高中英语高考作文必备词组专题辅导
1.应邀赴宴 be invited to dinner
2.向四面八方 in all directions
3.做出新的发现 make a new discovery
4.正在讨论中 under discussion
5.洗盘子 wash dishes
6.在远方，在远处 in the distance
7.对…冷淡 be distant towards sb.
8.对…有益 do good to
9.做坏事，犯罪 do wrong
10.挨门挨户 from door to door
11.隔壁的 next door
12.下楼 go downstairs
13.到市区去 go downtown
14.缓慢前进，拖延 drag one’s feet
15.催人泪下 draw tears from sb.
16.渴望做某事 dream of doing sth.
17.在墙上钻孔 drill a hole in the wall
18.赶走 drive off
19.使某人发狂 drive sb. mad
20.挣钱 earn/make money
21.谋生 earn one’s living
22.究竟 on earth
23.别着急，别紧张，放松些 take it easy
24.对…有很大影响 have a great effect on
25.努力做某事 make efforts to do sth.
26.鼓励某人做某事 encourage sb. to do sth.
27.量入而出；使收支相抵 make ends meet
28.美满的结局 a happy ending
29.说英语的国家 English-speaking countries
30.报名比赛 enter oneself for a contest
31.剧场的入口 the entrance to the theater
32.在除夕 on New Year’s Eve
33.虽然，即使 even if / even though
34.时事 current events
35.参加考试 have / take an examination
36.进行体格检查 carry out a medical examination
37.考试及格 pass an examination
38.为…树立榜样 set an example to sb.
39.做早操 do morning exercises
40.产生，成立 come into existence/come into being
41.做实验 carry / do / make an experiment
42.做解释，说明 make an explanation
43.做鬼脸，装怪相 make a face/make faces
44.事实上 as a matter of fact
45.未能…/失败做…… fail to do sth.
46.落后，掉队 fall behind
47.对…而熟悉 be familiar with sth.
48.因…而闻名 be famous/known for
49.作为…而闻名 be famous/known as
50.摸某人的脉 feel one’s pulse
51.觉得想做… feel like doing sth.
52.伤害某人的感情 hurt one’s feelings
53.春节 the Spring Festival
54.发高烧 have a high fever
55.科学领域 the field of science
56.五十多岁时 in one’s fifties
57.关键人物 a key figure
58.填写表格 fill in the form
59.刹那间 in a flash
60.一场大洪水 a big / great flood
61.扫地 sweep the floor
62.在三层 on the third floor
63.三层楼的建筑 a building of three storeys/a three-storeyed building
64.正在开花 be in flowers
65.放（风筝等） fly a kite
66.糊里糊涂 in a fog
67.欺骗，愚弄某人 make a fool of sb.
68.在山脚下 at the foot of the mountain
69.空军 the air force
70.靠武力，强行 by force
71.用很大力气 with great force
72.对外贸易 foreign trade
73.养成好/坏习惯 form a good/bad habit
74.碰碰运气 try one’s fortune
75.每四个一组（一批）；四个四个地 in fours
76.常客 a frequent visitor
77.新手 a fresh hand
78.同…交朋友 make friends with
79.那时起 /从现在起 from then on/from now on
80.不时地，时常 from time to time
81.不劳而不获。 No pains, no gains.
82.做游戏 play games
83.代沟 generation gap
84.开始认真（做某事） get down to sth.
85.陷入麻烦 get into trouble
86.有音乐天分 have a gift for music
87.用尽，耗尽，筋疲力尽 give out/be worn out
88.朝…看了一眼 take a glance at
89.向人瞪眼，怒目而视 glare at
90.（灯，火）熄灭 go out
91.复习功课 go over the lesson
92.进了一个球 score a goal
93.犯语法错误 make mistakes in grammar
94.懂某人的意思 grasp one’s meaning
95.勿踏草地 keep off the grass
96.养成…的习惯 get into the habit of
97.用手 by hand
98.分发 hand out
99.一方面…另一方面… on the one hand…on the other hand 100.少量的 a handful of
101.过幸福生活 live a happy life
102.损害，伤害 do harm to
103.一个好收成 a good harvest
104.保持镇静 keep one’s head/keep calm
105.身体好 in good health
106.记住某事 learn / know sth. by heart
107.紧握某物 keep a tight hold on sth.
108.握住；抓住 catch / take / get hold of
109.趾高气扬 hold one’s head high
110.暑假 the summer holidays
111.休假 on holiday
112.为（向）… 表示敬意；为了纪念… in honour of
113.对某人抱很大希望 have high hope for sb.
114.怀着…的希望 in the hope of doing sth.
115.住院 be in hospital
116.大约一小时 an hour or so
117.挨饿 go hungry
118.打猎 go hunting
119.匆匆忙忙 in a hurry
120.不知道 have no idea
121.但愿，要是…就好了 if only
122.给某人留下好印象 make a good impression on sb. 123.慢慢前进 inch one’s way forward
124.患难之交才是真朋友。 A friend in need is a friend indeed. 125.告诉某人某事 inform sb of sth
126.坚持要做 insist on doing
127.视察工厂 inspect a factory
128.激动人心的演讲 an inspiring speech
129.急需帮助 in great/instant need of help 130.打断谈话 interrupt a conversation
131.介绍信 a letter of introduction
132.收到请帖 receive an invitation
133.邀请信 a letter of invitation
134.讲笑话 tell a joke
135.和某人开玩笑 play a joke with sb.
136.旅行 make a journey（to）
137.使某人高兴的是 to one’s joy
138.不可以貌取人。 Don’t judge a man by his looks. 139.初中/高中 a junior/senior high school 140.正在那时 just then
与…保持联系 keep in touch with
使…不进入… keep out of
成功的秘诀 the key to success
踢门 kick the door
踢掉鞋子 kick off one’s shoes
跪下 go down / fall on one’s knees 敲门 knock at the door
最迟，至迟 at the latest
迟早 sooner or later
哈哈大笑起来 burst into laughter
违（守）法 break / obey the law
制定一条法律 make a law
摆设餐具（准备吃饭） lay the table
过着简朴的生活 lead a simple life
忽略，遗漏 leave out
听关于…的讲座 attend a lecture on
给某人一个教训 teach sb. a lesson
从…在中吸取教训 take a lesson from
惊讶地叫了一声 let out a cry of surprise 透漏消息 let out the news
大写字母 a capital letter
仰卧 / 俯卧 lie on one’s back / stomach 复活，苏醒过来 come back to life
交通信号灯 traffic lights
列一张购物清单 make a shopping list 谋生，度日 make a living
丧生，死；牺牲 lose one’s life 泄气；灰心 lose heart
失音 lose one’s voice 输一场 lose a game
祝你好运。 Wish you good luck. 洗衣机 a washing machine 欣喜若狂 be mad with joy
邮寄包裹 send the parcel by mail
赚钱 make money
交朋友 make friends
取得进步 make progress
利用 make use of
编造故事 make up a story
弥补某人的过失 make up for one’s mistake
有礼貌 have good manners
商标 a trade mark
满分 full marks
观看一场篮球比赛 watch a basketball match
进行比赛 have a match
祝你成功。 May you success.
五一节 May Day
通过这种方式 by this means
用…方法，依靠 by means of
决不 by no means
按…尺寸做 make…to one’s measure
采取措施 take a measure
量身高 measure one’s height
获得金牌 get a gold medal
医疗队 a medical team
体检 medical examination
吃药 take / have some medicine
满足…的需要 meet the needs of
遇到风暴 meet with a storm
去开会 go to a meeting
开会 have a meeting
举行会议 hold a meeting
为纪念 in memory of
对…一点儿也不怜悯 have no mercy on sb.
毫不容情地；残忍地 without mercy
在…支配下；任由…摆布 at the mercy of
圣诞快乐！ Merry Christmas!
给某人捎个信儿 take a message for sb.
中秋节 Mid-autumn Day
上百万的，许许多多的 millions of
改变主意 change one’s mind
当心油漆未干。 Mind the wet paint!
下决心 make up one’s mind
外交部长 the minister of foreign affairs
06高考英语作文集中练习100题二
时间：2006-2-23 9:53:58 浏览次数：296
11、
假设你是你校京剧爱好者协会的成员，在一次同英国中学生代表团的联欢活动中，你协
会将出一个京剧节目。在演出前，由你向外国朋友介绍京剧的由来，按以下提示介绍：
1．京剧在中国很受欢迎，历史悠久，有200年历史，在清朝乾隆年间，乾隆对地方剧 有兴趣。
2．1790年，为庆祝乾隆80岁生日，他召集各地方剧团来京为他演出，4个来自安徽 的剧团在庆典后留在北京。
3．1828年，一个湖北剧团来京，在京常与安徽剧团一起演出，两种唱派合在一起，逐
渐形成了一种新剧种，被称为京剧。
4．下面演出开始，希望朋友们喜欢。
参考词汇：
地方剧：local opera
乾隆年间：the reign of Qianlong
表演：perform
剧团：troupe
12、
你昨天去游泳患了感冒，今天早上头痛，医生让你休息两天。你用英语给老师写一个请假条。
13、
假设你是学生会的负责人，你们要组织一次英语讲座，请用英语写一个通知，把讲座的安排：时间，地点，主讲人，内容，以及注意事项通知大家。
14、
李华父亲的朋友陈伟是在美国居住多年的华裔。因陈伟的儿子陈小明明年要来大陆李华学校学汉语，陈小明来信询问学校情况，以下是小华回信的内容。
1．听说你明年来我校学习，我们很高兴。
2．我校是一所具有80年历史的老学校。
3．学校很美，有许多花草树木，两座教学大楼，一座宿舍楼。
4．学校设备优良，有体育馆、计算机室和大图书馆等。学生除正式课程外，还有许多 选修课，如：油画、打字、烹调等。
5．最重要的是，学校有许多优秀教师，课程有趣，老师既有知识又和蔼，非常愿意帮 助我们，我爱我们的学校，我真希望你也能喜欢我们的学校。
参考词汇：
选修课：elective
体育馆：gym
宿舍楼：dormitory building
15、
写信向友人介绍作家鲁迅。
魏明的美国朋友杰克开始学习中国文学，来信询问鲁迅其人及作品。魏明回信介绍鲁迅：
1．鲁迅是著名的中国作家。他不仅是作家，思想家，而且还是中国现代文学的开创者。
2．他的小说被译成多种文字，并被制成电影，如《阿Q正传》、《祝福》这两部影片 深刻地揭露了旧社会。毛主席对他有高度评价。他的一些作品还被选入了中学和大 学课本。
3．认为读鲁迅作品对他很有益处。
参考词汇：
创始人：Founder
中国文学：Chinese Literature
阿Q正传：The True Story of AH Q
祝福：The New Year's Sacrifice
16、
提示：为引进外资，进一步加快你家乡A城改革开放。你向一位外商介绍你家乡A城。
1．A城是一新开发的经济特区。它是一座具有三十万人口的临海小城。
2．解放前是一个小渔村，以渔业为主，没有工业，只有几所小学。
3．改革开放以来，许多外商到这里投资，经济增长很快，建立了许多大工厂、一个大 港口。港口与国内外许多城市连接。
4．教育有很大的发展，建立了该城第一所大学。已有三千人从该校毕业。我相信，A 城在不久的将来将更加现代化。
参考词汇：
投资：invest
经济开发区：an economic-zone
港口：port
17、
11月11日，你将在家里为你的妹妹15周岁开一个生日晚会，写信给你的外国朋友Peter，邀请他来参加。晚会开始时间是晚上6点，将持续到很晚。告诉Peter每天晚上你都在家，请他给你打个电话告诉你他是否来参加生日晚会，并表达你盼望见到他的心情。
在信的开头告诉Peter你已收到他10月25日的来信，但由于最近一直忙于期中考试未能及时回信。
假设你现在的住址是北京西城区云梯胡同1号楼4门2号。
18、
给笔友保罗(Paul)的一封信
提示：
1．过了一个很好的寒假，在寒假中与父亲一起回老家河北农村。
2．吃惊于家乡的巨大变化。几乎村里每家都有彩电，许多家盖了新房。有的家还有了 摩托车和小汽车。
3．一位村民自豪地告诉我，他和一部分村民打算参加一个旅游团到国外旅游。
4．我表示羡慕他们，我对父亲说，将来大学毕业要回老家来，父亲也表示说他一退休 就来。
5．你的名字小海。
19、
张红从广告上得知某公司需要一名秘书。写信应聘。以下是张红的简历。
年龄20岁，即将从职业学校毕业。专业：经济管理（business
management）。学英语8年，会计算机。在过去三年中一直是本校学生报编辑之一，学习成绩在班上优秀。主要是本人喜欢办公室工作，相信能胜任秘书工作。如果能得到这个机会将十分感谢。
请以张红的名义向公司写信写聘。
参考词汇：
职业学校：vocational school
专业：major
20、
给朋友小林的一封信，谈谈寒假生活。
1．寒假很忙，因为今年七月要参加高考。
2．每天埋头读书，复习每门必修课，做许多练习。
3．学习刻苦，每天学习10小时以上，累时看会儿电视，听音乐，但总不去影剧院。不
得不回绝亲戚朋友的邀请，只在除夕时打电话问候。
4．多希望没有考试，但又不可能，要尽力取得好成绩。考上渴望已久的清华大学。 参考词汇：
必修课：required subject
埋头于某事：bury oneself in sth .
11、
Now let me say something about Beijing Opera. Beijing Opera is
very popular in China. It has a history of more than 200
years. During the reign of the Qianlong emperor in the Qing
dynasty, Qianlong had a interest in the local opera. In 1790,
to celebrate his eightieth birthday, he summoned opera troupes
from different places to perform for him in Beijing. Four
famous troupes from Anhui province remained in Beijing after
the celebration. In 1828, A Hubei troupe came to Beijing and
often performed together with the Anhui troupes. The two types
of singing mixed together and gradually a new type came into
being known as Beijing Opera. Now is the performance. I hope
you will like it.
12、
Dear Mr. Du,
I'm sorry to tell you that I can't go to school today. I've
caught a cold because I went swimming yesterday.
This morning I had a headache and had a fever. The doctor
advised me to stay in bed for two days.
Now I'm writing to you to ask for two days' sick leave.
Yours respectfully,
Li Qing
13、
There will be an English lecture on high school education in
the U.S. by Mr. Jackson. It will be given in the Lecture Hall
on Saturday afternoon from 2：00 to 4：00, May 15th, 1992. Those who are interested in it are warmly welcome. Be sure not to be
late. After the lecture, please write a diary about it in
English.
THE STUDENTS' UNION
14、
Dear Xiao Ming,
I was excited to hear that you will come to learn Chinese in
our school. Now let me tell you something about our school.
Our school campus is beautiful. It has many trees, flowers and
a lot of grass. We have two very nice teaching buildings and a dormitory building. In addition, the school has excellent equipment, such as a new gym, a computer room and a large library. There are also a lot of electives to choose from, such as painting, typing and cooking. Above all, there are many excellent teachers in our school. Classes are
interesting, the teachers are kind and knowledgeable and willing to help the students. I like our school. I hope you will like our school too.
Yours
Li Hua
15、
Dear Jack,
I was very glad to receive your letter on the tenth of
February. You ask me something about Lu Xun and his works since you began to study Chinese literature. Now let me tell you something about him.
Lu Xun was a well-Known Chinese writer, he was not only a writer, a thinker, and translator, but also a founder of
modern Chinese literature. His novels have been put into many languages and some of novels have been made into films, such as The True Story of AH Q and The New Year's Sacrifice which expose sharply the old society. The late Chairman Mao spoke highly of him. Some of his novels have been collected in high school and college textbooks. Since you are learning Chinese literature, I think reading Lu Xun's novels will benefit a lot.
Yours
Wei Ming
16、
My hometown is an economic-open-zone. It is a town on the sea with a population of three hundred thousand. Before the liberation it used to be a fishing village. Most people lived on fishing. There was no industry. And there were only few primary schools here.
Since the open-door policy, a lot of foreign businessmen invested here. A lot of factories have been built. Economics have developed rapidly and big port has also been built, which is connected with many ports of other ports both in and out of our country. A new university now has been founded. Three
thousand students have already graduated from it. I am sure in the near future our hometown will become more modern. 17、
2 Doorway 4, building 1
Yunti Hu Tong
Xicheng District
Beijing 100037
China
November 4th,1995
Dear peter,
Thank you for your letter of October 25. I haven't written sooner as I were busy preparing for my mid--term exams.
We are having a party on 11th November at our house for my sister's 15th birthday and we hope you can come. It only happens once a year! The party will start at 6 p.m. and will go on until late!
I'm at home in the evenings. Please give me a call.
We're looking forward to seeing you.
loves,
Zhao Ning
18、
Dear Paul,
How are you! I think you have come back to school now.
I have had a wonderful winter holiday. During the holiday, my father and I went to hometown, In the countryside in HeBei Province. I was astonished to find that great changes had taken place in the village in recent years. Almost every family in the village had colour TV set, many families had their houses newly built, or rebuilt, some of them had
motorcycles or cars.
One of the villagers proudly told me that he and some other villagers were going to join a tour and travel abroad. How I admire them!
I said to my father that I would go back to my hometown after I graduated from college. Father also expressed he would go back as soon as he retired. Both of us were disappointed when the holiday ended so soon, and we had to leave.
What did you do in your holiday? Are you busy now?
Here are my best regards to you and your family
Yours
Xiao Hai
19、
Dear Sir：
How do you do? Through the ad .I know you need a secretary. I would like to have this job. Now let me introduce myself to you.
My name is Zhang Hong. I am twenty and will soon graduate from a vocational school. My major is business management. I have
been learning English for 8 years and I have computer
experience. I have been one of the editors for the student
newspaper in our school for the past three years. My grades
remain upper level in my class. The most important thing is
that I like office work very much. I am sure I can do it well.
I will appreciate it very much if you would give me the
opportunity. Thank you for your consideration.
I am looking forward to hearing from you .
Sincerely yours,
Zhang Hong
20、
Dear Xiao Lin,
I have had a busy holiday these winter because I will take
part in the entrance examination this September.
I almost buried myself in the books every day. I had to go
over every required subject and did a lot of exercises. I
worked very hard, more than 10 hours a day. When I was tired I
watched TV for a while and listened to music, but I never went
to the cinema or theater. I had to refuse several invitations
from my relatives and classmates. I only called them to greet
them on the eve of the Spring Festival. How I wish there were
no examinations at all, but of course it is impossible. I will
try my best to get better results and go to were no
examinations at all, but of course it is impossible. I will
try my best to get better results and go to Qing Hua
University, which I have been longing for. How is your
vacation? Best wishes to you and your family!
Yours
Wu Qi
高考英语作文题型及对策
作者：易教整理 来源：网友共享 发布时间：2006-5-23 10:51:00 发布人：admin 在本站首发的原创文章与作品版权归本站及作者共有，如需转载，请注明出自本站及作者姓名。本站所提供的插画，摄影作品，以及设计作品，如需使用，请与原作者联系，著作版权归原作者所有。
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一 日 记
日记是用来叙述一天生活中发生的有意义事件的文体，特别是那些具有教育意义或值得今后回忆、查阅或参考的事情。日记的素材应是最有趣或最有感受的一些事情。通常用用记叙文或简单的议论文体裁。字数不宜过多。
格式：一般是在左上角记上当天的日期(年、月、日)，星期；右上角写上当天的天气情况。下面
一行可以写上日记小标题，也可以不写标题。
时态：日记记叙的时间，通常是在当天的下午或是晚上，特殊情况下也可以第二天补记。
因此，
所用的时态多为过去时态。但应灵活掌握；如记叙天气、描写景色，或为了描写生动，议
论某事、对话引语等，也可使用现在时。
类型：日记可分记事、议论、描写及抒情等。记事型是用英语记述当天自己生活、学习中发生的
事情。议论型是对生活中的某一事情或情况、现象谈自己的看法，发表议论。描写型、抒
情型，则是对某人物、事物的特征做细致的描述，或针对某事物抒发自己的感情。
(2)日记一般按事情发生的先后顺序记述，所以有时需要借助一些表示先后顺序的词语。如：at first, then, later on ,
afterwards, soon, finally, at last 等。
[范文]
April 9th, Sunday Fine
It is Sunday today. I didn’t get up as early as usual. In the
morning after I finished my homework, I did some washing. Then I
called Wu Gang and invited him to see the film “Lion King”. But
unfortunately when we got to the cinema at two o’clock in the
afternoon, we found all the tickets had been sold out. Then we went
back to school to play table tennis. After this when we were about
to go home, we saw our English teacher Ms Liu at the school gate.
She told us that we had made great progress in English this term.
She suggested that we should do more reading and listening. We
promised her that we would take her advice.
二 书 信
书信格式
一般格式
英文书信的构成可分为7个部分：
信头(Heading)
日期(Date)
收信人姓名及地址(Inside Name and Address)
称呼(Salutation)
信文(Body of the letter)
结束语(Complimentary close )
署名(Signature)
(1)信头(Heading)
信头是指发信人的单位名称或地址。一般情况下发信人只需把自己的地址写(打字，手写均可)在信的右上角，离开信纸的顶头约1英寸，占二三行或四行均可，格式如下：
①齐头式
256 West Nanjing Street
Nanchang, Jiangxi Province
China
② 缩进式
Henan Road
Shanghai
China
注意：写地址的次序与中文不同，应先写门牌号码街道，然后城市和国名。写地址时间采用齐
头或缩进式，以及每行后要不要加标点符号，都没有固定的规定，如写给经常往来的亲 友，这项地址也可以省略。
(2) 日期(Date)
写日期注意下列各点：
① 年份应写全。例如不能用“99”来代替“1999”;
② 月份应写英文名称，除May, July外，可用缩写，如：Sep.,
Oct.。但不要用数字来代替，如7/4/99或7，4，99，因为在英国此日期代表7th April, 1999, 而美国则代表4th
July, 1999。
③日期可用1，2，3，4…11，12…21，22…31等，也可用1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th… 11th, 21st…22 nd, 31 st等。
日期的几种写法：
a: July 7, 1998
b. 1st October, 1998
c. 30 Nov., 1997
d. Sep. 3 rd, 1999
④ 特别注意英文书信日期应紧着写信人地址下一行，不能像写中文书信那样写在书信签名之后，这是很多学生的常见错误。
精选范文
①
P．O．Box 2089
Beijing, China
Sep. 7th. 1999
②
86 Bright Road
Manchester
England
12 Mar, 1999
(3) 收信人姓名及地址(inside Name and Address)
写信人的地址和日期写好以后，接着就要写收信人的姓名和地址，一般的事务信件或给较生疏的朋友的信件要写，而在给较熟的朋友的信中则可省去。这一项写在日期下一行的左上角。收信人姓名写一行，收信人地址可分两行或三行写，和写信人的地址一样，上下可取齐，也可向右缩进。在姓名前一般要加上称号，称号因人而异。
① 对普通男子用Mr.;
②对未婚女子用Miss;
③对已婚女子用Mrs., 对婚姻状况不明确的通常用Ms(后跟本人姓)；
④对教授或博士(医生)用Prof. 或Dr.
精选范文
66 Smith Street
Manchester
England
27 May 1999
Mr. Jee Green
West Tenth Street
Hawaii
U.S.A.
(4) 称呼(Salutation)
称呼指的是信文开头的那种称呼，如Dear, Mr., uncle,
各种称呼因人而异。在称呼后面一般是用逗号，但也有用冒号的。现归纳如下： ①对父母、兄弟、姐妹等；
a. Dear Father,
b. My dear Mother,
c. Dear Sister,
d. Dear Tom,
② 对亲戚：
a. My dear Auntie.
b. Dear Cousin,
c. My dear Cousin,
③ 对朋友、同学
a. My dear friend,
b. Dear Mr. Jackson,
c. My dear Mr. Jackson,
④ 对未婚女子：
a. Dear Miss Luce,
b. My dear Miss Luce,
⑤ 对一般妇女，不论是否结婚：
a. Ms.
b. Dear Madame,
⑥ 对已婚生子：
a. Dear Mrs. Helen Jackson,
b. My dear Mrs. Helen Jackson,
⑦ 对公司、工厂、学校等：
a. Dear Sirs,
b. Sirs,
c. Gentlemen,
(5) 信文(Body of the letter)
信文是信件的主体部分，也就是信的内容。正文应在称呼下两行开始。信的开头第一个字母通常和称呼开头第一个词平齐。也有往后退四个或八字个字的。下面介绍一些开头语和结尾语。
开头语
① 相当于中文的“敬启者”。
a. I beg to inform you that …
b. I beg to take this opportunity to inform you that …
c. I have the honor to address you that …
d. I write in a hurry to inform you that …
e. I have the pleasure to tell you that …
f. I’m very much delighted to inform you that …
② 相当于中文的“接读某月某日来信，一切知悉”。
a. I thank you very much for your letter of May 20th …
b. Your letter of May 20th has been received with thanks.
c. It gives me great pleasure to receive your kind letter of May 20th.
d. In answer to your kind letter of May 20th, deeply regret that … e. I have received your kind letter of May 20th.
f. Words can’t express my delight on finding your favor of yesterday on my desk this
morning.
g. Your letter dated May 20th has been received
结尾语
采用三种方法：
① 采用分词短语：句末用逗号，不用句号。例如：
a. Waiting for your good news,
b. Looking forward to your early reply,
c. Hoping to hear from you soon,
d. Hoping you are enjoying good health,
e. Regretting that I can’t give you a more favorite reply,
f. Regretting the trouble I’m causing you,
g. Wishing you every success,
h. Wishing you a pleasant journey,
i. Wishing you a happy New Year,
②采用介词短语，句末用逗号，不用句号。例如：
a. With best regards,
b. With kind regards to your family,
c. With best wishes to you and yours,
d. With best wishes for your success and happiness,
e. With best wishes for your success in your new field of work, f. With best regards and wishing you all success,
g. With warmest regards,
h, With best regards to you and your family,
i. With the season’s greetings,
③ 采用完整句子：句末用句号。例如：
a. We are waiting for your good news.
b. I hope to receive your early reply.
c. We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
d. I thank you very much for your services, and wish your continued success.
(6)结束语(Complimentary Close)
①结束语的一般写法如下：
Yours faithfully,
Yours truly,
Truly yours,
Sincerely yours,
②公函常用：
Faithfully yours,
Yours respectfully,
Respectfully yours,
Yours sincerely,
③私人书信常用：
Sincerely yours,
Yours very sincerely,
Yours affectionately,
Yours ever,
④给亲戚朋友的信常用：
Love,
All my love,
Your(ever) loving son/daughter/cousin, etc.
Your affectionate nephew,
Yours lovingly,
Lovingly yours,
(7)署名(Signature)
下面是署名的例子：
①个人署名：
Yours truly,
W. J. Watson
②公司署名：
Yours faithfully,
Legend Computer Company
Wang Lin
Sales Manager
精选范文
① 生日贺信
Dear Bob,
Tomorrow is your birthday. I imagine your family is planning a celebration for you. I write this letter to offer you my heartiest congratulations and best wishes for many returns of the day. With my sincere wishes for your success,
② 圣诞节及新年贺信
Dear Mary and Helen,
A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to you! Allow me to offer you Season Greetings. May the New Year will bring you a bright and prosperous (繁荣) future.
My families who are well and happy, join me in my good wishes.
Yours very sincerely,
Barbara
③感谢信
Dear Sir,
With feelings of deep gratitude I address you to give my thanks for your noble and generous efforts by which my son was saved from the lake. Surely, if it had not been for your help, my son would not be alive now. I shall be most happy to have a chance of serving you in return.
I extend you again a thousand thanks for the great favor.
Yours faithfully,
Wang Bing
④ 请求帮助信
Dear Harry,
I expect to leave Shanghai for Nanjing next Monday and intend to stay there for a month or so. You told me you had been there for a long time and knew a lot of people. I, therefore, shall thank you if you will kindly let me have one or two letters of introduction to them as I am an entire stranger in that place.
⑤ 申请信(申请作为研究助理)
Dear Sir,
I’m a graduate student in the Physics Department of Qinghua University.
Recently I read that you are hiring an assistant to do research on solar physics. As you can see from my resume (简历)，I have had experience in this field. I’m very interested in your project and hope to work with you. My telephone number is 83745102.
Thank you for your consideration. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
⑥道歉信
[范文]
256 Weeton road
Hong Kong
7 th June, 2000
Dear David,
I am very sorry that I could not meet you last night. I hope that you did not wait too long outside the New York Theatre. I had to
look after my small brother until my mother returned home. She spent a long time at the doctor’s and she arrived home very late. I am all the way to the bus stop, but I had already missed the bus. And so I decided to get on a train and I arrived at the New York Theatre at eight o’clock. I didn’t think that you would still be there because It was three quarters of an hour late. I do hope that you will forgive me.
Anyway, how about next Friday?
Love,
Sue
这类信件一般包括三个部分：1)道歉(apology) 2) 叙述原因或问题(reason/problem)
3)后果及解决办法(consequence + offer of solution)。
范文是比较典型的致歉信。Sue首先在信的开头向David
为昨晚未能按时到剧院见他表示道歉。然后叙述昨天未能准时到剧院的原因，结果晚8点才赶到剧院，迟到了45分钟。Sue
以为David已经走了，没有见到他，最后一句“How about next Friday?”提出下周五再见面的解决办法。
三 启事
1遗失启事以Lost作为标题放在启事的上方正中。在Lost 的右下角处写出遗失启事的时间。
启事的正文包括遗失物品，遗失的时间、地点，若有人发现遗失物品送交的人、地点。启事
正文右下角写上失主的姓名，Loser 可写可不写。
2招领启事以Found作为标题放在启事上方正中。在found的右下角处写上招领启事的时间。
启事的正文包括招领的物品。拾到物品的时间及丢失者去认领失物的地点。启事正文的右下
角写上登这一启事的单位。
遗失启事
Lost
September 1, 2000
I was careless and lost a green school bag in the dining-hall on the
morning of 21 st of August. Inside were an English textbook, a
workbook, a dictionary and a key to my bike. Will the finder please
send it either to the monitor of Class 3, Senior Grade 3 or to
myself? Many thanks to the finder. Our classroom is in Room 303,
Building 2.
Zhao Meng
(Loser)
失物招领启事
Found
June 8th, 2000
A wallet was found yesterday afternoon, inside of which there is
some money and other things. The loser is expected to come to the
Office of Senior Grade 2 to identify it.
The Office of Senior
Grade 2
四 通知
通知是一种常用应用文体，用来把有关事情告知特定的读者或听众。通知的正文就是通告的内容，这是主体部分，包括通告的对象、事由、时间、地点等。它分为书面通知和口头通知两种，这两种通知在格式上有较大差别。
书面通知的常见形式有一般通知、布告、海报等。它们一般张贴在布告栏或黑板上。通知的正文上方有Notice
(或全部大写NOTICE)或Announcement (或全部大写ANNOUNCEMENT)
为题目。以海报形式出现时，通知常以海报内容为题，如Lecture, Football
Match等。当然题目中还可以出现发通知的单位，如Student Union Notice, English Department
Announcement，通知题目要求居中打印、书写，有时为了强调，甚至可以以粗体形式出现。书面通知一定要有发通知时间及落款。出通知的时间一般写在通知正文的下方左角，落款于右下角，当然时间及落款也可都写右下角。书面通知的正文一般用第三人称来写。时间、地点、参加者、内容、注意事项是通知的要点，应直截了当地一一予以说明。我们既可以用包容量较大的长句，也可以用简明的短语，前者正式，后者易懂易记。在正文中切忌添枝加叶的评论。一般情况下通知以段落形式出现，海报则按信息分行居中书写或打印。
口头通知一般不用写题目，也不必有出通知的时间。发布口头通知首先说明被通知的对象，在正文前面有呼语且顶左格写，如：Ladies and
gentlemen, Boys and girls 等等。为了引正听者的注意，需另起行不顶格写一些引人注意的话，如：Be quiet,
please! May I have your attention? Attention, please!
等。口头通知要口头发布，因而可以用较随意口语体，如：I’ll,
I’ve等。口头通知在结束时要有结束语，这是因为口头通知需要用一些语言表明通知的起止，如用That’s all.
表示通知到此为止宣布完毕。另外结尾处还需要一些如Thank you. 一样的客套语。口头通知的一些常用的开头语和结束语。
开头语
Be quiet, please! Attention, please!
Listen, please.
APlease be quiet, everyone.
Please stop talking over there!
May I have your attention, please!
Please be quiet, everyone, There is something I have to tell you.
BBe quiet, please. There is something you need to know.
Listen, please. There is going to be…
结束语
Any questions?
Does everyone understand?
That’s all. Thank you.
不论是口头通知还是书面通知都是宣布即将发生的事情及其具体内容，因而多用将来时态，其中往往有一些注意事项，一般用祈使句来强调。通知的语言要简洁明了，条理清晰，要求精确，特别是时间概念很重要，必须写得十分明确，不容丝毫含糊。
①会议通知
[题 材]
你班决定在下周三(5月15日)下午3：30在你班教室召开会议，讨论如何学习英语。目前在
西北轻工业学院任教的史密斯教授将应邀在会上讲话。今天是5月11日。请你写一个通知，要求大家准时参加。
词数：70左右。
[范 文]
A Meeting to Be Held
Notice
A meeting to discuss how to learn English is to be held in our
classroom on next Wednesday May 15th, 1999, at 3:30 p.m..
The discussion is very interesting. At the end of the meeting,
Professor Smith working at the Northwest Institute of Light Industry
will give us some useful advice.
All the students of our class are expected to be present on time.
May 11, 1996Class 1, Grade 3
② 庐山郊游通知
[题 材]
假如你是高三(2)班班长，你班要在5月4日即下星期六去庐山郊游。请你拟一份通知，准备向同学们宣读。内容包括：
1、郊游日期：5月4日，下星期六；
2、主要内容：攀登比赛、摄影等；
3、早餐后8点坐校车出发，午餐自带，下午3点回校；
4、欢迎全体同学参加。凡参加者先登记并交给班长5元钱。
注意：通知词数约70—120。要求意思连贯。
[范 文]
An Outing to Lushan
An Announcement
Class, please be quiet. I am glad to tell you that we have decided
to have an outing to Lushan next Saturday, May 4th. The expense is
about five yuan. Those who wish to go should put down the names on
this piece of paper and give the money to me. We will go by school
bus which is to start after breakfast at 8:00 a. m. and come back to
school at 3:00 p.m.. Remember to bring your lunch with you.
We’ll have a contest of climbing the hill and take photos there. All
the students are welcome. That’s all. Thank you.
Monitor
Class 2 of Senior Grade 3
③某中学将有一位美国教授布菜克博士来访，该教授将给师生们作一次报告，介绍美国的教育情况。学校要求同学们在星期三下午2：30准时到105大教室参加报告会，并带上笔记本，以便会后讨论。请你根据上面要点，用英语写一通知。(字数：80左右)
参考词语
美国教授American professor
有关教育的报告a report on education
作笔记to take notes
讨论to have a discussion
Notice
An American professor, Dr Black will visit our school this Wednesday
afternoon. He will give us a report on the education in America.
Everyone is supposed to be in Room 105, the big classroom exactly at
2:30 p.m. Wednesday. Please bring your notebooks with you and take
notes while listening to the lecture, so that we can have a
discussion about it after it is over.
④假如你是班长，通知你班同学本周星期六晚上7：30—在本班教室举行一次英语晚会，节目有唱歌、朗诵、讲故事、话剧等，要求本班同学都参加，欢迎外班同学光临，请同学们作好准备。(字数：80左右)
参考词语
朗诵recitation
节目programme (或program)
欢迎to be welcomed
表演 to perform
Fellow students, attention, please.I have some good news to tell
you. We’re going to have an English evening, in our classroom at
7:30 on Saturday evening. The programme inclides songs, recitations,
storytelling and short plays. Everyone in our clas must take part in
it and students form other classed are also welcome. Everone who
takes part in the party should perform once.
That’s all. Thank you.
五 便条
便条多用于较熟的亲友、同事之间，以代替一般的私人书信及公务书信,因此便条除具有书信的一般特征外，还有某些特殊性：
（1）临时性和紧迫性。便条多是临时性的通知、询问，内容大多有较紧迫的时间限制，比如通知当事人立即给某处回电话，通知医生即刻出诊等等。所以，便条大多是匆忙写在纸条上托人转交或留在某处。
（2）非正式性。便条所写的基本都是可以公开的普通事宜，而且内容大都非常简单，几句话就可以说清楚，不必采用非常的书信形式，也不用缄口。
由于便条的以上两个特征，便条在形式上具有以下特点：
（1）简化书信格式。便条既不用信封，不写收信人与发信人地址，也不写结尾问候语。不详细写明年月日，而只写星期，或日月。由于时间大多发生在一两天内，常常要写明上、下午或钟点。日期可写于正文右上角或末尾署名之下，没有很严格的限制。
（2）简化称呼及签署。便条多用于相熟的朋友、同事或家人之间，称呼用语应亲切、随便，不可过于正式。如可用Mary, Dear
Johnson等等。署名也可以只写姓或只写名。因为即使公务便条，也多用于同一部门，大家相互熟悉，笔迹也容易认读。
（3）语言通俗而口语化。便条形式随便，语言也应通俗。要尽量避免用大词和过分正式的句子。如尽量用：“Just a line to tell
you that…”而不用“This is to inform you that…”，用“put off
”而不用“postpone”。句子的结构尽量简单。
例如：
① 你到一个叫李英的同学家，通知他一件事，碰巧他不在家，你给他留了张便条，内容如下：
a. 明天的课将推迟到本星期六下午2点，因为明天你要参加劳动—植树，上午7点在校门口集合出发。
b.前天你把雨伞落在他家房子的前门外，请他明天上课时替你带来。
×××
8.10
Aug.10
Li Ying,
Tomorrow’s class will be put off to Saturday. Instead, we’ll take
part in the labour—plant trees. We’ll gather at the school gate and
start off at 7:00 a.m.
I left my umbrella at the front door of your house the day before
yesterday. Please bring it to me when you come to school tomorrow.
Thank you very much.
Yours,
Wei Ping
六 介绍地点
介绍地点，有四项基本要求：一是抓住此处所的基本特征；二是要遵循一定的顺序，使文章条理清楚，中心突出；三是要运用恰当的方法进行说明；最后是语言要做到准确无误。
介绍地点，目的是让人明白无误地了解它，并且给人留下深刻印象。因此写作时首先抓住事物的特征，即一事物区别于其他事物的标志。我们可描绘的地点多得不胜枚举，诸如village(乡村)，city(城市)，school(学校)，library(图书馆)，factory
(工厂)等，它们各有其特点。所以在介绍地点时，要抓住其基本特征，加以客观地说明、描述，使读者在短时间内获得足够的信息。
要把一个地点介绍清楚，必须言之有序，富有条理。所谓“言之有序”，即要符合人们认识事物、欣赏事物的习惯。有的适宜按空间顺序，一般为由上至下或由下至上，由远及近或由近及远，顺时针方向或逆时针方向等来介绍；有的宜按逻辑顺序，由概括到具体、由理想到本质、由主要到次要、由整体到部分等来说明；还有的可按时间顺序来介绍，但第三类较少动用。有的还可采用多种顺序来说明，但初学者以一种顺序为好。
运用恰当的方法可以把处所说明得更为具体、明确。常见的方法有列数字、做比较、打比方、举例子、引资料等。不过，这类文章最容易写得呆板单调，缺乏生气，让人读起来感到乏味。所以除上述几种方法外，适当地运用描写，可增加文章的文采，使所写内容打动读者，达到最佳的表达效果。例如下面一段文字：The
village where I was born is a beautiful place. There area green
hills and clear water around it. Trees grow everywhere; a river
flows in front of it …. Duck swim in the pools; cows bellow (哞哞叫)in
their sheds. Occasionally you can hear a dog bark or a cock crow
(喔喔叫)….这段文字通过生动的描写，向我们展示了一幅乡村的自然美景图。同时，它又激发了我们心中对乡村生活的想象和向往。
最后，要注意语言的准确性，遣词造句不可过分渲染或模棱两可，要简洁、明白。尤其要注意方位词的准确运用。常用的方位词或词组有：to the
right (在右边)，to the left (在左边)，north (北)，south (南)，east
(东)，west(西)，front (前面的)，back (后面的)，above(在……中间)，in
(在……里)等，要注意这些方位词及它们的一些常用搭配的运用。
南极洲
[题材]
请根据下面表格，以“南极洲”为题写一篇短文(词数80—110)。
名 称南极洲
位 置地球的最南端(extreme south)
面 积大约14万平方公里
气 候世界上最寒冷的地方，常年有冰雪覆盖
自然资源企鹅(penguin)、鲸(whale)、铁、煤等
人口只有科学工作者
[范 文]
Antarctica
Antarctica, which is the coldest continent in the world, lies in the
extreme south of the earth. it has an area of about 140,000 square
kilometers. It is covered with cold thick ice and deep snow all year
long. But it is a very rich continent. It has many well-known
animals such as penguins, whales and it is also rich in mineral
resources including iron, coal and so on. Up to now only some
visiting scientists live there. maybe one day lots of households
will live there.
七、介绍事物
一、抓住事物的特征
介绍事物，一定要抓住事物的特征，所谓特征，就是人或事物所具有的独特的地方。只有把握住事物的独特性，并以此来展开说明或描述，才能把要说明的对象说清楚
。你想描述的任何事物都有其特征。比方说，我们拿起一支铅笔，仔细地观察它，就会注意到它的颜色、形状、
长度、锐利程度以及硬度等。也许你的作文以“This pencil is of normal size and shape.”开头，接着你就描写这支铅笔所具有的与众不同的特点。这种写作方法尤其适用于描写大家所熟悉的而又具有新的、与众不同的特征的事物。再比如下面一段文字：“去年，妈妈从北京给带回一套西服，质地上乘，做工考究，可棒了。”“质地上乘，做工考究”的服装很多，这几个字并未把这套西服的特征说清楚，因此不会给我们留下什么印象。总之，介绍一件事物，要考虑从哪方面着手才可抓住事物的具有代表性的特征。
二、要遵循一定的顺序
写任何文章都要做到条理分明。介绍一件事物，目的是上让读者清楚地了解事物本身的特点、性质以及用途等，因此更需要条理清楚。我们可以按以下三类顺序说明事物：1、时间顺序，即按事物的发生、发展的先后顺序进行说明。2、空间顺序，即按事物空间位置的顺序，由上至下，由近及远或由里至外地进行说明。3、逻辑顺序，即按人们认识事物的规律进行说明，如由概括到具体，由整体到部分，由现象到本质，由表及里，由原因到结果，由主要到次要，由特点到用途等。
三、选用恰当的方法
说明事物，我们常采用以下方法；
1、定义法。定义法的目的是让不知此事物的人对此物有一个起码的了解，以利于下文的展开。如：A thermometer is an
instrument used for measuring temperature.
就是对thermometer下了一个定义。有些事物也许不好下个明确定义，但我们可以交待这个事物的背景，来源，或列举出它的一些典型特征，以便让读者明白。这类事物可以是术语，也可以是外国人所不了
的中国的传统事物，如龙舟节等。2、举例说明法。举出具有代表性的例子，能够真切
地说明事物，化抽象为具体，使段落变得有血有肉，丰富起来。举例时常用的表达有：for
example(例如)，for instance(例如)，as an example of (作为……的例子)，take… for example
(以……为例)等。3、比较法。为了突出事物鲜明的特点，我们常把它与其他事物进行比较。比方说我们想向读者介绍什么是“电脑”，我们可以说“It’s
a kind of electrical or artificial
(人工的)brain.”这样把电脑和人脑进行了比较，从而使人们对“电脑”有更清晰的认识。
4、细节描述法。介绍一种事物，仅用概述性的词语如beautiful,
friendly, boring, good 或bad 是不够的。作者要提供一些细节，使被描述的对象更加形象具体，从而加深读者的印象。
除上述几种方法外，我们还可以通过引经据典(即引用专家、名人等的话语)、列举数字等其他方法说明一件事物，从而使文章更加严密，内容更具有科学性，更有说服力。
四、运用恰当的语言
介绍事物，文字要力求简洁、明白、准确。比如：The cover of the magazine is very nice.
在此句中“nice”一词的意义不够明确，如果改用“artistic”就清楚了许多。再如下句：We wish to state that
this electric car was designed with the idea of safety in mind.
此句冗长，不够简洁，应改为：The electric car was designed for safety.
除讲究语言平实准确的前提下，我们还可以运用描写的方法，来增添文章的可读性。例如在写题目为“My Pencil
Box”这一文章时，若写成“I have a pencil-box, which was given to me by
classmates as a birthday present. On it are three little bears.
Inside are my pencils, a rubber and a
pen-knife.”这样的表达是不是显得干巴巴的，毫无情趣？若能对三只小熊憨态可掬的形象加以描述，则会给读者留下深刻的印象。另外，在介绍事物时，语言易流于单调，若插入传说、趣事，或引用诗文、成语，或运用比喻、拟人、反问等修辞手段则可使语言生动形象，引人入胜。
(1)、家用电脑
[题 材]
家用电脑体积小，价格低，造型优美，简单易用，使用方便，灵活；可用于计算，记事，打电话，打印信件；儿童可用它来学英语，做游戏。你通过家用电脑能学会怎样使用微机，为将来找工作提供便利；电脑工作比人快数倍；我们已经得到了电脑的巨大帮助。
请根据以上内容写一篇介绍家用电脑的说明文。
要求：
1、短文需包括以上全部内容，但不可逐条翻译；
2、词数为120左右。
[范 文]
The Family Computer
The family computer is small. Its price is not high, and it has a
good look. It can be used easily. You can use it to calculate, make
notes, call others and type letters, etc. Also, children can learn
English or play games with it. Besides, you can use a family
computer as a training computer. You can learn how to use an office
computer, which will give you convenience to find a good job in a
company. Computers can work hundreds of times faster than human
beings. We have been greatly helped by computers.
(2)、茶
[题 材]
就题目“茶(Tea)”写一篇120词左右的短文。内容包括：
1、饮茶源于中国，现已遍及全世界；
2、中国有许多世界名茶。用不同的方法加工茶，可生产出红茶(black tea)，绿茶，花茶(scented
tea)保健茶(tea)等；
3、饮茶已成为我们生活的一部分。饮茶可以使人保持大脑清醒，解除疲劳。茶里的营养成分
(nutritious elements)以及微量元素(trace elements)可以使人健康。
[范 文]
Tea
Tea drinking originated① in ancient China and has spread all over
the world. China grows several kinds of the world famous tea. By
using different ways to treat and process② tea, the Chinese can
produce black tea, green tea, scented tea, medical tea and the like.
Tea drinking has become part of our life. In China, there are tea
houses③ where people talk to one another, tell stories and play
chess while drinking tea, People drink tea to refresh the mind and
get rid of tiredness. Tea has nutritious elements and trace
elements, which can make people healthy.
Tea drinking will become more and more popular.
[注 释]
① originated v. 起源
② process v. 加工
③ tea houses 茶馆
八 叙述事件
记事记叙文，就是以记叙事件为主，通过事件表达思想内容的文章。事件有它自身的发展过程，因此，记事的记叙文要说清楚事件发生的时间、地点，事件所涉及的人物、事件的起因、经过和结果。因为叙述的事件都是过去发生的，因此文章的时态主要是过去时。但在插叙时，要用过去完成时，下面着重谈一谈记事记叙文写作中应注意的一些问题。
一、明确中心思想和写作目的
我们写文章总是为了反映一个问题，也就是说在写作前就应该知道写作的目的是什么，想反映怎样的主题。并且，每篇文章都有其中心思想。因此在写作时应对文章的中心思想非常明确，情节的描写、人物、对话的叙述，遗词造句都应围绕中心展开。
二、精心选材
作者应在初步编排素材的基础上，选择生动有趣而又紧扣主题的典型事例，避空洞笼统与主题无关的夸夸其谈或事例堆砌。例如“A Spring
Outing”一文章的作者想反映的是当代中学生热情向上的人生态度和锐意进取、不屈不挠的斗争精神。他没有从唱歌、跳舞、做游戏等方面选材，而是紧紧围绕主题，从山路陡峭，同学们互帮互助，不畏艰险等方面选材，有力地突出了所要表达的中心思想。
三、选择写作角度
叙事记叙文写作一般可以从第一人称或第三人称两个角度来写，如果用第一人称，叙述生动具体，会使读者产生身临其境的感觉，增强故事真实性。其缺点是只能交代出“我”目光所及和“我”心中所想，叙述范围受到限制。而用第三人称写，则不受上述限制，但要将不同的情节连接起来，却比较困难。写作时，应视具体情况选用恰当的人称角度。
四、恰当安排写作次序
最简单的叙事顺序是按情节发展的先后次序叙述即“顺叙”。但有时为了更好地突出主题和为情节发展作铺垫，也可以从故事中间或结尾谈起，即可用“插叙”或“倒叙”的方法。具体采用什么样的叙事顺序，取决于记叙的内容以及文章中心的需要，其目的是更好地突出主题，增强记叙效果。例如“The
Necklace”一文，作者先写Jeanne和Mathilde相遇在公园，Mathilde饱经沧桑的容貌使Jeanne不能辨认，文章由Jeanne的问题“Where
have you bee these years?”
和“Have times been hard for
you?”引起话题，引出Mathilde对往事的回忆。故事按借项链—参加晚会—丢项链—辛勤工作以赔偿项链这一顺序展开，叙述中又穿插了在Mathilde和Pierre家中的情节，道出了借项链的原因。全文采用倒叙的方法，为读者设立悬念；起到了扣人心弦的效果，而在倒叙中又运用顺叙和插叙的方法，目的是要更好地为故事情节的发展作铺垫，突出人物性格。
五、叙事要清楚、完整，文章结构要体现“五何”原则
叙述一件事情，就要在文中交代清楚五方面的内容即何时、何地、何人、何事以及发展如何，也就是英语中的when, where, who,
what
以及how，使叙述做到有因有果，有起有落，给人以完整的印象。交代五大要素时，要力求灵活多样，切忌呆板。例如交代时间时，可用时间状语(When
we arrived there….) 也可用介词短语(on arriving there)或用一些时间
(then)副词等，只有灵活地交代要素，文章才能生动。
六、叙事要详略得当
叙事要根据中心的需要来确定详略，对最能表达中心的要详写，其他的则略写。以“The Merchant of
Venice”为例，作者要着力表现的是Portia的机智勇敢和Shylock的贪婪凶残，因此，作者把叙事的重点放在法庭上，而对其他细节则一笔带过，这样就疏密有致，浓淡相宜，文章和谐匀称，主题突出。
七、叙事要写好人物及对话
叙事离不开写人，因此叙事记叙文中一定要注意写好人物，表现出人物的性格特征。而语言又是思想的载体，因此，文中适当地用直接引语不仅起着刻画人物性格的作用，而对事件的发展也有一定程度的推动作用。因此在写叙事记叙文时必须注意人物和对话的描写。
另外，在应试作文中还要注意以下几点：1、写好开头。如果第一句话就有问题，必须会影响评卷人的印象分。2、初学者少用复杂句，以免使句子混乱。3、选词要准确，词语搭配要得当。4、内容要完整，应就事论事，不要画蛇添足，节外生枝。
（1）春 游
[题 材]
根据提示，用英语描述一次春游。
内容：1、时间——上星期四； 2、地点——长山； 3、上山的路，行走困难；
4、同学们互相支持； 5、终于登上山顶； 6、返回
[范 文]
A Spring Outing
Last Thursday we went to Changshan for our spring outing. We reached
the foot of the hill at 9 a. m.. After having a short rest, we began
to climb. There was no road but stones and bushes. We had to make a
way by ourselves.
With the help of the grass, we moved on. While walking, the strong
students helped the weak ones. After some time, we were all tried.
How we wanted to have a rest, but we couldn’t stop. We walked on. At
last, we got to the top of the hill.
On the top of the hill, we laughed and jumped. It seemed that we
were the happiest people in the world. We took some photos there,
and then sat down and had something to eat.
At 3 p. m. we began to go down. We wished the spring of our country
would be with us forever.
九、如何改写、缩写等
缩写是在保留原文体载、题材、主要内容、结构顺序，人称角度的前提下概括原文内容、压缩篇幅使之成为一篇内容简明、语言简练、中心突出的短文。缩写时须把握的一个原则是：我们要对原文内容高度概括，而不是对原文内容的改写或评论、议论，因此切不可添加自己的主观看法、发表自
议论。如果上一原则不可随意加，那么与此相关的另一原则是不可随意减。缩写时一定要准确完整地把握原文，主干枝叶分清楚，有关主题的主干切不可任意肢解删减，我们要删去或简写的是无关大局的细节，切不可随便摘取其中部分要点了事。
缩写要注意语言。首先，要在准确理解原文的基础上，对原文要点用自己的话进行改写(paraphrase)，不要在原文中生硬摘取连缀成句。如一篇原文中有这样的描写：We
moved out of the city slowly behind a long line of cars, but at last
we came to a quiet country road and after some time, stopped at the
lonely farm这么长的句子说明了一个事实：路上出游的车很多，得过很久才能找到一个安静的地方。我们可用自己的话表达原句：There
were a lot of cars on the road so it took us a long time to find a
quiet place. 或We spent so much time finding a quiet place, for there
were so many cars on the road.
其次，缩写语言要简练。我们可以将多个简单句变成一个紧凑的复合句。如：Newton thought about so many
problems that he was often absentminded. he frequently forgot to
have his meals. 一句可以紧缩为Newton was so absentminded that he often forgot to have his meals. 使语言简练的另一手段是将小句(clause)变成短语。如：When the
child saw his mother, he cried loudly. 可变为Seeing his mother, the
child cried loudly. 再如，As far as the weather is concerned. 可简化成as
for the weather等等。
改写是在保持原文主体内容的基础上进行的。改的方面可以是体裁、人称、语言、结构等。比较常见的如在短文与对话之间改写。改写应意以下几点。
首先，要保持原文基本内容不变，在些基础上可进行细节添加或删减。例如“看病”这一
题材若以对话形式出现就少不了医生对病人说的专业性用语，如：What’s
the matter with you? How are you
feeling?等，而在商店出现的对话就少不了售货员的行业用语，如：What can I do for you?等，它们在被改写短文时是要被删除的，因为它们只是进入正式活动的引入语。当然同类题材的短文改写成对话时要顾及到它们所起的作用。有些改写需在写作中想象某些情节，这一点常出现在转换人称角度的作文中。添加内容时，一定要注意切题，根据上下文做合情合理的设想。
其次，短文与对话进行改写时要注意语言时态、时间表达等方面的改变。短文可以记叙、说明、议论等，可以记叙过去事，议论现在事，说明一般事实，把它们变成对话时，用的全是直接引语，时态上一般要用一般现在时态，人称上短文中的主要人物成了对话参与者，所以一二人称的使用第三人称多。
对原文进行改写时要注意语言的灵活多变性。例如将对话改写成短文时，要仔细研究原文中句子的功能，然后根据不同的功能选择适当的表达方式，不能笼统地将语言功能分为问(ask)、答(answer)、说(say)。当询问时可以用ask,
inquire, want to know, wonder 等；表示命题、要求时可用ask\request,
demand等；当提出建议时可说suggest, advise, give a piece of
advice等；当表扬或指责时可用praise,
accuse等；当表示承诺时可用promise。这样，语言的灵活使用可使行文自然，流畅。
（1）邀请观看足球赛
[题 材]
把下面的电话记录改写成一篇80词左右的英语短文，不要用直接引语。通话时间是某日上午。
Gary:Hello. Could I speak to Mary, please?
Marry: Yes, it’s Mary here. Is that Gary speaking?
Garry: yes. There’ll be a football game in our university this
afternoon. Will you go to
watch it with me?
Mary:What time will it begin?
Garry:At two o’clock. If you go, I’ll wait for you at the gate of
your company at half past
one. OK?
Marry:I want to go with you very much, Gary, but I’m afraid I
cannot. I’ll be at a
conference then.
Gary:It’s too bad! What about tomorrow morning, Mary? There’ll be
another match
there.
Marry:That’s great! I’ll be free tomorrow.
Gary:Where can I wait for you?
Marry:You’d better come to my home, and then we’ll go to the game
together. All right?
Gary:OK. Good-bye.
Marry:See you tomorrow.
[范 文]
An Invitation to Watch a Football Game
One morning, Gary rang up Mary, inviting her to watch a football
game with him that afternoon. Mary wanted to, but she couldn’t
because she had to attend a conference. Gary was regretful for that.
Then Gary told Mary that there would be another game at the some
place the next morning and asked her if she could go to it with him.
Mary was happy that she would be free that day and could watch the
game with Gary. She told Gary to come to her home and then they
would go to it together.
（2）失 眠
[题 材]
用100个左右的单词缩写下面的故事。要求句子通顺，情节与原文相同。
A businessman who had been working too much found that he could not
sleep at night, but kept on falling asleep in the day. He became so
worried that he went to see his doctor.
“Can you help me, doctor?” he asked anxiously, “I used to sleep
well, but recently I haven’t been able to sleep for more than two
hours a night.”
The doctor examined him carefully, gave him some tests, advised him
to work less hard, and told him to take some medicine to help him.
The doctor was sure that he was not seriously ill, and that he would
soon be better.
But the businessman grew worse instead of better. He slept even less
than before at night, and was continually asleep in his office. He
visited his doctor very often, and it took the doctor a long time to
discover the reason that the businessman’s servant gave him the
sleeping medicine in the morning, and the one to keep him awake at
night.
[范 文]
Sleeplessness
A businessman worked too hard, and he could not get to sleep at
night while he kept falling asleep at daytime. He became so worried
that he had to see his doctor. The doctor examined him carefully and
found out he wasn’t seriously ill. The doctor gave him some medicine
and told him to work less hard.
But the businessman grew even worse. He saw the doctor once again.
At last the doctor discovered that the businessman’s servant gave
him sleeping medicine in the morning and the medicine that kept him
awake in the evening by mistake.
十、根据图画写短文
成于图表的短文一般可分为三类：叙述类，说明类和议论类。叙述类可包括根据图表写出的日记；说明类可包括个人生平，履历、通知或交代某些注意事项的留言条，根据路线图给人指路和对图表中数字进行客观的分析解释等；议论类则可指分析图表中所给数字，并就这些数字所反映出的事实做出个人评价。
看图画写短文，实际上是要考察考生的综合能力。它要求考生有敏锐的观察力，丰富的想象，严谨的逻辑，冷静的分析，及最终将以上诸方面素质体现出来的良好的表达能力。这里的表达能力就意味着考生应具备一定的写作技巧和知识，能根据画面和不同的题目要求，灵活地运用叙述、描写、议论、说明等方法。那么怎样才能将短文写得精彩呢？
一、认真观察、挖掘细节
细致的观察是写作的基础。题目所给的图画有一幅与多幅之分，但不论几幅，写作短文时总离不开这几个要旨：1、恰当的观察点；
2、有关背景，环境等情况的清楚交代； 3、明确突出的中心思想； 4、清晰的思想脉络；
5、详略得当的材料处理。这一切都建立在细致的观察上。以97年高考英语书面表达试题为例，图中主要人物为哥哥和“我”，这是由第一幅画中的中文示意得来的，这个观察结果就奠定了短文的叙述角度，保证了作者的立场、观点、态度的一致性，同时也达到了题目要求。在确定了人物这一内容的关键，最基本的素材之后，把6幅图结合起来看，吃透几幅图要传达的主要内容，即哥哥和“我”这对违章带人者被另一对违章者抓住，接替他们受罚，等待下一对违章者，并充分理解每幅图的要点，采用顺叙的方式记录下每幅图的要点，以使内容完整，避免不必要的丢分。同时要注意删除不必要的细节，如那对违章者男的穿着白T恤，女的穿裙子，梳辫子，拦住哥哥和“我”时手里拿面小红旗等，将短文词数控制在题目要求范围之内。有时几幅画看上去挺相似，就要仔细观察图中人物的表情有何变化，背景有何变化。总之，只有计真细致地观察，才能从图画中提取出详实的写作素材。
二、发挥想象，仔细分析
题目给出单幅图画要求考生加以评论的不多见，要求说明的倒可能会有，这时需考生调动的是已有的常识，根据一定的逻辑方式加以组织成文以清楚明了为准。如果给出单幅图要求写一篇叙述性的短文，如故事，事情恐怕就会麻烦一些，因为这里需要调动的考生的想象力和逻辑分析的能力。想象力是写作时不可或缺的一种能力。它可以把看似相对独立的几个画面联系起来，当然，我们说的想象并非天马行空，它应当受到逻辑的约束，是用来填充画外人情人理的细节的。
除了以上跟图画有关的两点外，还应注意写作中一些共性的问题，如审清题意，有时图画中没有出现第一人称“我”，但题目要求中明确指出短文要用第一人称写，如93年高中英语书面表达题，未按要求写的就会丢分。再如应注意句子上下的连接是否顺畅，篇章是否合理，还以93年试题为例，它是按时间顺序发展的一篇小故事，动作有明显的先后次序，写作时就不必加许多“之后……然后……过了一会儿……后来……结果…..”等等表示时间顺序的词，这样既可以避免罗嗦，又可以把有限的词数空间用在必需的信息的表达上。还有其他一些写作时应注意的事项，在此我们不就一一赘述了。
根据图表写短文，要注意以几个方面：
第一，审清题目，根据要求选择适当的表达方式和文体。如要求中只提到采用短文形式，则考生便可自主做宽范围的选择。如题中有特殊要求，如“作简单评论”，考生则需要从评的角度考虑问题。在确定了表达方式以后，还要注意选择适当的文体。不同的文体有不同的要求。如正式的信函形式要求有信头、信内地址，呼语，文末根据对象不同有Yours
sincerely或Yours faithfully及本人签名等，而普通朋友之间的信函可不写信内地址，称呼可直接写成诸如“Dear
John”样的形式，信末可写成Yours sincerely 或Yours
即可，如果亲密朋友，则会更简单一些。而文体选择合适与否，格式是否正确，也是评分标准中的一条，不能忽视。
第二，要注意图表内信息的连接方式。图表中的信息之间虽会有内在的联系，但在表格
中的体现形式去是各自独立的，因此考生在写作时却不可照表硬搬，逐字翻译，否则写出来的短文会像一盘散沙，没有凝聚点，混乱滞涩。考生应学会灵活地使用连接词、指示代词等，适当地根据自己的需要和文章的进展调整信息出现的顺序。由于题目通常有词数的限制，因此在表格内容比较丰富，有些信息可能不具备提及的重要性时，可适当地删减其中的一些以满足题目的要求。
提到题目的词数要求，笔者认为有必要提醒考生注意。通常题目在提及词数要求时，有两种方式，一是给出词数允许区间，如100-120词，二是给出模糊数字，如200左右。根据以往的评规则，给出区间的应将词数限制在此区间内。给出模糊数字的，通常允许考生的短文长度在此数字上下浮动，过多或过少都要扣分。因此在满足了表达方式、文件等的要求后，词数要求成了考生同样不可忽视的一个方面。这就要求考生在保证方式正确、格式规范、语句通顺的前提下，补充或删除部分细节。删减的细节必须不损害文章大意，增添的细节和文中内容有紧密的联系，或可作为补充说明，或可起到修辞上的修饰作用。
总之，根据图表写出的短文，应做到格式正确、语句通顺、逻辑连贯，并应在词数要求的范围内尽可能简单明了地包含较多的信息。
[题 材]
仔细观察下列一组图画，请以“歌德的作品”为题写一篇短文。词数在120左右。 给出词：歌德—Goethe
[范 文]
Goethe’s Works
The father had a good stock of books, some easy while some abstract.
He loved reading. The son, instead, loved playing in the garden. One
day, the son went to his father’s reading room and asked for books.
“Want to read, Yeah?” Let me see, err…here, Robinson Crusoe. A
fairly good story,” the father said. “No, I want some thick books,
like the works of Goethe,” replied the son. The father watched his
son out to the garden curiously, wondering what was going on. On the
boy’s head topped three books of Goethe. After a while the father
walked into the garden, only to find out his son stepping on the
books and reaching for the fruit on the tree.
② 下面两幅画是一位美籍华人所看到的中国妇女地位的变化，请你用第一人称的口吻写一篇短文叙述画中的内。(字数：120左右)
提示：
第一幅画：指在旧中国； 第二幅画：指在新中国。
参考词语
解放前before liberation
轻视 to be looked down upon
长大 to grow up
受高等教育 to receive a high education
取得成就 to make great achievements
各个领域 in every field
The Change of Women’s Status
I left China before liberation. In the old days women were looked
down upon. They couldn’t go to school when they were little girls.
When they grew up, only a few of them could find jobs. At home they
did all housework. They washed all the clothes, cooked three meals
every day and cleaned the house.
But now they can go to school and even receive a high education. At
home, most of them are good mothers and wives. But different from
the past, they can do what the man do. They make great achievements
in every field. What a great change it is!
③ 价格—销量表
[题 材]
请对下图做一简要说明，词数100—120。
[范 文]
Prices vs. Sales
As is shown in the graph, people buy fewer shoes as the price of
shoes goes up. On the contrary, a decrease in the price causes an
increase in demand.
Business firms look for the perfect price at which the largest
profits can be made. If the price of the shoes goes up to $ 50, the
consumers will not buy all of 5000 shoes. The producers will have a
surplus of 2000 shoes and they can only get $ 50,000. If the price
of the shoes is lowered to $ 10, as many as 5000 shoes can be sold.
Still, only $ 50,000 is made.
[评 析]
本文第一段是对图表所反映出的事实作概述，第二段引用数字做具体说明，结构比较清晰。
As is shown…. As (can be) seen from the table (graph, picture,
illustration…)…. As (has been) proved…. 等是英译图表时常使用的表达法。
④ 世界人口增长曲线图
[题 材]
请对所给图表进行简要说明，并做适当评论。词数100—120。
给出词：人口爆炸population explosion
曲线 curve
[范 文]
Growth Curve for Human Population of the World
We hear a great deal about the human population explosion, and a
glance at the graph reveals why…. We see that human beings in their
first million years did not increase their total number greatly it
must have taken hundreds of thousands of years to break the first
million mark. Records exist only for the past few centuries, but it
is clear that the first documented doubling of population took two
centuries (1650—1856); the second doubling a little less than one
century; and today it doubles in only 30 years!
[评 析]
因题目中要求做适当评论，所在对图表做说明时，就必须先找到一个突破点。本题显然倾向于让考生以人口爆炸问题为议论中心，因此在落笔时就不妨先把论点摆出来，再援引图中所给的具体数字作依据，使文章产生强烈的震撼力和说服力。
⑤ 日记一则
[题 材]
请根据表格用英语写一篇6月2日的日记。
注意：1、日记须包括表格中所有的内容，可以适当增加细节，使日记连贯。
2、词数100左右。
WhenSaturday, June 2nd
Wherethe People’s Park
Howtake the school bus
Departure time8:00 a. m.
Arrival time8:30 a. m.
Programme
8:30 a. m.
Morning: rowing small boats; swimming; picnic
Afternoon: walk along the lake bank; take photos
Time to return5:00 p.m.
[范 文]
A Page from a Student’s Diary
June 2nd Saturday Fine
It was a very nice day. Our class went to the People Park. We took
the school bus at the school gate at 8:00 a. m. About 8:30 we
arrived there. It is a very large and beautiful park. Many people
spend their weekends there because there are a lot of trees, a very
large man-made lake and many modern recreational facilities. In the
morning, we rowed small boats and swam together, and then we had our
picnic among the trees. In the afternoon, we walked along the lake
bank, talking and laughing. We took some photos there.
We had a very good time there. We returned at 5:00 p.m. and got home
safely.
[评 析]
表格中的内容实际上是组成文章的几个要点，如时间、地点、方式、事件等，所以照表格内容顺序写短文是不可能的，必须另外找一个陈述的顺序。本文以时间为顺序，将所给要素有机地结合起来，使得全文条理清楚，井井有条。
十一 介绍人物
①
吉姆.格林在北京大学任教长达十几年，工作出色，为此《中国日报》准备刊登他的照片。请你根据下面的表格，写一图片说明，简要介绍他的情况。(字数：100左右)
姓 名Jim Green 性 别男国 籍美 国
出生年月19xx年5月职 业英语教师
简 历19xx年大学毕业，19xx年中国工作，19xx年至今在北京大学任教。
主要事迹1、热爱教育事业。
2、刻苦钻研业务，专心搞好工作。
3、教学方法多样，课堂教学生动活泼。
4、多次被评为模范教师，深受师生尊敬和爱戴。
参考词语
因……获得奖章to be given a medal for…
大学毕业to graduate from…
教育事业the educational cause
投入地干 to put one’s heart and soul into……
的方法ways to…
受到尊敬和爱戴to win the respect and love
Jim Green
This is Jim Green, a teacher who teaches English in China. Yesterday he was given a medal for having completed ten years of teaching in Beijing University.
Mr. Green was born in England in May, he came to China in 1986, working as an English teacher in Beijing University.
He loves the educational cause very much. In the past ten years he has put his heart and soul into his work and study. He has many ways to make his classes lively and interesting. And his lectures are not easily forgotten.
He has won the respect and love of all the teachers and students, and has been given the honour of a “Model Teacher” for many times. 第七篇：
1．假冒伪劣商品是个严重问题。
2．一些原因导致了这种现象。
3．为了扫除假冒伪劣商品，……
Fake Commodities
Fake and poor quality commodities are a serious problem. Many things can be faked such as soybean sauce, vinegar, bicycles, and many other things. The interests of consumers are affected, and many enterprises keep losing money because of cheap fake commodities. There are some reasons for such a phenomenon. The major one is the desire of some people to “make easy money”. These people think nothing of the law of the protection of intellectual property rights.
To get rid of fake and poor quality commodities, the government should educate people to obey the law of the protection of individual intellectual property rights and not to sell any fake
goods. The government should punish severely and close down all the factories producing fake goods.
第五篇：
1．在中国，自行车是最为流行的交通工具。
2．骑自行车有许多好处。
3．自行车的未来……
The Bicycle in China
The bicycle is the most popular means of transportation in
China. China is a country “on bicycle wheels”. People ride
them for various purposes such as going to and from school and
work. Bicycles are very cheap and easy to buy in China.
There are many advantages to riding a bicycle. First, using a bicycle can greatly help reduce the air pollution in many big cities. Second, people can improve their health by riding a bicycle.
The future of bicycle will be bright. In some European
countries, city governments have arranged pedestrians to use “public bicycles” to travel round the city center free of charge.