingofDarcyanypossibleoccasions.Incontrast,

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

gettingtoknowElizabetter,Darcybecomesspellboundbyherdelightfulmannerand

bright

words.He

even

takestheinitiativetoaskElizafor

dance.Accordingtothe

socialnormsatthattime,partnersshouldtalkwitheachotherwhentheydance,butDarcykeeps

silent

allthetime.Aiming

on

to

punishDarcy’S

taciturnity,Elizabeth

deliberatelyplaystricks

him-

After

pauseofsomeminutessheaddressedhim

secondtimewith,‘‘Itisyour

to

turn

tosay

somethingnow,Mr.Darcy.Italkedaboutthedance,andyouought

on

make

somekindofremark

thesizeoftheroom,orthenumberofcouples.’’

(ibid:79)

Thisis

directiveironytowardsDarcy.SinceDarcylikestoremainsilent,as

totalkabout

punishment,Elizabethcommandshimsomeboring

nonsense.

(c)Miss

Jealous

Bingley

Bingleyisindesiretomaltyhandsome

Elizabeth.Since

Missand

richDarcy,whohowbeit

onlyhasaffectiontowards

Mr.Darcy

expresseshisadmirationof

Eliza’Sbeautifuldarkeyesduring

mockthesupposedmarriageof

Eliza.

dancingparty,sensitiveMissBingleybeginsto

DarcyandEliza,tryingtoprovokeDarcyintodisliking

“Ihope,”saidshe,aLstheywerewalkingtogetherintheshrubberythenextday,“youwillgive

tothe

yourmother-in—law

fewhints,whenthisdesirable

event

takesplace,as

theyounger

advantage

ofholdinghertongue;andifyouCancompassit,docure

SO

girlsofrunningaftertheofficers.一And,ifImaymentionendeavourtocheckthatlittlesomething,bordering

on

delicate

subject,

conceit

and

impertinence,which

your

ladypossesses.’’

(ibid:44)

Atfirst

sight,MissBingleyseems

tobe

offeringDarcysuggestionsoutofher

or

kindness.Butinreality,nomatteritisappreciatedirectedto

Mr.Darcyhimself

wereaders,no

one

Can

tinyrayofardorandsincerityinthesuggestions.Theironyseems

on

tobe

Mr.Darcy

thesurface,butrelatives.

undemeath

itattacks

Miss

Bingley’Srivalin

love—Elizabeth,andher

5.2.3CommissiveIrony

Commissivesarethoseillocutionary

acts

whosepointis

to

committhespeakerto

certain

course

ofaction(Searle,1979:14).Thatis,in

outacertainactionin

commissives,thespeaker

are

promisesthathewillcarryoPPosed

future.Commissives

diametrically

todirectives,sincetheyarecentereduponanactiontobe

performedbythe

IS

speaker,not

to

iSthehearer,notthe

bythehearer;moreover,it

speaker,who

sincerity

an

supposed

primarilybenefit

fromtheresultof

the

action.The

or

conditionof

commissivesisthatthespeakerhastheintentiontothatthespeakeris

performsuch

objectively

action.Ifitisclear

subjectively

unwillingto

unabletoperform

the

committedact,thentheironicmeaningsofthecommissivesemergence?

h尸,.f出口ndPrejudice,typicalcommissive

utterances.

irony

Can

be

found

in

Mr.Bennet’S

“…Indeed

c?You

yOH

mustgo,foritwillbeimpossiblefor

scrupuloussurely.Idareday

US

tovisit

himifyoudo

not?”

see

areover

Mr.Bingley

willbeverygladto

vou:and1willsend

fewlinesbyyoutoassurehimofmyheartyconsenttohis

marryingwhicheverhechoosesofthegirls…’’

(Austen,2003:2)

Mr.Bermet,s

response,“1will

to

send

fewlinesby

you”is

an

instanceof

cor衄issive

improperfor

irony.According

thesocialconventions

and

customsatthattime,it

shouldbememalemastertopaythefirstvisitto

newneighbor.Anditishighly

all

Mrs.Bennet,awoman

todo

SO.Mr.Bennetcommitshimselfto

action

thatisimpossible

tocarryoutinthatsocial

background,thushiswordslackssincerity

andareironicinnature.

Mr.Collins,who

Elizabethunder

hasinheritedtheBennets’house

andother

property,proposes

to

Mrs.Bennet’spersuasion.Without

inheritor,Mrs.Bennettries

to

surprise,hehasbeentumeddown?

tO

InfearoflosingthisBennetfor

forceElizabeth

yield,andasksMr.

help.Mr.Bennetagrees,

“Letherbecalleddown.Sheshallhearmyopinion.’’

(ibid:97)

ButthisisBennet’S

punusedby

Mr.Bennet

to

misguidehis

wife,and

outofMrs?

expectation,Mr.Bennetsetsthe

eventtoareversedoutcome:

“Yourmotherinsistsuponyouracceptingit.Isitnot“Yes.or1will“Anunhappy

neversee

SO,Mrs.Bennet?’’

heragain.”

isbeforeyou,Elizabeth,Fromthisdayyoumustbe

altemation

5l

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

strangertooneofyourparents.——Your

motherwill

neversee

youagainifyoudonot

maltyMr.Collins,and1will

neversee

youagainifyoudo.’’

(ibid:97)

Mr.Bennet

pretendstobeserious.questioninghiswife’Sanddaughter’Sopinions

respectively.Hemakeshis、ⅣifereaffirmherthreattowardsEliza一“1will

neversee

her

again”,butinsteadofpersuadeEliza,hesuddenlyturnsto

see

counter-treat一“1will

never

youagainifyoudo”,whichinfacttotallysupports

Eliza.Mr.Bennet

obviouslyhas

poor

no

sinceritywhenhecommitstoassisthiswifeinconvincing

Eliza,and

Mrs.

Bennetfallsvictimofhiscommissiveirony.

5.2.4ExpressiveIrony

Theillocutionarygoalofexpressivespeechactpsychological

can

bedefined

as

theexpressionof

stateofthespeakerwhichisbroughtaboutbythestateofaffairs

indicatedbythepropositionalcontent(Haverkate,1

or

990:99).That

is,inexpressives,

thespeakerexpresseshisattitudethereis

an

feelingtowardsthehearer.Inexpressiveirony,

inconsistencybetweentheproposition

andwhat

thespeakerreallywantsto

tohave

or

express.Andunderliestheironicrealizationofexpressives,thespeakerneeds

veryspecificbackgroundinformationinordertoknowwhichevents

are

agreeable

can

disagreeable

to

whom,and

underwhich

circumstances(ibid:99).Thehearer

infer

thespeaker’Sironyfromthecontext.

(a)Mr.Darcy

Having

downrightconfidence,Mr.Darcy’SproposestoElizabethatRosings.But

ofJane’Sloveaffair

hisarroganceinhiswords,togetherwiththemisunderstanding

and

Wickham’Sunfortunate

events

promptEliza’Sdeterminedrefusal.Elizabethattacks

Darcy’ScharacterwithoutconsiderationofpolitenessandDarcy’Sface.Undoubtedly,

Elizabeth’Sreactionis

all

outofexpectation

of‘'pride’’Darcy,andhereactsbyemploying

expressiveirony:

“Andthis,”criedDarcy,ashewalkedwitllquicksteps

across

theroom,“isyour

opinionofme!’’Thisistheestimationinwhichyouholdme!Ithankyouforexplainingit

SO

fully.’’

(Austen,2003:165)

The

speech

lastsentence‘‘Ithankyouforexplainingit

SO

fully’’isanexpressiveironic

act.Darcyhasbeenthinking

itis

no

doubtthatElizabethwillaccepthis

52

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

thegapintheirfamily

proposal,consideringthefactthatheproposesregardlessofbackground,andshe’willbe

hostessof

largeestate.Comingfrom

heis

richnoblefamily,

psychology

Darcyisaccustomed

isset

ona

totakepridein

himself.Whenturneddown,his

rollercoaster.Butbeing

well—educatedgentleman,heisreluctanttoutter

anyoffensivewordstowardsElizabeth,insteadheemploys

milderironyin“thanking'’

Elizaforherremorselessly

attack

on

hischaracter.

(b)Elizabeth

Bennet

even

Lydia,theyoungestsisterofElizabethwhoisnot

villain

sixteen,elopeswiththe

agreeto

Wickham,who

onlyunderDarcy’Spromiseof

financialassistance,does

marryLydiaindoesnot

formalceremony.Whencomingback

bitof

totheBennets,thenewcouple

sensea

shame

ofthestigmathatthey

have

broughtontothe

family,

especiallyLydia,

“…You[Mrs.Bennet]andpapa,andmysisters,mustcome

shallbeatNewcastleallthe

downand

see

US.We

1will

winter,and

Idaresaytherewillbesomeballs,and

takecaretogetgoodpartnersforthemleave

oneor

all….And

then,whenyougoaway,youmay

twoofmysistersbehind

is

over.’’

you;and

IdaresayIshallget

husbands

forthem

beforethe

winter

‘‘Ithankyouformyshareofthefavour,’’saidElizabeth;‘‘butIdonotparticularlylikeyourwayofgetting

husbands.’’

(ibid:271)

Elizabeth’Sreplyis

typicalexpressiveironicspeechact,meaningtocriticize

Lydia’Simmorality.Lydiahasalwaysbeengoodbreeding.Herelopementwithandtheir

rashandflirtatiousgirlin

nature

without

Wickhamhasbroughtstigmaontothewholefamily

relatives.However,the

insatiablygoes

one

on

coupledoesnotfeeltheshameintheslightest

and

Lydia

even

tobragaboutfinding

husbandsforher

sisters.Nowonder

Elizabeth,beingthe

withsense,cannotstandLydia’Sindecency

andsatirizes

Lydia

byexpressingher“gratitude’’forhershare

of“favor”.Meanwhile,this

expressiveirony

andthefollowingutterance

whoisalSOpresent.

alsodemonstrateEliza’Scontemptoftheswindler

Wick_ham

53

6.Conclusion

6.1BriefSummary

Havingmade

comprehensivereviewofthehistoricalcriticisms

on

on

JaneAusten

andPrideandPre{udicewiththestressplacedirony,thisthesisfindsitnecessary

andsignificanttoinPrideand

studythephenomenonofirony

Prejudicesystemically

in

thelightofSpeechAct

withirony

are

Theory.Therelatedaspectsofthetheoryanditsconnections

themasterpieceofJaneAusten,is

elaborated.Pride

and尸rejudice,as

aaa

mainlyfeaturedbyirony,whichbearsbealingthefeatureof“indirectness”,is

closerelationwithspeechacts.Firstly,irony,specialkindofindirectspeechact.Secondly,

violationofthesincerityprincipleformsspeechof

necessaryconditionincommittinganyironic

ironyistheintentionalexpression

act.Haverkate(1990)onceemphasizedthat

insincerity.Thirdly,irony

also

its

illocutionary

shouldn’tbeunderstoodonlythroughitsliteralforce.Finally,irony

carries

to

meaning,

stronger

but

withitself

perlocutionaryeffect

than

directspeechacts,which

some

extent

facilitatesthe

aiminproducingtheironic

speakerinachievinghispre—planned

utterance.Following

thetheoreticalelaborationandtheliterarystudiesofthefeatureofironyinthenovelis

thecaseinto

analysis.Typicaltwocategoriesand

and

examplesareselectedunderinvestigation.Theyareclassified

sixsub.categoriesin

accordancewith

differentlinguistic

realizationofironicspeechacts.Itexpoundshowgenerated

andwhytheironicimplicatureis

whattheimplicatureiS

under

specific

contexts.

6.2PossibleContributions

Pragmatictheories

in

ale

usuallyappliedin

they

analyzing

ordinarylanguagephenomena

analyze

literaryworks,

humancommunication.Seldomare

literary

employedto

specifically,fictions.But

pragmatics,arecently。emerginginterdiscipline,

indicatesthatlanguageinfictionsandotherliteraryworks,justlikeordinarylanguage,

can

bewelldescribedwithintheframeworkof

toprovethevalidityof

pragmatic

theories.Therefore,this

researchpapertends

theapplicationofpragmaticsinstudying

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

andSearle’SSpeechliterarytexts,fictionsinparticular.OnthebasisofadoptingAustin

ActTheorytomakeananalysisofPrideand

canPrejudice,thisstudyshowsthatavarietyofironicspeechactsinthenovelbegivenconvincingillustrationswithinthe

acttheoryinframeworkofspeechacttheory,andaffirmsthattheapplicationofspeech

aliterarycriticismandappreciationhassolidfoundationandispracticallyfeasible.

Thoughpragmaticsbegantoemergeabout40yearsago,withliterarypragmaticsevenlater,JaneAustenhadlongbeforeachievedagreatcommandinmaneuveringvariouspragmatictechniquesinfavorofcontent.Theabundantconversationstogetherwithnarrations.whicharecharacterizedbyrichironyinPrideandPr奶udicesupplysufficientmaterialsforthisresearchpurpose.AndtheanalysisinthisthesisinreturnreaffirmsandenrichestheconventionalAusten

thelanguageinPrideand

inherfiction.Unlike

Prideandcriticism.ThepragmaticanalysisaboutP删udiceinonewaymanifestsandassertsAusten!Srealismsentimentalandgothicnovelsintheearly19mcentury,Austen’SsecretPrejudicehas“nodarkpassage,no

achambers,no讯nd—blowingsinlonggalleries,nodropsofblooduponrustydagger—thingsthatshouldbeleftto

ladies’maidsandsentimentalwasherwomen”asWilliamGiffordcommented(Southam,

life.Theirsayings

real.all1996:8、).InsteadAustenportrayscommonplacepeopleandordinaryanddoings,theirlikesanddislikes,andtheirvariousemotionsagefamiliarand

6.3LimitationsandSuggestedFurtherResearch

Thereisnothereismuchtobeimproved.denyingthatthispaperisfarfromperfectionand

aThisthesisiswrittenwiththeexpectationthatitwillbeofsomeassistanceto

extensiveunderstandingofAusten’Sdeeperandmoreworks.PrideandPrejudiceinparticular.ThisthesisonlyfocusesontheanalysisofAusten’Sironiclanguage,butitshouldbenotedthatpragmaticscoversamuchwiderrange,andeachtheorymaybeadequateincriticizingthefiction.Atthemeantime,thoughthenovelisfeaturedmainlybyirony,itisalsopossibletoapplypragmatictheoriestothestudyofotheraspectsofthelanguageinPride

pragmaticandPr吗udice.Lastbutnotleast,wemayextendanalysistoothernovels,orevenothergenresofliteraryworks.55

东flI-JJ¥范大学硕士学位论文

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