写作话题
1.文化类---新旧文化价值观
社会类
科技类 教育类
In some cultures the old age is highly valued, while in some cultures youth is highly valued．Discuss and give your opinion.
2.文化类--- 语言
Several languages are dying out every year. However, some people do not think it is important and claim that our life will be simpler
with fewer languages. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
3.文化类---全球一体化
Differences between countries have become less evident. For example, nowadays the same films, fashions, brands and TV programs are found
4.旅游类---旅游业利弊
Tourism is a multibillion-dollar industry that supports economic development. However, some people think that it causes too much damage to the local environment and culture. What do you think?
5.社会类---食物
Food produced in greater amount and much cheaply due to the developed fertilizers and better machinery yet some others say it is dangerous to human health and local communities. To What extent do you agree or disagree?
6.伦理类—男女平等话题
Most high level jobs are done by men. Should the government encourage a certain percentage of these jobs to be reserved for women?
7.科技类---生活
Some people hold that the development of technology leads has made out life more complex, and the solution is to live simpler life without that technology. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
8.教育类---上大学
Students from rural areas often find it difficult to access university education. Some people think universities should make it especially easy for them to study. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
9.教育类
Many people believe that scientific research should be carried out and controlled by the government rather than private companies. To what extent do you
agree or disagree? Give reasons for your opinion and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
10.教育类---老师的未来
Some people think that typical teaching of a teacher and students in the class will not exist by the year 2050. Do you agree or disagree?
11.职业类
An increasing number of people change their career and place of residence several times during their lives. Is this a positive or negative development?
12.环境类
Some people believe that these environmental problems are too big for individuals to deal with, while others think that individuals should take some action. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.
13.社会类---体育锻炼
Participating in sports is important to physical health as well as spiritual health and social development. Do you agree?
14.媒体类--- 新闻可信度
People receive a lot of information from news reports presented by journalists. However, others claim that we cannot believe the news we are presented with. What do your opinion? In addition,what qualities do you think journalists should have?
15.社会类--- 博物馆及艺术馆
Public museums and art galleries are not needed because people can see historical objects and works by using computers. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
16.犯罪类
Many people are afraid to leave their homes because of their fear of crime. Some believe that more action should be taken to prevent
crime, but others feel that little can be done. What is your opinion?
在多年教授雅思写作的过程中，发现学生在雅思Task 2 的写作时，存在的一个主要问题是主题段在写作的时候缺少逻辑性和对观点进行充分的论证，直接导致在评分时
Coherence and coherence 以及Grammatical ranges and accuracy 方面得分较低。究其主要原因，是由于论证方法的单一性，缺少多样性所引起的；同时这也引起了在构思主题段
时论点的提出。所以在实际教学中，我会重点给学生讲授如何运用多种的论证方式来构思和展开，实际教学効果显著，学生的写作成绩提高也较快。
基本论证方法
1.列举法：列举观点、理由等
常用联接词：in the first place, to begin with, firstly, apart from, on the one hand, in addition to, next, after that, moreover, furthermore, also, in addition, then, for one thing, for another, on the other hand, finally, last but not least?.
Homework has many merits. Apart from helping students do better on tests, homework help students review and practice what had been taught in class. Homework helps retention and understanding; Furthermore, it helps students exercise their time management and organisational skills.
2.举例法：
常用联接词：for example, for instance, such as, namely, take something for example?.
Television has negative effects on people. For instance, television commercials distort the truth about products. Crime films encourage violence and television documentaries stop people from thinking independently.
The relative importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic discussion when people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sport , art or music.
3.因果法：一是先果后因；二是先因后果
常用联接词： because, as, since + sentence; due to, owing to, result from + n./noun phrase (to give a reason);
therefore, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, because of this, hence, thus, thereby, for this reason + sentence; lead to, result in + n. (to give a result)
Good musicians or artists and exceptional sports stars have probably succeeded because of both good training and natural talent.
4.比较法：通过对两个以上的事或人进行对比。
常用联接词：To add a similar idea: likewise, similarly, at the same time, still, also;
To add an opposite idea: in contrast, instead, on the contrary, unlike, while, whilst, however, although, even though?.
Eg. Such talents can give individuals a facility for certain skills that allow them to excel, while more hard-working students never manage to reach a comparable level.
其他论证方法
-下定义；
雅思考题之一：
A research reveals that one of the causes for youth crime is called “Peer Group Pressure”. What is it? What are the influences on children as well as the society? Peer group pressure refers to the influence exerted by a peer group in
encouraging a person to change his or her attitudes, values, or behaviour in order to conform to group norms.
-解释说明
When watching TV commercials, you can zero in on your potential choice by comparing the essential aspects of the advertised cars, including the price, the properties of the engine, the color, as well as the appearance.
-引用
Individual greed and selfishness are not something new. “The love of money is the root of all kinds of evil.”
-假设
Advertisements do have positive aspects. Suppose you have made your decision to buy a car, but you feel lost at what brand is your choice. Fortunately, advertisements come for your rescue.
For example, if sufficient sky trains and underground train systems were built and effectively maintained in our major cities, then traffic on the roads would be dramatically reduced.
让步
While it is undeniable that private car use is one of the main causes of the increase in traffic and pollution, higher fuel costs are unlikely to limit the number of drivers for long.
词汇这一英语学习和考试必备武器是很多人一直在苦苦修炼的。对于雅思考试，在短短的几个月的时间里如何才能高效积累相关词汇，以便在考场上进入如鱼得水的境界？
传统的词汇积累方式有背诵相关词汇书籍，学习大量写作模板，还有总结或是直接从书上获得常考主题词汇。这些方法主要有两种弊病。要么所需准备的词汇量太大，在短短两三个月内要掌握几千个甚至上万的新词汇，估计只有极个别的具有超强记忆力和极大意志力的人才能实现这个目标。事实上大部分考生都不可能完成，即使在短期内真的记了很多词汇的人也大都是看着有印象，真到写作仍然觉得词穷。
第二种情况是只背模板，并熟练掌握有限模板的灵活应用。这种方法的问题在于考生在当前最畅销的写作书上所积累的模板往往在考场上也会被很多考生广泛使用。那么即使模板本身整理的语言相当精炼，由于有太多的人使用，也往往沦落为常见词条。这就与词汇6分要求“less common vocabulary”产生了背离。所以当前盛行的这两种积累词汇的方法都效果不佳。
那么究竟该如何高效积累写作词汇呢？这得从官方公布的写作评分描述入手。写作评分有专门的词汇项目。就词汇量而言，官方并未明确划定数量上的差别。只是以描述的方式提及：能基本沟通的词汇量为5分；能适当使用不太常见的词汇，偶有错误为6分；能够使用不太常见的词条并注意用词的灵活性和精确性，呈现了自身的语言风格方可得7分。而就错误而言，三个分数段都允许出错，虽然理论上应为从高分到低分依次递增，但也并未以量的方式来划分。但在错误级别上有明确描述性的界限：错误造成沟通困难的5分；虽有错但基本能使读者理解为6分；出现选词上的失误为7分。所有这些评分描述都提示我们应另辟蹊径来高效积累词汇。
此外，在逻辑项的评分描述中，也涉及了词汇方面。具体表现为“衔接手段”(cohesive Device)的多样性。也就是熟练掌握连词，连接短语，代词，副词和替代等多种词的衔接。而这类词可以使论证混为一体。可以这么说，真正优秀的文章不是辞藻的堆砌，而是通过各种词条的有效衔接，使文章呈现浑然一体的感觉。简单的说：不是炫耀词汇而是有效利用词汇。而这一点，目前绝大部分的范文书都没有做到。事实上，当我们发现一篇文章看似词汇非常华丽而读完之后仍未找出所阐述的道理，这样的文章词汇是难以进入7分以上的高分段词汇的。所以考生平时在学习时，绝对不是单个的词汇和短语的识别或练习，而应以段落为单位，注重整体句群的关联性。
具体词汇积累策略分两个阶段：
1 任何考生都可以阅读数篇或数十篇议论文和图表作文范文，真正把握各篇范文的衔接手段包括连词，副词，代词，短语和各种上意词和下意词的替代及同意转换。如果能在资深培训官的指导下，阅读相关的高质量的范文，则词汇积累的速度会更快。可以说，衔接手段是大小作文词汇积累的第一关也是最重要的一关。事实上，如果考生能有效识别并熟练运用各种衔接手段的话，那么不仅在写作部分，在听、读、说各项都会有质的突破。如果考生的自学能力足够强的话，可以反复研究《剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析》系列丛书（俗称剑桥）中的阅读篇章，其中每篇都充分体现了词汇在衔接手段中的魅力。
2 在近期有考试计划的考生，一定要在研究范文的基础上进行相关写作实践，如若有人批改效果会更佳。任何知识，只有通过试用、犯错、更正地反复运用，才会被强化。所以，写作词汇积累的唯一途径是多写，多改。有条件的话，让有经验的培训官改写效果会更好。
好文章和好文采很大一点区别在于，好文章读后能让人有所收获，而好的文采则是词汇的堆砌。所以一篇好的文章应该有好的内容，好的内容必须是强有力的观点和论点来支撑。下面为大家搜集了一些论点的集合，作为考试时的备用。
1、同意上大学好
为未来工作进行准备
交的朋友，学习他们的思维方式
系统的学习知识
2、同意父母是最好的老师
(1)父母从小就和我们在一起，给我们很多的知识
(2)父母和我们最为亲密，在任何时候，都会毫无保留地给我们知识
(3)父母最了解我们，所以他们给我们的建议和意见都是最有针对性的
3、食品类
(1)食品容易准备，节省了大量的时间，使人们可以做其他事情
(2)食品容易准备，为人们提供了的花样。
(4)食品容易准备，为人们的健康带来了很多好处
4、首先进行比较，然后说书是最重要的
(1)读书能够节省很多时间
(2)书是有系统性的，能够让人以很科学的方式迅速获得知识
(3)读书相对比较便宜和容易，而在寻找经验则比较昂贵和困难
5、先说明优势和劣势，然后说同意建一个工厂
(1)工厂能够吸收附近很多人进行就业，对地方的经济有很大的贡献
(2)建立工厂能够促使附近其他的商业发展，例如小商店，药店等等，这可以大大方便附近的居民
(3)建造工厂，赢利后，就可以向当地政府贡献税收，政府可以利用这些钱改善社区的服务
托福写作有个模板备用很重要。尤其在开头段，结尾段以及中间各段的衔接，找到了漂亮的句式就从此永远用这个不要再改了，这就是自己独家的写作模板。每段的第一句尤其要精彩一点，试着尝试倒装句，或用被动语态，总之别写干巴巴的简单句、主动句，这样给考官的感觉就是你接下来的论述也没有可期待之处。
例子不在于多而在于精，举出来之后要充分挖掘它的内涵，别停留在就事论事上，可以试着延伸到和生活、和自己紧密相联的点上，这才是体现写作水平的地方。不过如果论述是弱项的话，那还是多举一些具体例子然后把每一个都说几句，那样可以扬长避短，在字数上也不会吃亏，拿到一个比较好的分数还是很有希望的。
平时托福写作备考中练习的时候，可以用尽量多的句式，多尝试，找到适合自己的，既能记住，又能灵活运用，限时模考的时候就开始逐渐找到自己的句式表达和段落结构，形成自己固定的模板套路，也就是个人的托福写作风格。
这里为大家推荐一篇美国人地道的托福独立写作作为参考。
【佳作赏析】
Topic 3 Has the easiness of cooking improved life？
People work hard to fulfill their principal necessities， and food is the one thing that is really important to their survival. Although sometimes belied by other things that seem important， food is the core objective that drives all people to work. But the outcome of the efforts of these people is not a direct supply of food； rather it is in the form of money. Thus these people use the money they obtain to prepare their food.
In old days， preparing food was cumbersome and timeconsuming work for those who do it solely for eating purposes. This kind of preparing food in due tie could not comply with the kind of life people lead today. The use of technological advancement makes preparing food practical even for the clumsiest person. This helps a great deal for those who work against time to make their living. It also avoids the waste of considerable amount of money from hiring a cook.
The development in the preparation of food is highly effective for those people who have no know how of it. A person who does not know how to prepare his/her own food would go to a restaurant or some other place where food is served everyday. But with the advanced food preservation technology， now he is free， completely independent of restaurants and other places. He can prepare his own food and enjoy the feeling of "home， sweet home".
For people at work， life has just become easy for them. They will not have to worry all day long about what they are going to prepare for their supper. They can fully concentrate on their jobs， and work with a mind full of peace. In general this new way of preparing food has helped those who are concerned about their daily meals -- almost everyone. Not only that， it would enlighten those who are frustrated with their jobs just because of the worry of that tiresome work -- preparing food.
仔细研究老外的文章大家会发现，老外很喜欢做细节描述，这和中国人的行文方式是很大差别的。汉语本身讲究的即是言简意赅，所以能否用一句话写完的如果用5句话来展开描述，通常会被认为过于啰嗦。因此，很多同学把这一写作思维带到了托福作文的写作里头，殊不知细化的句子对外国考官来说才更有吸引力。这里举一些例子。
比如说：20xx年02月11日独立作文题目(更正版本)：Do you agree or disagree the following statement : Leadership comes naturally: one cannot learn to be a leader。与20xx年02月05日中国大陆独立作文题目：Some people have ambitious dreams and keep following them, but other people always focus on realistic goals and try to achieve them. Which do you think is better? 第一个题目，大家都觉得很空，“领导力”到底该怎么找理由，完全没有头绪。第二个题目，也是一样的，“具有挑战性的梦想”与“现实的目标”感觉远不如老托福里面的“是否建立工厂”好想理由。
但是如果我们对于领导力进行举例，我们自然而然的就会想到乔布斯，绝对是一个超伟大的大企业家，乔布斯有什么过人的能力呢。1 创新能力，否则不会有iphone与ipad; 2 审美能力，否则Mac的字体不会那么漂亮，iphone也不会那么完美 ;3 坚韧不拔的能力，否则也不会建立皮克斯东山再起。再来想创新能力，我们可以通过旅游来获得，什么可以通过学习来获得，坚韧可以通过体育来获得。到这，不也就找到了写作的方向了么。
细化的方法很多，对比是其中一种，，这里介绍一些用来表示对比意思的词组及例句。 rather than
因此，人们并非积极进取，而是开始松懈，因为他们失去了工作的动力。老师也不例外。
Thus, rather than making progress, people start to wind down since they’ve lost their motivation for working; so would the teachers.
instead of
应该教孩子们如何从互联网获取有益的信息，而不是沉溺于玩电脑游戏。
Instead of indulging in playing computer games, children should be taught how to benefit from useful information on the internet.
compared with
与书本相比，互联网具有许多明显的好处比如说高速，高效，易于操作等等。
Compared with books, the Internet enjoys many obvious advantages such as high speed, great efficiency, easy accessibility, to name just a few.
Not for??but for??
学生们从事兼职工作不是为了赚钱，而是为了更好地了解社会。
College students take up part-time jobs not for making more money, but for a better understanding of the society.
很多学生抱怨因为没有在外国的环境中学习英语，所以写不出很地道的英语作文，比如托福写作时出现Chinse-Englinsh就错不在自己。这种想法明显是错误的。越是这样的状态，就越应该拿优秀的外国文章来做对比和研究，找出那些好的文章中地道的“点”，在哪里，并进行运用。名词化和谚语的运用就是这样两个点。
曾经一个针对中国几所顶尖大学的优秀作文的调查显示，20 篇优秀作文中名词化的使用频率为7%-8；而同时选用的20 篇英语国家学生的英语作文，其名词化的使用频率为
10%-15%。可见名词化在英语行文中的经常性，而这点也恰好是很多中国学生忽略的一个点。名词化的行文不仅能让文章更学术化，更能彰显地道的意味。那么哪些情况下需要进行“名词化”呢？
A 谓语动词的宾语部分
原句：I do not know either what she meant or what he intends.
名词化：I do not know either her meaning or his intentions.
B 结合被动形式
原句：If people decide without enough persuasive information，...
名词化：If a decision is made without enough persuasive information，...
C 取代诸如从句中“the fact that”的用法
原句：The fact that I denied what he accused me of impressed the jury. 名词化：My denial of his accusations impressed the jury.
更好的名词化：a. When I denied his accusations， I impressed the jury. b. In denying his accusations， I impressed the jury.
D 名词化部分用在there is/are的后面
原句：We demand that the government stop taxing entertainment.
名词化：There is a demand for an end to taxation on entertainment.
原句：The floods considerably eroded the land.
名词化：There was considerable erosion of the land from the floods.
另一个能让文章彰显地道气息的方法就是谚语的使用。短小而精悍的谚语通常都是用简单通俗的话来反映深刻的道理，闪耀着人民大众的智慧。
Happiness takes no account of time， 欢乐不觉时光过。
Virtue is her own reward。
为善最乐。
Small gains bring great wealth。
小益聚大财，薄利成巨富。
Suspicion is the poison of true friendship。 猜疑伤害莫逆之交。
Speed is the soldier‘s asset。
兵贵神速。
Sweet discourse makes short days and nights。 言语投机恨时短。
Soft words butter no parsnips。
画饼充饥。
Set a thief to catch a thief。
以毒攻毒。
Well fed, wed bred。
衣食足，知荣辱。
Laugh at your ills, and save doctors‘ bills。 生病不忧虑，节省医药费。
Sloth is the key of poverty。
惰能致贫。
Among the blind the one eyed man is the king。
山中无老虎，猴子称大王。
To err is human。
犯错是人之常情。/ 人谁无过。
You can‘t judge a book by its cover。
不能以外表来判断本质。/ 不要以貌取人。
Gut no fish till you get them。
勿操之过急 。
当然，名词化和谚语也不是用的越多越好，运用这两点的时候一个语法不能出错，另一个就是不要“画蛇添足”，过度运用。
一个漂亮的开头能为托福写作考试增加不少的分数，所以在平时进行托福写作练习的时候，对于开头的训练不能少，那么究竟怎么样，才能把托福写作开头写好呢?
1. 采用统计数字引出话题，把问题呈现在读者面前;
2. 提出有争议性的问题，激发读者兴趣，使其积极参与讨论;
3. 以新颖的观点，吸引读者注意力;
4. 呈现该话题正反方的观点;
5. 引用名人名言、谚语等作为文章的开头;
6. 对将要讨论的话题进行定义。
其次，要善于运用复合句，从而使引言段简洁明了，开宗明义。下面我们将探讨雅思与新托福各种题材和体裁文章引言段的写作方法。 引用数据呈现讨论的话题，说明问题的严重性或者重要性，引起读者的关注。
我们在写关于体罚的话题文章时，可以这样开头：It is reported that a boy in Zhuhai was beaten to death by his father on Father" Day. Ample evidence also shows that children who are frequently abused by their parents or teachers tend to be introverted, pessimistic, indifferent and even world-weary. Recently, there has arisen a fierce argument on whether corporal punishment should be abolished. Teachers, parents and experts take diverse attitudes towards this issue.(据报道，在父亲节那天，珠海有个小男孩被老爸揍死了。充分的证据也显示，经常遭父母或老师虐待的小孩往往比较内向、悲观、冷漠甚至厌世。近来，关于是否应该废除体罚出现了一场激烈的争论，老师、家长和专家各执一词。)
而我们在写关于该不该禁烟的话题时，可以这样开头：A recent study conducted by Zhongshan University has found that the number of smokers has been increasing sharply over the past five years. Research findings also reveal that the incidence of smoking-related conditions has soared. As a result, the ban on smoking has been in
the spotlight. (中山大学最近做的一个研究表明，在过去五年里，吸烟者人数急剧上升。研究结果同时显示，吸烟导致的疾病发病率也急剧增长。因此，禁烟成了个热点话题。)
托福写作中，段落安排是否合理，段落过渡是否流畅自然是判断一篇文章好坏的重要关键点。段落安排不合理的文章其内在的逻辑顺序必然是不清晰的，而段落过渡不自然的文章亦如生锈的拉链，读起来不顺畅。处理好这两方面，会让你的分数有质的提高。
1.会分段。要清楚自己的行文思路，知道自己有几个论点。首段表明论点，废话不要讲。论证一段一个论点，不可以交叉。一个论段里要有论点句，其它所有句子都为论证这个点，废话不要讲。尾段总结论点共性，映证首段观点，废话也不要多。
2.会过渡。要记住必须过渡。要明白你为什么过渡-----如果这个过渡不证明论点和论题间的关系，而证明论点间的关系，要确定这个新论点也能证明论题。你的过渡不是为自己的文章过渡，而是帮读者的思维过渡，引领他们走进新的思维，所以必须确认过渡的方向，你是否正带着你的读者而离开你的论题。
所以，你还需要一些好的过渡句式替换那些你都已经用烂掉的平凡语句，让你的文章提升质感。
【承上启下】
To understand the truth of...， it is also important to see...
A study of ... will make this point clear
【进行对比】
The advantages for A outweigh the disadvantages of...
Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...
Indeed ， A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.
【提出假想例子的方式】
Suppose that...
Just imagine what would be like if...
It is reasonable to expect...
It is not surprising that...
A maybe ... ， but it suffers from the disadvantage that...
【提出原因】
There are many reasons for..
Why ...， for one thing，...
The answer to this problem involves many factors.
Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...
The first reason can be obliviously seen.
Most people would agree that...
Some people may neglect that in fact ...
Others suggest that...
Part of the explanation is ...
根据国外学者的调查统计，一个以句号结尾的英语句子，单词的数量最好不要超过20个，否则的话，句子偏长，听话人的注意力有可能不集中，漏听一、两个单词，从而影响对整个句子的理解。写作中也如此，长句特别是语言啰嗦的句子容易让考官产生阅读疲劳感，而简练且出彩的语言却能让考官眼前一亮。这里介绍三种简化方法。
第一种方法是用一个单词代替一组意义相同的单词，比如：
①用forget(忘记)代替do not remember(没有记住)
②用ignore(忽视)代替do not pay attention to(不注意)
③用now(现在)代替 at this point in time(此时此刻)
④用because(由于)代替due to the fact that(鉴于下列事实)
第二种方法是省略同义词或近义词。
比如在下面例句中，形容词important(重要的)和significant(有重要意义的)，就是两个同义词(也可以说是近义词)，我们可以省略important，只保留significant。
①The government project is important and significant.(这项政府计划是重要的，有重要意义。)
②The government project is significant.(这项政府计划有重要意义。)
第三种方法是在不改变句子含义的前提下，省略所有可以省略的单词。
比如在下面例句中，the cover of the book (书的封面)可以省略成the book cover，is red incolor(是红色的)可以省略成is red。
①The cover of the book is red in color.(书的封面是红色的)
②The book cover is red.(书的封面是红色的)
最后我们把这三种方法结合起来，将一个冗长、绕嘴的句子，改写成一个简短、易懂的句子。
①University malls must be accessible and free from congestion in order that students， faculty andemployees may have unobstructed passage through those areas of the campus.(校内道路必须是便于通行的，不拥堵的，以便让学生、教师和职员能够无阻碍地通过，到达校园的各处。)
②University malls must be free enough from congestion to allow people to walk through easily.(校内道路不应当拥堵，以便人们顺利通行。)
除了简化句式，还需要对句子进行精编，让句子“高端大气”。比如，可以适当运用一些副词在句子开头部分，这样句子的多样性就体现出来啦。就比如下面3个这个例句。
Luckily，he didn't know my phone number；otherwise，he would bother me. Incredibly，Helena got straight A in her school report this semester.
Interestingly，cats and dogs can hardly get along well in a house.
开头这些较为不常见的副词的修饰，整句话立马有了厚重感。而类似的副词还有： obviously undoubtedly
apparetly fortunately
clearly unfortunately
incredibly luckily
unluckily surprisingly
frighteningly
这些副词大多数表示说话人对全句的看法，在意思上相等与“It is ...形容词
that ...”。
eg：
Obviously，he is nervous about the test.
=It is obvious that he is nervous about the test.
Unfortunately，he tripped over and fell in the mud.
=It is unfortunate that he tripped over and fell in the mud.
有些考生在考试时一见到托福作文题，便感到很对自己的胃口，觉得有很多内容要写，于是乎千言万语涌上心头，写着前一句想着后一句，结果令判卷的老师头疼不已，无法继续往下看，小编提醒大家托福写作中，写多了及时打住。
原因就在于这种没有构思、未理提纲的作文章法太乱，评议质量差。我国的作文题都是规定式作文(controlled writing)这跟国外考试(如TOEFL)不一样。因此，定作时必须按给定的提纲或提示去写，过于放任自由的做法是不可取的，更不要另有所图，滔滔不绝，这是进入实际操作前的一个基本认识问题，稍不留神就会出问题。
要控制这种“意识流”的托福写作手法，必须严格按照三点提纲来写。假如第一段要求描述某个现象，务必不要先进入到原因分析，否则到了第二段该分析原因的时候就没东西可写了。明智的做法是投其所好，该如何就如何，这一原则适用于所有的托福作文备考。
有的考生一方面有话则多，一发而不可收，控制不了自己；一方面无话则隐，该说的话没有体现出来，我们不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落：一篇200词左右的托福作文一般不会超过15句话，把这15句话根据题目要求分配到各段中去，每一段大概只说那么几句话，绝不多说，事实上往往是说得越多，错误越多。因此，顺着提纲走，每一段不要写得太多，点到为止，见好就收，这才是最稳妥的对策。
Some scientists think it is very soon that computers will be more intelligent than human. Some people think it is a positive development, while others think it is a negative development. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
positive
1 解放人力
2 提高效率
negative
1 失业率,贫富差距
2 人类对机器的依赖
3 道德问题
Computer technology is advancing dramatically since its invention and has shown some possibility of intelligence, which means (that) they are capable to think, and therefore make judgment and initiate action in complex situation, featuring like human brains. This excites many people while arousing some concern about its hidden hazard to human being. (定语从句，宾语从句，非谓语，)
Of course those optimists have their own reasons. The first one is that intelligent computers would free human labor to an enormous extent. They would replace human workers in many walks of life, performing many tasks in medical procedure, manufacture, domestic service, space and ocean exploration and so on. They can work more efficiently, accurately than human counterparts and they never feel tired or fear any danger. It is claimed that these advantages would increase the productivity of the whole world for long run and bring human comfort and convenience. (表语从句，非谓语，比较句型，并列句，形式主语)
However it also makes sense to worry about the potential risk that computational intelligence may impose on human race. It is generally believed that employment rate would decline if artificial intelligent machines are widely applied to substitute for human labors. Correspondingly, the wealth gap can be inferred wider. In addition to economic impact, human community may increase dependence on smart technology, losing some basic living skills or life experience. Some pessimists show their concern about ethical issue in literature involving robots which are likely to manipulate humans. Nonetheless, many people hold the belief that no matter how intelligent a computer is, it is programmed by human being and is under human’s control for sure. (形式主语，被动句，定语从句，条件状语从句，非谓语，同位语从句，让步状语从句)
Based on the discussion above, I personally think that whether advanced technology can benefit human race or not is determined by how we human utilize it. Technology is supposed to be neutral and has no threat on human designers. If we put it to good use, then we would make the most of technology. (非谓语，宾语从句，主语从句，被动句，条件状语从句)
词汇拓展
1. Intelligence 智力
2. invention 发明
3. make judgment 做出判断
4. initiate action发起行动
5. feature 以?为特征
6. hazard 潜在危险
7. optimist 乐观主义者
8. pessimist 悲观主义者
9. free v. 解放
10. walks of life 生活很多领域
11. perform many tasks 干活
12. medical procedure手术
13. manufacture 制造
14. domestic service 家庭服务
15. accurately 准确地
16. make the most of 充分利用
17. makes sense 有道理
18. impose 施加
19. artificial intelligent machine 人工智能机器
20. apply 应用
21. substitute for 替代
22. Correspondingly 因此
23. wealth gap 贫富差距
24. infer 推断
25. ethical 道德的
26. literature 文学作品
27. involve 涉及
28. manipulate 操控
29. Nonetheless 尽管如此
30. Program 编程
31. under control 在掌控之中
32. Based on 基于
33. is determined by 取决于
34. utilize 利用
35. is supposed 本应该
36. put it to good use 好好利用
37. counterpart 对应部分
拿到题目首先要认真审题。很多考生认为只要是把字数写够，用了一些比较高级的词汇和复合句就算完成了任务。其实，这种想法指导下的写作在实际考试中很容易使考生忽视把握论证的方向，造成写作扣题不严密，论点表述不完整，更严重还会导致跑题。很多考生看到题目中认识的单词，然后就发挥自己想象，天马行空下笔就写。但是这样的作文无论语言质量多高，也拿不到好的分数。只有把握题目争论重心，才能保证论证有的放矢，获得高分。
Advantages and disadvantages of private cars.
With the fantastic spur both in industry and in economy in China, the number of people who own private cars is on the rise. Some people have bought cars of their own, and others are planning to buy cars. But there have been two quite different views on this phenomenon.
Some claim that there are many advantages brought about by cars. First, the automobile industry provides jobs for countless workers and strong support for other industries. Second, if conditions permit, owning a car can make us work more efficiently. Finally, life will become more convenient. A car allows one to move freely and with a car there is no need to wait for the bus in the cold or under the burning sun.
However, others strongly object to the increase in developing private cars. They hold that automobiles will give rise to a series of problems. In the first place, as more and more cars are produced and run in the street, a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off, polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people. Next, private cars contribute to traffic congestion so greatly that the advantages gained in comfort and freedom are often cancelled out by the frustration caused by traffic jams. The last problem is the increasing number of car accidents that have killed and will kill a lot of people in a friction of a second.
In my opinion, although automobiles have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of our society, they also bring us numerous troubles such as more serious environmental pollution, more traffic accidents and more energy consumption. They drink up huge amounts of fuel and throw out huge amounts of pollutants. Traffic accidents kill thousands and thousands of people each year and cripple more. Jams waste our precious time. Therefore I am against developing private cars.
应该说，中英文在议论文的结尾，还是有些微妙的差别的。雅思作文的结尾往往比开头和主题句还要重要，最起码应避免明显中式表达的痕迹，不必喊口号或者抒情(结尾常见的两大误区喔)。总的原则是：可以重申全文要点，可以提出具体措施，再加上地道，至少是书面语的措辞，就是一个好的雅思作文结尾!
请看这么一道题及其结尾：
V104 Wild animals have no place in the 21st century. Some people think that preventing these wild animals from dying out is a waste of resource. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
结尾1：
Someone said safeguard of wild animals is a waste of resource, but I do not agree. It seems we would spend some time, wealth and manpower on this meaningless thing. Actually we also do this for human being ourselves. let’s protect wild animals right now.
评：结尾第一句话，是对于考官给出的观点的转述，应放在文章开头就出现。结尾不是申明中心句，而应是对全文观点的总结。大作文要收的坚定有力，seems让文章显得说服力不足，meaningless跟全文观点相孛。最后一句有喊口号的意味，不符合英语议论文的习惯，同样的意思可改换客观平实的文风收尾。
结尾2：
To sum up, we can not live without wild animals due to their profound effects on us. For this reason, we should try our best to protect them. Let’s remember one thing---- protecting wild animals is equivalent to protecting ourselves.
评：双重否定表示强调，是英语议论文的常见手法,令结尾收的坚定有力。Profound effects深远影响很好地呼应了文中提到过的野生动物保护的意义，令文章浑然一体。作者的观点跟结尾1作者观点完全一样，但采用了平实的陈述口气，并用了书面的地道词汇，equivalent to ,是一个很不错的结尾。
结尾3：
Certainly, our diet cannot be without meat. There are living stocks, which can provide us with sufficient and nutritious produce. Therefore, we need not to resort to wild animals, especially the endangered ones. To protect animals is to protect our living environment. Every individual should join efforts to keep the diversity of animals.
评：作者不仅会用否定句表达强调，还很及时地采用了让步式的收尾，指出，人当然要吃肉，但有众多家畜，不必杀戮野生动物，尤其是濒危的物种。让步式结尾让文章显的客观公正，符合英语议论文的要求和习惯，总体很有说服力。再加上语言上同样成功，地道的措辞，如，living stocks, sufficient and nutritious, resort to (诉诸于)，endangered ones, join efforts, diversity 是一篇8分作文的经典结尾。
雅思作文中最常使用的经典句子
对于备考雅思考试的考生而言，在准备雅思作文的时候，有必要就一些比较常见的经典句子进行重点掌握，最好争取能够做到熟练掌握，这样讲会在很大程度上给予大家帮助的。下面便是雅思作文中最常使用的经典句子的介绍。
1) From sth./what one has done, he can derive profits (will well deserve punishments) as follows.
(e.g. From his great inventions in many fields, man has well deserved
punishments as follows.)
2) Sth., if made the best/the worst of, will bring some distinct
advantages/disadvantages to our social development/one"s growth.
(e.g. Stock markets, if made the best of, will bring some advantages to our social construction.)
3) Sth. is expected to do a lot of benefit/threat/harm to sb./sth. else. (e.g. Cloning, as a new-born thing, is expected to do a lot of benefit to the human progress.)
4) (Doing) sth. will enrich/endanger/influence one"s life in more than one aspect.
(e.g. Having one"s head in the clouds sometimes can enrich a good teacher"s teaching in more than one aspect.)
5) Some good/bad/unexpected effects come of what we have done/sth. done in... (e.g. Some good effects will certainly come of the efforts we have mad e in birth control.)
1、从其所做来看，他可以得到如下好处(他将受到如下的惩罚)：
例：就其很多领域的重大发明而言，人类将会受到如下的惩罚。
2、如果得到充分利用/弄砸了，某事物将给社会发展/为一个人的成长带来很大的好处/坏处。
例：如果得到充分利用，股票市场将为社会建设带来一些的好处。
3、某事物可能对某人/另一事物有很大的好处/威胁/危害。
例：新产生的克隆技术可望对人类进步有很大的好处。
4、(做)某事将不止在一个方面丰富/危害/影响一个人的生活。
例：想入非非有时能在多方面是教师的教学得以丰富。
5、一些好的/坏的/出乎意料的结果是出于我们在?方面所做的事情。
例：一些好的方面将肯定是我们在控制生育上所做努力的结果。
雅思写作常见中心句40句(附译文)
6) There are several reasons/causes/factors for the
changes/increase/decline/growth in...(First,...Second...)
(e.g. There are probably a variety of reasons for the drastic changes in people"s moral concepts.)
7) The reasons/causes/factors for sth. are complex/varied/profound. (Some attribute it...Others put it down to...Still others owe it to...)
(e.g. The causes for the prevalence of living together are varied and complex.)
8) The success/failure/change/increase/decline(in sth.) mainly/largely
stems/derives/results from the factors as follows.(One lies in...Another is found in...Still another consists in...)
(e.g. The rise in China"s economy mainly derives from a number of factors/the factors as follows.)
9) Why has/did/is...- (For one thing/...For another...Perhaps the most fundamental/adequate/competent reason is...)
(e.g. Why is there a growing drift toward power-seeking in society-)
10) It is no easy/simple task/job to furnish/identify/find every reason / cause for sth., but/while, on the whole, three/some factors shout louder/weigh heavier than others/stand out from others.
(e.g. It is no easy job to find every reason for the increase in the number of teenagers who run away from their homes, but, on the whole, two factors shout louder than others.)
6 ?的变化/增加/下降/增长有几个方面的原因/因素。首先?，其次?
例：人们道德观的剧烈变化可能有不同的原因。
7 某事的原因/起因很复杂/不一/深刻。有些人归因于?，有些人归结为?，还有些人认为是?的结果。
例：流行住在一起的原因既不同又复杂。
8 某事物的成功/失败/改变/增长/下降主要/大体上是由于以下的因素。一个是?，另一个是?，还有一个是?
例：中国经济的崛起主要是由于以下的因素。
9 为什么?-首先?;其次?;也许最根本的/最大的原因是?
例：为什么社会越来越趋于追求权力-
10要提供/辨别/找到某事物的每一个原因并不简单，但总体上有三个/一些相对较为突出的因素。
例：要找到青少年离家出走人数增长的每一个原因并不容易，但总体上有两个因素较为突出。
上述这些都是雅思作文中最常使用的经典句子，考生在备考雅思考试的时候，就有必要对这些句子进行重点掌握，越熟练越好。
雅思作文获得高分需具备十大特点
雅思作文获得高分需具备十大特点都包括哪些内容在内，获得雅思作文高分是每位参加雅思考试考生的梦想，因此掌握雅思作文高分具备的十大特点是很必要的。
① 淡化模板痕迹：避免使用cliché(陈词滥调)：不要上来就写every coin has two sides(=There is no garden without weeds). / as it is widely accepted / as we all know (=it is as clear as crystal that)括号里的表达法推荐使用。
② 大量的使用了形式主语和灵活句式(倒装，强调)：
例如
It must be stressed out that 必须强调指出
It is fairly difficult to say that (反驳)
It is not completely true to say that (让步反驳)
It is conceivable that 可以想象
③ 首段一般是：1)改写题目，介绍文章背景;2)提出争议焦点;3)明确表明作家的观点 ④ 1)再解释2)举例子3)反证法是展开分论点的三个重要的方法
1). 再解释：In other words ;To be more specific=specifically ;That is to say (也就是说)
2). 举例子：To illustrate(举例说明) ;A case in point is that ;An obvious example is that
3). 反证法：While ;Conversely(相反) ;On the contrary (相反)
⑤ 有3-5(5-8)个亮点的词汇或是短语
Optimize 使得最优化= improve
Gorgeous 美丽的 = beautiful
Maximize 使最大化= Multiply
⑥ 一般的思路是1)客观平衡写 2)让步支持或是让步反驳 3)分析问题解决问题，并且在尾段明确提出观点，也可以提出建议。
⑦ 以第一人称的口吻My view is that /As I see it /From my perspective (如果题目指令中有要求，最好是第一人称口吻论述)
⑧ 用到which / who 引导的定语从句
⑨ 英语的思维是主句在前，条件在后If / as long as / on the condition that (以---为条件)
⑩ 字迹工整，250字以上
以上便是对于雅思作文获得高分需具备十大特点的全部整理，希望各位正在准备此类考试的考生们能够认清这类问题，为考试做好更充分的准备。
中国考生的雅思写作大忌：不要中翻英
对中国考生来讲，应该切记：雅思作文是写作，不是搞中翻英!
首先，Task 1(图表描述或流程图，又称小作文)评分标准为“TF”：Task Fulfillment(任务完成情况)占总分9分的40%，要求考生在20分钟内完成至少150个字的作文，在这基础上，考生还应当在规定的时间和字数内，向读者(即考官)清晰地阐述何事，何人，何时，何地，图表的总体趋势(是升?降?持平?还是波动以及幅度等相关信息)要以数据的形式逐步加以展开，不能带有个人的主观观点，布局清晰，思路清晰，详略搭配清晰，结论清晰，这是TF的基本条件。
其次，CC：Coherence & Cohesion(即逻辑连贯性)占35%，所谓逻辑连贯性，就是要求考生对所观察到信息用一定的数据加以拓展。例如：当考生写到无锡20xx年的公交线路比十年前多了。那么，这个“多”字从哪来?考生应迅速把充分把论据或例子补上，可以这么写“20xx年无锡的公交线路是105条，而10年前仅有20条，为10年前的5倍多”，这是令人信服的，反之就是捕风捉影。
再次，VSS：Vocabulary & Sentence Structure(即：用词和句子结构)约占卷面的20%，这对一个英文基础功扎实的考生来讲并不难，可难的是怎样精确地选词、用词。应尽量避免使用已用过的词，例如：The chart shows?(该图描述了?)，如在下段再出现则应该变换一下主语和谓语，以显得鲜活，如：The table also illustrates?(该图描述了?)意思未变，只是在遣词上稍稍花了点功夫，这就是一篇6分以上小作文。
就Task 2(即：议论文，又称大作文)而言，CQ:Communication Quality(交谈、质量)约占30%。主要是检验考生能否把所想表达的通过英语交流，考官能否看懂?而此篇的重头戏是在AIE上面。Arguments, idaas & Evidences(即：论点、思路、论据，也就是我们常讲的逻辑思维是否合理)。它在卷面9分中占了40%的比例。可见条理清晰与否、论点论据配套与否就显得尤为重要。与Task 1一样的是，第三个评分仍是VSS(即：用词和句子结构)，约占20%左右。
只要考生们认真审题，精心布局，条理清晰，篇末点题就一定能拿下7分作文。
SAT写作常见问题之用词与文章风格不符
1、Original：It is in intelligence that makes people successful and earn large sum of bucks and gain great reputation!
Revised：So，I believe it is intelligence that leads to success in terms of financial wealth and reputation.
buck有“美元”的意思，但这是一种非常不正式的说法。在写作中所使用的语言要注意整体的风格，如果在正式的写作中出现及其口语化或俚语化的词语，会让阅卷者感到很突兀。
2、Original：The international banks are cognizant of the new law's significance. Revised：The international banks are aware of the new law'significance. cognizant是十分正式的词(属于jargon)，此处用aware即可，在托福写作中，要避免使用属于性质的词。
所以说我们在进行SAT写作练习以前要先明确文章的风格，在用词上表达恰当，避免上面所提到的错误的出现。