读《中国共 产 党历史》有感

边晋中

今天，我读完了《中国共 产 党历史》这本书。读完以后，脑海里涌现出了很多党在艰难的时期引导着我们一步一步走向胜利的画面，思绪似乎飘了很远很远，心情也久久不能平复。从19xx年至今，中国共 产 党带领我们走过的是一段波澜壮阔而又曲折复杂的历史，它从诞生起，就没有间断过斗争。党选择了全心全意为人民服务，历史和中国人民也选择了党。党一直是我们的强大后盾，无论是在为争取民族独立和民族解放而顽强斗争的过去，还是进入了社会主义新建设时期的现在。

鸦片战争揭开了外国资本主义入侵的序幕，从此，中国人民生活在水深火热当中，一个个不平等条约犹如一座座大山，压得我们不能几乎呼吸。为了救亡图存，无数仁人志士艰难探索。太平天国、洋务运动、维新变法……一次次希望燃起，一次次破灭。辛亥推翻了清王朝，结束了统治中国几千年的封建专制制度，但没有改变旧中国半殖民地半封建社会性质和人民的悲惨境遇。辛亥后，在北洋军阀的黑暗统治下，中国的社会矛盾更加激化，迫切需要发动一场彻底的反帝反封建的人民斗争。在这种情况下，伟大的中国共 产 党并不是偶然的，它是近代中国经济、政治发展的必然结果。

五四运动后马克思主义在中国迅速而广泛地传播，为中国无产阶级政党的创建准备了思想条件。一批具有初步共产主义思想的知识分子，在学习和宣传马克思并深入工人群众的过程中，在参加反帝反军阀的实际斗争中，不断地砥砺自己，一步步地成长起来。于是，在19xx年7月23日，中国共 产 党第一次全国代表大会正式召开，中国共 产 党成立。党成立不久，中国工人运动掀起了第一次高潮，灾难深重的中国人民从此有了可以信赖的组织者、领导者。

作为一个先进政党，中国共 产 党诞生伊始，就努力把马列主义基本原理与中国实际结合起来。建党初期，党深入调查发现：中国不能照搬别国模式，在半殖民地半封建条件下，中国人民迫切需要的是反对帝国主义侵略、反对军阀统治。党的二大对一大确定的战略方针作出了重大转变，确定首先进行民主改革然后进行社会主义改革。

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在新民主主义时期，党先后经历了北伐战争、国共十年内战、抗日战争和解放战争。在这个过程中，党始终坚持用理论联系实际，创立新民主主义的理论和路线，开创农村包围城市、武装夺取政权的道路，以毛泽东为主要代表的中国共 产 党人，经过艰苦探索，实现了马列主义基本原理与中国实际相结合的第一次历史性飞跃，形成了毛泽东思想，实现了民族独立和人民解放，建立了人民当家作主的新中国。

在社会主义时期，确立了社会主义基本制度，在一穷二白的基础上建立了独立的比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系，使古老的中国以崭新的姿态屹立在世界的东方。

在社会主义现代化建设新时期，开创了中国特色社会主义道路，坚持以经济建设为中心、坚持四项基本原则、坚持改革开放、初步建立起社会主义市场经济体制，大幅度提高了我国的综合国力和人民生活水平，为全面建设小康社会、基本实现社会主义现代化开辟了广阔的前景。

由中国共 产 党领导我们经历过的快90年的风风雨雨来看，我们有足够的理由相信只有中国共 产 党才能领导和团结中国各族人民不断取得中华民族伟大复兴的新胜利，只有中国特色社会主义道路才是实现中华民族伟大复兴的康庄大道。坚持马克思主义指导、中国共 产 党领导和走社会主义道路，是历史和人民作出的郑重的正确的选择。

20xx年5月

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第二篇：西方历史学经典名著选读读书笔记1

The History

1、 重点词汇

（1）、remembrance：纪念品；提醒者；提示者；the ability to recall past occurrences; a recognition of meritorious service

(2)、dwelt on：详述；细述

（3）、freight： 运送；装货 使充满 (v.) transport commercially as cargo; load with goods for transportation； 货运；运费；船货（n.） goods carried by a large vehicle; transporting goods commercially at rates cheaper than express rates; the charge for transporting something by common carrier

freighting: 海上运送契约

(4)、carry off: 夺去；获得；使丧命；

(5)、 restitution：恢复；赔偿；归还（n.） a sum of money paid in compensation for loss or injury ; the act of restoring something to its original state; getting something back again

(7)、seizure： 没收；夺取；捕获 （n.） a sudden occurrence (or recurrence) of a disease; the act of forcibly dispossessing an owner of property; the act of taking of a person by force; the taking possession of something by legal process

(8)、sovereignty：主权；主权国家；君主；独立国 government free from external control； royal authority; the dominion of a monarch； the authority of a state to govern another state

（9）、endeavor：竭力做到，试图或力图（做某事）（v.） attempt by employing effort

(10)、perish：死亡；毁灭；腐烂；枯萎（v.） pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

(11)、prophecy：预言；预言书；预言能力 knowledge of the future (usually said to be obtained from a divine source)； a prediction uttered under divine inspiration

（12）、exploit：开发，开拓；剥削；开采（v.）use or manipulate to one's advantage; draw from; make good use of; work excessively hard 勋绩;功绩(n.) a notable achievement

(13)、plunder：抢夺；战利品；掠夺品（n.）goods or money obtained illegally 掠夺；抢劫；侵吞(v.) take illegally; of intellectual property; plunder (a town) after capture; steal goods; take as spoils; destroy and strip of its possession

(14)、despatch：派遣；发送；（n. v.）send away towards a designated goal (v.) an official report (usually sent in haste); killing a person or animal; the act of sending off something

2、精彩摘抄

（1）、Candaules was in love with his own wife; and not only so, but thought her the fairest woman in the whole world. This fancy had strange consequences. There was in his bodyguard a man whom he specially favoured Gyges, the son of Dascylus. All affairs of greatest moment were entrusted by Candaules to this person, and to him he was wont to extol the surpassing beauty of his wife. So matters went on for a while. At length, one day, Candaules, who was fated to end ill, thus addressed his follower: "I see thou dost not credit what I tell thee of my lady's loveliness; but come now, since

men's ears are less credulous than their eyes, contrive some means whereby thou mayest behold her naked." At this the other loudly exclaimed, saying, "What most unwise speech is this, master, which thou hast uttered? Wouldst thou have me behold my mistress when she is naked? Bethink thee that a woman, with her clothes, puts off her bashfulness. Our fathers, in time past, distinguished right and wrong plainly enough, and it is our wisdom to submit to be taught by them. There is an old saying, Let each look on his own.' I hold thy wife for the fairest of all women. Only, I beseech they, ask me not to do wickedly."

（2）、On the death of Alyattes, Croesus, his son, who was thirty-five years old, succeeded to the throne. Of the Greek cities, Ephesus was the first that he attacked. The Ephesians, when he laid siege to the place, made an offering of their city to Diana, by stretching a rope from the town wall to the temple of the goddess, which was distant from the ancient city, then besieged by Croesus, a space of seven furlongs. They were, as I said, the first Greeks whom he attacked. Afterwards,

on some pretext or other, he made war in turn upon every Ionian and Aeolian state, bringing forward, where he could, a substantial ground of complaint; where such failed him, advancing some poor excuse. In this way he made himself master of all the Greek cities in Asia, and forced them to become his tributaries。

（3）、At the end of this time the grief of Croesus was interrupted by intelligence from abroad. He learnt that Cyrus, the son of Cambyses, had destroyed the empire of Astyages, the son of Cyaxares; and that the Persians were becoming daily more powerful. This led him to consider with himself whether it were possible to check the growing power of that people before it came to a head.

The messengers who were despatched to make trial of the oracles were given the following instructions: they were to keep count of the days from the time of their leaving Sardis, and, reckoning from that date, on the hundredth day they were to consult the oracles, and to inquire

of them what Croesus the son of Alyattes, king of Lydia, was doing at that moment. The answers given them were to be taken down in writing, and brought back to him. None of the replies remain on record except that of the oracle at Delphi. There, the moment that the Lydians entered

the sanctuary, and before they put their questions, the Pythoness thus answered them in hexameter verse:-

I can count the sands, and I can measure the ocean;

I have ears for the silent, and know what the dumb man meaneth;

Lo! on my sense there striketh the smell of a shell-covered tortoise,

Boiling now on a fire, with the flesh of a lamb, in a cauldron-

Brass is the vessel below, and brass the cover above it

3、背景

（1）希罗多德：生活在公元前5世纪，青年时期的希罗多德曾参与城邦政治斗争，反对僭主吕格达米斯，失败后遭放逐。他的这一政治经历似乎决定了他对希腊政体的价值评估。在他的《历史》中始终对民主制持肯定态度，对自由充满感情。这样的政治立场在古希腊思想家中并不多见，因为大多数思想家是古希腊

民主政体的批评者和贵族共和制的拥护者。可能在放逐时期，也可能在此前后，希罗多德进行过广泛的旅游，到过埃及、巴勒斯坦、两河流域、南俄、希腊半岛等地，并长期在雅典居住，同雅典著名民主派政治家伯利克里过从密。

希罗多德选择了希波战争为自己调查研究的课题，他的整个少年和青年时期都处在那场战争的巨大漩锅之中。战争旷日持久，影响到东地中海地区整整两代以上的希腊人，形成他们一生难以解脱的情结。因此经历过战争的早期希腊史家都对战争表现了浓厚兴趣，相当多的选题围绕着这一重大历史事件。在希波战争问题上，他站在希腊的立场，斥责波斯王的侵略行动，指出其蹂躏他国领土的不义之举。在希腊各邦中，他尽力讴歌的是雅典。他十分推崇雅典的民主政治，热忱歌颂它的民主自由与权利平等。

希罗多德在欧洲史坛最先对史料采取了一定程度的分析批判态度。他创造了叙述历史的新方法，把记载史实和加以阐释有机地结合起来。对于历史事件的原因的分析，诉诸神的意志和命运，取决于个别人物的才能，借助于对历史或地理情况的分析。

（2）、Lydia：ancient land of western Anatolia, extending east from the Aegean Sea and occupying the valleys of the Hermus and Cayster rivers. The Lydians were said to be the originators of gold and silver coins. During their brief hegemony over Asia Minor from the middle of the 7th to the middle of the 6th century bc, the Lydians profoundly influenced the Ionian Greeks to their west.

Croesus：last king of Lydia，He conquered the Greeks of mainland Ionia (on the west coast of Anatolia) and was in turn subjugated by the Persians. After a battle with Persian at Pteria, Cyrus pursued him, caught him completely by surprise, and stormed the city. Herodotus claims that the King, condemned by Cyrus to be burned alive, was saved by the god Apollo and eventually accompanied Cyrus’ successor, Cambyses II, to Egypt.

Candaules and Gyges: Candaules bragged of his wife's incredible beauty to his favorite bodyguard Gyges. Gyges had no choice but to obey. Candaules detailed a plan by which Gyges would hide behind a door in the royal bedroom to observe the Queen disrobing before bed. Gyges would then leave the room while the Queen's back was turned. However, the Queen saw Gyges as he left the room, recognized that she had been betrayed and shamed by her own husband. She silently swore to have her revenge. The next day, the Queen summoned Gyges to her chamber, she confronted him immediately with her knowledge of his misdeed and her husband's. "One of you must die," she declared. Eventually Gyges chose to betray the King so that he should live. He killed the king in his sleep. Gyges married the Queen and became King, and father to the Mermnad Dynasty.

4、感悟

有文章可以看出希罗多德对历史的描述更多是建立在主观的认识之上，史料来源也多为露头资料，对于许多事件的介绍也多与神话、传奇相联系，当然，这是由当时的落后信息采集的条件决定，希罗多德的贡献不在于，用书籍记录了当时的场景，而是开创了一种记录历史的传统，开创了一套系统的历史著作的写作方法。