航空地勤的概念及服务内容
1 地勤的概念
地勤是指在地面上执行的各种工作，如维修飞机等。地勤人员主要由机场与航空公司两部分人员组成。机场地勤为自有航空运输服务以及各大航空站（机场）建设营运以来，出现在各级民用、军用航空站的一项重要附加服务，和航空站的运作息息相关且不可或缺，所有的民用、商用、及军用飞行器都需要地勤的服务，从飞机进入停机坪的那一刻起，到离开停机坪进入滑行道为止，停泊其间的所有后勤服务（给油、给水、旅客下机登机、行李搬运、飞机餐点装载、机身清洁、废弃物处理等）皆为机场地勤人员的工作职掌范围。
2 主要分类
地勤人员主要由机场与航空公司两部分人员组成。包括应有职务如：秘书．会计．IT，人事．行政．总务．美工．企划等部门外，另有航空管理部门．旅客业务部门．航空货运部门等等． 都属于地勤人员。
3 民航工作内容
[1]在航空公司地面工作的人员，具体有值机（国际值机和国内值机）、安检、VIP客服、调配、售票、易登机等岗位。把乘客的机票换成登机牌的岗位叫值机，安全检查包括查验登机牌、身份证、检查安全物品等。调配主要是指挥飞机降落、运行车辆停靠位置等。VIP客服是指各大航空公司设在机场为会员服务的服务人员。易登机是贵宾室服务人员，主要为贵宾办理自购票至登机一切手续及相应服务的工作人员。
[2]工作内容，国内航线勤务工作内容是在机场柜台办理旅客报到、检查证件、行李过磅、座位分配及出票（即为旅客更换登机牌），在候机室内引导旅客通关候机，登机并作广播服务，提醒旅客登机及贵宾服务工作或广播寻找已到未登机的旅客，另外勤务人员还须与空中厨房联系餐点、失物寻查、旅客申诉。地勤人员是航空公司对旅客的第一线员工需有良好的服务态度和耐心。
第二篇：航空机务英语
最全的航空机务英语，需要的快来分享吧
[post]轮档挡好-- Chocks in
地面电源设备接好--Ground power connected 收到-- Roger
现在关闭发动机--Shutting down engines
准备牵引-- Ready for pushback
所有舱门已关好--All doors checked closed
松刹车-- Brakes off
松刹车-- Release parking brakes
刹车已松-- Brakes off
刹车已松-- parking brake Released
可以牵引 --Clear for pushback
23号跑道起飞--Runway( or face)two three
05号跑道起飞--Runway( or face)zero five
牵引完成 --Pushback complete
刹车 --Brakes on
刹车 --Set parking brake
刹车刹好 --Brakes on
刹车刹好-- Parking brake set
准备启动1（或2）号发动机--Start number one(or two) 可以启动1（或2）号发动机--Clear number one(or two) 已经供气（如需气源车）--Pressure on
启动结束 --Start complete
断开地面设备-- Disconnect ground equipment 插销移开 –Pin Removed
稍等 --Standby
稍等启动-- Standby for start
稍等推出-- Standby for pushback
在左（或右）方打手势--Hand signal on the left(or right aircraft crew, air crew 机组, 机务人员
pilot 驾驶员, 机长
co-pilot, second pilot 副驾驶员
navigator 领航员
steward 男服务员
stewardess, hostess 空中小姐
radio operator 报务员
Bairliner 班机
monoplane 单翼飞机
glider 滑翔机
trainer aircraft 教练机
passenger plane 客机
propeller-driven aircraft 螺旋桨飞机 jet (aircraft) 喷射飞机
amphibian 水陆两用飞机
seaplane, hydroplane 水上飞机 turbofan jet 涡轮风扇飞机
turboprop 涡轮螺旋桨飞机
turbojet 涡轮喷射飞机
transport plane 运输机
helicopter 直升机
supersonic 超音速
hypersonic 高超音速
transonic 跨音速
subsonic 亚音速
Airbus 空中客车
Boeing 波音
Concord 协和
Ilyusin 依柳辛
McDonald-Douglas 麦道
Trident 三叉戟
Tupolev 图波列夫
hatch 舱口
aeroengine, air engine 航空发动机 navigation light 航行灯
fuselage, body 机身
nose 机头
wing 机翼
aileron 副翼
wing flap 襟翼
tail plane 水平尾翼
starboard wing 右翼
port wing 左翼
pilot"s cockpit 驾驶舱
parachute 降落伞
passenger cabin 客舱
propeller 螺旋桨
pressurized cabin 密封舱
undercarriage 起落架
undercarriage wheel 起落架轮 elevator 升降舵
radio navigation device 无线电导航设备 radio directive device 无线电定向设备 luggage compartment 行李舱 (fuel) tank 油箱
auxiliary (fuel) tank 副油箱
main (fuel) tank 主油箱
autopilot 自动驾驶仪
ground crew 地勤人员
airport 航空港, 民航机场
airfield, aerodrome, airdrome 机场
airport beacon 机场灯标
airport meteorological station 机场气象站
main airport building, terminal building 机场主楼
emergency landing runway, forced landing runway 紧急着陆跑道 taxiway 滑行跑道
runway 跑道
omnirange radio beacon 全向式无线电航空信标
fuel depot 燃料库
control tower 塔台
tarmac 停机坪
radio beacon 无线电信标
boarding check 登机牌
plane ticket 飞机票
flight, flying 飞行
bumpy flight 不平稳的飞行
smooth flight 平稳的飞行
ramp 扶梯
altitude, height 高度
air route, air line 航线
extra flight 加班
economy class, tourist class 经济座
non-stop flight 连续飞行
climbing, to gain height 爬升
circling 盘旋
forced landing 迫降
connecting flight 衔接航班
speed, velocity 速度
ceiling 上升限度
cruising speed 巡航速度
top speed 最高速度
first class 头等
night service 夜航
airsick 晕机
direct flight, straight flight 直飞
landing 着陆
to rock, to toss, to bump 颠簸
to taxi along 滑行
to lose height, to fly low 降低
to take off, take-off 起飞
to board a plane, get into a plane 上飞机
to get off a plane, alight from a plane 下飞机 to face the wind 迎风
ATA章节目录
AIRFRAME SYSTEMS ________________
AIR CONDITIONING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 AUTOFLIGHT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 COMMUNICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 ELECTRICAL POWER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 FIRE PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 FLIGHT CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 FUEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
HYDRAULIC POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 INDICATING/RECORDING SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 LANDING GEAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 LIGHTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
NAVIGATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 OXYGEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
PNEUMATIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 WATER AND WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 STRUCTURE _________
DOORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
ＷＩＮＤＯＷS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 POWER PLANT ___________
POWER PLANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 ENGINE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
ENGINE FUEL AND CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 IGNITION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
AIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
ENGINE CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 ENGINE INDICATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 EXHAUST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
OIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
STARTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
缩写 ABBREVIATION LIST
A
A/C air conditioning 空气调节
A/G air/ground
A/L autoland 自动落地
A/P autopilot 自动驾驶
A/S airspeed 空速
A/T autothrottle自动油门, adjustment/test 调整/测试
ABNORM abnormal 不正常的
AC alternating current 【电】交流电
ACARS ARINC Communications Addressing and Reporting System ACCEL acceleration, accelerate 使增速
ACM air cycle machine 空气循环机
ADC air data computer 大气资料电脑
ADF automatic direction finder 自动方位寻找器
ADI attitude director indicator 姿态指示器
ADP air driven pump, air driven hydraulic pump 气动液压泵 ADV advance 推进
AFCS automatic flight control system 飞控系统
AGL above ground level 地标位
AI anti-ice 防冰
AIDS aircraft integrated data system 整合资料系统
AIL aileron 副翼
ALT altitude 高度
ALTM altimeter 高度计
ALTN alternate 交替的
ALTNT alternate 交替的
AMB ambient 环绕的
AMM Airplane Maintenance Manual 修护手册
ANN announcement 通告
ANNUNC annunciator 通告器
ANT antenna 天线
AOA angle of attack 功角
APB auxiliary power breaker 辅助的动力断电器
APD approach progress display 接近行进显示
APL airplane 飞机
APPR approach 接近
APPROX approximately 近乎
APU auxiliary power unit 辅助的动力单元
ARINC Aeronautical航空学的Radio Incorporated【美】有限责任的 ARINC IO ARINC I/O error
ARNC STP ARINC I/O UART data strip error 通用非同步收发传输器 ASA autoland status annunciator 自动落地状况通告器
ASP audio selector panel 音频选择面板
ASYM asymmetrical 非对称的
ATC air traffic control 空中交通管制
ATC/DABS air traffic control/discrete address beacon system ATT attitude 姿态
ATTND attendant 服务员
AUTO automatic 自动装置的
AUX auxiliary 辅助的
AVM airborne vibration monitor 空中震动监视器 B
B/CRS back course 回程
BARO barometric 气压计的
BAT battery 电池;蓄电池
BFO beat扑动frequency oscillator 频率振汤器 BITE built-in test equipment 装备自我测试 BK brake 煞住(车)
BKGRD background (干扰录音或无线电广播的)杂音 BPCU bus power control unit 汇流排电力控制单元 BRKR breaker 断电器
BRT bright 发亮的
BTB bus tie束缚breaker 汇流排联系断电器 BTL bottle 瓶子
C
C/B circuit breaker 【电】断路器,断路开关
C center 中央
CADC central air data computer 中央大气资料电脑 CAPT captain (飞机的)机长
CB circuit breaker 【电】断路器,断路开关 CCA central control actuator 中央控制致动器 CCW counterclockwise 逆时针方向的
CDU control display unit 控制显示器
CH channel 频道
CHAN channel 频道
CHG change 改变
CHR chronograph 记时器
CHRGR charger 充电器
CK check 检查
CKT circuit 【电】电路;回路
CL close 关闭;盖上;合上
CLB climb 倾斜向上
CLR clear 变乾净;变清楚
CLSD closed 关闭的;封闭的;闭合的
CMD command 命令
CMPTR computer 电脑
CNX cancelled 取消,废除;中止
COL column 圆柱 (报纸的)栏,段
COMM communication 通讯
COMP compressor 压缩机
COMPT compartment 隔间
CON continuous 连续的,不断的
COND condition 状态
CONFG configuration 结构;表面配置
CONFIG configuration 结构
CONN connection 连接
CONT control 控制
CP control panel 控制面板
CPCS cabin pressure control system 舱压控制系统 CPS cycles per second 每秒循环
CRS course 方向
CRT cathode阴极ray射线 tube 阴极射线管 CRZ cruise 巡航
CSEU control system electronics unit 控制系统电子元件 CT current电流transＦＯＲＭer变压器
CTN caution 注意
CTR center 中央
CU control unit 控制元件
CUST customer 顾客;买主
CW clockwise 顺时针方向的
CWS control wheel steering掌舵
D
DA drift漂移angle
DADC digital air data computer 数位化大气资料电脑 DC direct直系的,指挥current
DEC decrease减少, decrement减少率
DECEL decelerate 降低速度
DECR decrease 减少
DEG degree 度数
DEPR depressurize 洩压; 压下
DEPT departure 离开;出发
DEST destination 目标, 目的地
DET detector 探测器
DETNT detent (机械上的)止动装置;棘爪
DEV deviation 误差;偏航
DFDR digital flight data recorder
DG directional方向的gyro回转仪罗盘
DH decision决定height高度,海拔
DIFF differential 依差别而定的;鉴别性的
DIR direct 指挥
DISC disconnect 使分离,分开,断开
DISCH discharge 释放,排出(液体,气体等)
DISCONT discontinued 停止,中断
DISENG disengage 解开,解除;使脱离
DISP dispatch 派遣
DIST distance 距离;路程
DK deck (船的) 舱面,甲板
DME distance measuring equipment 测距仪
DMU data management unit 资料管理单元
DN down 向下
DPCT differential protection current transＦＯＲＭer【电】变压器 DR door 门
DSCRT IO discrete分离I/O error
DSPLY display 显示
DSPY display 显示
E
EADI electronic attitude director indicator 数位化姿态指示器 ECON economy 节约, 经济
ECS environmental control system 环控系统
EDP engine driven pump, engine hydraulic pump 引擎液压泵 EEC electronic engine control 引擎电控
EFDARS expanded flight data acquisition and reporting system EFI electronic flight instruments 电子化飞行仪表
EFIS electronic flight instrument system
EGT exhaust gas temperature 排气尾温
EHSI electronic horizontal situation indicator 水平状况方位指示器 EICAS engine indicating and crew alerting system引擎状况警告指示 ELEC electrical 与电有关的,电气科学的
ELEV elevation 高度;海拔
EMER emergency 紧急情况
ENG engage啮合,接合, engine
ENT entrance入口,门口, entry
ENTMT entertainment 娱乐
EPC external power contactor 外电源接触器
EPR engine pressure ratio 推力比
EPRL engine pressure ratio limit 推力比范围
EQUIP equipment 装备
ERR error 错误
ESS essential 必需品
EVAC evacuation 撤空;排泄物
EVBC engine vane and bleed control 引擎放气控制
EXH exhaust 排出;排气
EXT external 外部的
EXTIN extinguish, extinguished 灭火器
EXTING extinguishing 熄灭
F
F/D flight director 飞行引向器
F/F fuel flow 燃油流量
F/O first officer
FAA Federal美国联邦 Aviation Administration行政机构 FCC flight control computer 飞行控制电脑
FCEU flight controls electronic unit 飞控电子单元
FCU fuel control unit 燃油控制器
FDR feeder 餵食器
FIM Fault Isolation Manual 故障隔离手册
FL flow 流量
FL/CH flight level change
FLD field(飞机)场,;(广阔的一大片)地(知识)领域;专业;(活动)范畴 FLT flight (飞机的)班次
FLUOR fluorescent 发亮的
FMC flight management computer 飞行管理电脑
FMS flight management system 飞行管理系统
FREQ frequency 频率
FRM Fault Reporting Manual 错误报告手册
FSEU flap/slat electronic unit 副翼电控单元
FT feet复, foot单 英尺
FWD forward 前面的
G
G/S glide slope, ground slope 下滑坡度
GA go-around 重飞
GB generator breaker 发电机断电器
GCB generator circuit breaker 发电机断路器
GCR generator control relay 发电机控制继电器
GCU generator control unit 发电机控制组件
GEN generator 发电机
GHR ground handling relay 地面操作继电器
GND ground 地面
GP group 团体
GPWS ground proximity warning system 地面接近警告 GR gear 齿轮;传动装置; (飞机的)起落架
GRD ground 地面
GS ground speed 地速
GSSR ground service select relay 地面勤务选择继电器 GSTR ground service transfer relay 地面勤务转换继电器 GW gross总量weight 总重
H
H/L high/low 高/低
HDG heading 【航】航向
HF high frequency 高频
HORIZ horizontal 水平
HP high pressure 高压
HSI horizontal situation indicator 水平状况方位指示器 HTR heater 加热器
HYD hydraulic 液压的
I
IAS indicated airspeed 指示空速
IDENT identification 识别;鉴定
IDG integrated drive generator
IGN ignition 点火,发火;点火开关
ILLUM illuminate, illuminated 被照明的;发光的
ILS instrument landing system 仪降
IMP imperial (度量衡)英制的
IN in, input 输入
INBD inboard 内侧的
INC incorporated结合的, increase增大, increment增加 INCR increase 增加
IND indicator 指示器
INFC interface 分界面
INFLT inflight 飞行过程中的
INHIB inhibit 抑制 禁止
INIT initiation 入门;开始实施
INOP inoperative 不活动的
INPH interphone 对讲机
INST instrument 仪器;仪表
INT interphone 对讲机
INTLK interlock 连结
INTPH interphone 对讲机
INTMT intermittent 时断时续的;周期性的
IP intermediate pressure 中间的压力
IRS inertial reference system 惯性参考系统
IRU inertial惯性的reference unit 惯性参考组件
ISLN isolation 隔离
ISOL isolation 隔离
IVSI instantaneous瞬时的vertical speed indicator 垂直速度指示器 M
MCDP maintenance control display panel 修护控制显示面板 MCP mode control panel 模式控制面板
MCU modular模件concept观念 unit
MDA minimum decision altitude 最小判断高度
MIC microphone 扩音器;麦克风
MIN minimum 最小量,最小数;最低限度
MM Maintenance Manual 修护手册
MOD module 组件;单元
MON monitor 监视器;监控器
MOT motion (机械的)装置,运转
MPU magnetic pickup 检波器
MSG message 信息
MSTR master 主要的;总的
MSU mode selector unit 模式选择组件
MTG miles to go 英里
MU management unit 管理组件
MUX multiplexer 多路传输
N
N/A not applicable 可应用的
NAC nacelle 引擎舱;气球吊篮
NAV navigation 导航
NCD no computed data 无法计算资料
NEG negative 否定的; 反面的【电】负的,阴极的【数】负的 NEUT neutral 中立的
NLG nose landing gear 鼻轮起落架
NO. number 数,数字
NORM normal 正常的,正规的,标准的
NRM normal 正常的,正规的,标准的
NVMEM RD non-volatile memory read error 故障读错误排除才能消除 NVMEM WR non-volatile memory write error 故障写错误排除才能消除 O
02 oxygen 氧气
OBS observer 观察员
OK okay 对,很好地
OPR operate 运转
OPT option 选择权
OPRN operation 操作
OUT output 输出
OUTBD outboard 外部的
OVHD overhead 头顶(船舱)顶板
OVHT overheat 过热
OVRD override 权力高於;优先於; 越过
OXY oxygen 氧气
P
P/RST press to reset 压下清除故障
P/S pitot皮托管(流速计);皮托静压管/static 静态的
PA passenger address 客舱广播
PASS passenger 旅客
PCA power control actuator 电控致动器
PCT percentage 百分比
PDI pictorial deviation indicator 偏航图表示
PES passenger entertainment娱乐system
PLA power level angle
PLT pilot (飞机等的)驾驶员,飞行员
PMG permananet magnet generator 永磁发电机
PNEU pneumatic 气动
PNL panel 【电】配电盘;控电板
POR point of regulation调节
POS position, positive (电池的)阳极【数】正的
PPOS present当前的 出席的 position
PRESS pressure 压力
PRG FLOW program flow error 流量程序错误
PRIM primary 首要的,主要的
PROC procedure 程序;手续;步骤
PROG MEM ROM memory error 唯读记忆体错误
PROJ projector 投射器
PROT protection 保护,防护;
PS pitot static 皮托管(流速计);皮托静压管
PSI pounds per square inch 每平方寸上的压力磅数 PSS passenger service system 客服系统
PSU passenger service unit 客服组件
PTT push to talk 发话
PTU power transfer unit 动力传送组件
PWR power 动力
Q
QAD quick-attach-detach 快拆卸;使分离
QTS quarts 一夸脱的容器
QTY quantity 数量
R
R/T rate of turn 回转速率
R/W MEM RAM memory error 随机存取记忆体错误 R right 右边的
RA radio altimeter, radio altitude 雷达高度
RAT ram air turbine 冲压驱动
RCVR reciever 接受
RDMI radio distance magnetic indicator 磁场距离指示 REC recorder 记录器
RECIRC recirculate 再循环
REF reference 参考
REFRIG refrigeration 冷冻
REG regulator 调节器
REL release 释放,解放
REP representative 代表性的,典型的
REQ required 必须的
RES reserve 储备
RESSTART power interrupt restart error 动力中断重新起动错误 REV reverse 倒退,使倒转
RF right front 右前
RH right hand 右手
RLSE release 释放,解放
RLY relay 【电】继电器
RLY/SW relay/switch
RMI radio magnetic indicator 磁场方位指示
RMT OUT high-speed ARINC output error 汇流排输出错误 RN right nose
ROT rotation 旋转
RPM revolutions循环,(一)周期回转,旋转per minute
RPTG reporting 报导
RR right rear 後方
RST reset 重新设定
RTO rejected丢弃takeoff起飞
RUD rudder (飞机的)方向舵
RW right wing 右翼
RWY runway (机场的)跑道
S
SAM stabilizer trim/elevator asymmetry limit module尾舵飞操组件 SAT static air temperature 静压空气温度
SEC second 第二次
SEI standby engine indicator 紧急直接引擎指示
SEL select 选择
SELCAL selective calling 飞航呼叫
SERV service 服务
SG signal generator 信号产生器
SLCTD selected 选择
SLCTR selector 选择器
SOV shut off valve 关断阀
SP speed 速度
SPD speed 速度
SPD BK speed brake 速煞
SQL squelch 压扁
SSB single side band
STA station 驻地(各种机构的)站,所,
STAB stabilizer 安定装置;安定翼
STBY standby 备用
STS system status 系统状况
SURF surface 表面
SW switch 开关
SWITCH IN switch input error
SYNC synchronous 同步的
SYS system 系统
SYST system 系统
T
T/R thrust reverser 反推力器
T.O. takeoff 起飞
TACH tachometer 转速计
TAI thermal热的anti-ice
TAS true airspeed 真空速
TAT total air temperature 总温
TCC turbine case cooling 涡轮(机)冷却
TE trailing edge 後缘(飞机的)襟翼,阻力板
TEMP temperature 温度,气温
TFR transfer 转换
THR thrust 推力
THROT throttle 节流阀
THRSH threshold 门槛
THRT thrust 推力
THRU through 穿过;通过 遍及,在...各处;在...之间,在...之中 TIE bus tie系,拴,捆,扎 汇流排联系
TLA thrust lever angle 推力杆角度
TMC thrust management computer 推力管理电脑 TMS thrust management system 推力管理系统
TMSP thrust mode select panel 推力选择面板
TO TO/takeoff 起飞
TOL tolerance 【机】公差,容限
TR transＦＯＲＭer【电】变压器 rectifier【电】整流器 TRP thrust rating panel 推力等级面板
TUNE tuner (频率))调整器;【无】调谐器
TURB turbine 涡轮(机)
TURBL turbulent, turbulence【气】湍流;(气体等的)紊流 U
UBR utility有多种用途的;通用的bus relay 汇流排继电器 UPR upper
USB upper side band 【机】传送带 (无线电的)波段,频带 V
V/NAV vertical navigation 【经】纵向联合的 导航 V/S vertical speed 垂直的速率
VERT vertical 垂直的
VERT SPD vertical speed 垂直的速率
VFY verify 验证
VG vertical gyro 垂直回转仪罗盘
VHF very high frequency 超高频无线电
VIB vibration 震动
VLD valid 合法的;有效的
VLV valve 【机】阀,活门
VOL volume 量;额
VOLT voltage 电压;伏特数
VOR VHF omni range receiver 方向无线识标
VOX voice 声音
VTR video tape reproducer (录音,录影的)播放装置
W
W/D wiring线路diagram图解
W/W wheel well 轮舱
WARN warning 警告;警报
WG wing 机翼
WHL wheel 轮子 ; 变换方向
WHLS wheels 车轮
WPT waypoint 位子点
WSHLD windshield 挡风玻璃
WX weather 天气
WXR weather 气象雷达
X
X-CH cross channel 交叉频道
X-CHAN cross channel 交叉频道
XDCR transducer 变换器
XMISSION transmission 传送
XMIT transmit 发射
XMTR transmitter 发射机
XPNDR transponder 询答机
Y
Y/D yaw damper 阻尼器
Air Glossary（航空缩略语）
A
AAC - Army Air Corps
AAIB - Air Accident Investigation Branch of the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.
aae - above aerodrome elevation. Also see aal.
aal - above aerodrome level. Also see aae.
ab initio - elementary flying training, literally "from the beginning",.
abm abeam - an aircraft is abeam a point when that point is at ninety degrees left or right of the aircraft"s track, but term usually used to indicate a general position rather than a specific point.
a/c - aircraft.
ACARS - Aircraft Communication Adressing and Reporting System.
AC - alternating current.
ACC - Area Control Centre. And ACZ Aerodrome Control Zone. See ATZ below.
ACMS - aircraft condition monitoring system.
ACR - aerodrome control radar.
accelerate-stop distance - calculated distance required for an aircraft to accelerate to V1 (which see), reject take-off and brake safely to a halt.
A/D - aerodrome.
AD - Airworthiness Directive, issued by airworthiness authorities to correct a defect found in an aircraft type after certification. Compliance is mandatory and may be required immediately and before further flight, within a specified period of time or number of flying hours, or when next due for routine maintenance.
ADA - Advisory aispace - Advisory Area or Advisory Route.
ADC - air data computer.
ADELT - automatically deployable emergency locator transmitter.
ADF - automatic direction finder/finding. Radio compass which gives a relative bearing to the non-directional radio beacon to which it is tuned.
ADI - attitude deviation indicator. An advanced type of artificial horizon, part of a flight director system providing pitch and roll inＦＯＲＭation and commands.
ADIZ - Air Defence Identification Zone. An area of airspace extending upwards from the surface, usually along a national boundary, within which identification of all aircraft is required in the interests of national security.
ADR - Accident Data Recorder.
ADS - Automatic Dependence Surveillance.
ADT - Approved Departure Time.
AEF - Aerodromes Environmental Federation.
AEW - Airborne early warning
Aerad - UK-published flight guide and navigational chart system.
aerodrome/airport elevation - highest point of an aerodrome"s usable runway(s) expressed in feet above mean sea level (amsl).
AFB - air force base, usually U.S. or Canadian.
AFCS - automatic flight control system, an advanced autopilot. Also IFCS, integrated flight control system.
AFDS - Autopilot and flight director system.
AFI - assistant flying instructor. Also AFIC, assistant flying instructor course, FIC, flying instructor course.
AFIS - Aerodrome Flight InＦＯＲＭation Service, providing inＦＯＲＭation to, but not control of, aircraft using that aerodrome.
AFIS(O)- Aerodrome Flight InＦＯＲＭation Service (Officer)
AFS - Aerodrome Fire Service.
AFS - Aeronautical Fixed Service - telephone/teleprinter network, includes AFTN.
AFS - auto flight system.
AFTN - Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network. A ground- based teleprinter network transmitting flight plans, weather inＦＯＲＭation etc.
AGO - air-to-ground operator
A/G - air-to-ground.
agl - above ground level.
AHRS - attitude-heading reference system. A sensor deriving aircraft attitude and heading inＦＯＲＭation from gyros and accelerometers.
AIAA - area of intense aerial activity, usually military.
AIC - Aeronautical InＦＯＲＭation Circular. Bulletins issued at intervals by the CAA relating to matters of airworthiness, administration, operating procedures, safety etc. AICs are colour-coded according to subject, e.g. safety circulars are pink, thus "Pink 12" issued in December 1990.
AIDS - Airborne integrated data system.
AIP - Aeronautical InＦＯＲＭation Publication. The UK Air Pilot, statutory bible of aeronautical inＦＯＲＭation published by the CAA.
Airep - ＦＯＲＭ for reporting position and Met conditions in flight.
Airmet - CAA"s telephone aviation weather service, covering Southern, Northern and Scottish regions of the UK. Also Metdial and Metplan, privately-operated aviation weather services. For full details see Pilot, February 1991.
AIS - Aeronautical InＦＯＲＭation Service. CAA unit based at London-Heathrow Airport, providing flight-planning services and inＦＯＲＭation for pilots. Publishes AICs, above.
AIZ - Aerodrome InＦＯＲＭation Zone. See ATZ below.
ALERFA - alert phase of search-and-rescue procedure.
alt - altitude. Height above sea level.
alternate - aerodrome specified on a flight plan to which an aircraft chooses to divert if a landing at its intended destination is not possible (for reasons of poor weather, for example).
altimeter setting - barometric pressure reading in millibars, hectopascals or (in USA) inches of mercury (Hg) used to set a pressure altimeter"s sub-scale to QFE or QNH .
AM - Amplitude modulation.
AME - authorized medical examiner. A doctor approved by the CAA (or foreign licensing authority) to conduct examinations for the issue or renewal of aircrew medical certificates.
amsl - above mean sea level (sometimes asl in USA).
anhedral - sloping down from root to tip. Opposite: dihedral.
ANO - Air Navigation Order. Statutory legal instrument defining the laws of air navigation, pilot licensing etc, in the UK. Other aviation legislation includes the Rules of the Air and Air Traffic regulations and the Air Navigation (General) Regulations
AoA - angle of attack. Also alpha, thus "high alpha", high angle of attack.
AOA - Airport Operators" Association.
AOC - Air Operator"s Certificate, issued by the CAA and required by aircraft operators flying scheduled or charter public transport flights, including cargo, air-taxi and pleasure-flying work.
Also Air Officer Commanding in RAF parlance.
AoE - airport of entry (usually in USA).
AOG - aircraft on ground, a term used to denote urgency when requesting spares or service from suppliers or manufacturers, meaning that the aircraft cannot fly again until the parts have been supplied.
AOPA - Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association.
A/P - airport or autopilot.
A & P - Airframe and Powerplant Mechanic (USA).
APA - Aerodromes Protection Agency, the federation of associations for the advancement of British general aviation facilities.
APHAZ - Aircraft Proximity Hazards Assessment Panel, which investigates near-miss reports filed by air traffic controllers (see also JAWG).
APP - Approach (control).
APU - auxiliary power unit. Large transport aircraft and some business jets have an APU, typically a small turbine, to provide power for engine-starting and for running systems when on the ground, obviating the need for external power or ground power unit, GPU.
ARB - Airworthiness Review Board.
ARCAL - aircraft radio control of aerodrome lighting.
Aresti - key shorthand notation system devised by Spaniard José L Aresti whereby aerobatic display routines or competition sequences can be drawn up on paper like a musical score. Now largely superseded by the simpler FAI Aerobatic Catalogue system.
ARINC - Aeronautical Radio Incorporated. A non-profit corporation owned by airlines to set standards for airline avionics and provide communications services.
ARP - aerodrome reference point.
articulated rotor - blades can flap, drag and feather.
ARV - air recreational vehicle.
ASDA - accelerate-stop distance available.
ASI - airspeed indicator, a flight instrument which measures the speed of an aircraft through the air.
ASR - altimeter setting region, a geographical area for which the lowest value of QNH is forecast hourly and relayed by air traffic control centres. Also airport surveillance radar and air-sea rescue.
ASTOVL - advanced short take-off and vertical landing.
ATA - actual time of arrival. Also Air Training Association.
ATC - air traffic control.
ATCA - air traffic control assistant
ATC(C) - air traffic control centre;
ATCO - air traffic control officer..
ATIS - automatic terminal inＦＯＲＭation service, a continuous recorded broadcast of routine non-control airport inＦＯＲＭation, usually at large airports.
ATPL - Air Transport Pilot"s Licence, needed to act as pilot-in- command of a commercial air transport aircraft exceeding 20,000 kg all-up weight.
ATO - assisted take-off e.g. J(et) or (R)ocket assisted.
ATS - air traffic service. Also ATSU, ATS Unit.
ATSORA - air traffic services outside regulated airspace.
ATC(U) - air traffic control unit.
ATZ - Aerodrome Traffic Zone. An area of protected airspace surrounding an aerodrome bounded by a circle of 2 nm or 2.5 nm radius (depending on runway length) centred on the mid-point of the longest runway. Permission is required for entry into and movement in an ATZ.
AUW - all-up weight, a term for the total loaded weight of an aircraft, made up of empty weight plus useful load; maximum auw is the maximum allowable weight, including fuel and payload, specified in an aircraft"s Certificate of Airworthiness. Sometimes referred to (in USA especially) as gross weight and maximum gross weight respectively. Also MTWA, maximum total weight authorised; BOW Basic operating weight, the weight of an aircraft with all equipment, lubricants, fuel and operating crew, but without payload; MLW, maximum landing weight, above which fuel must be burned off or jettisoned before landing or there may be risk of structural damage.
avgas - aviation gasoline, usually followed by the octane rating. Used by piston-engined aircraft. Also LL, low lead.
avtur - aviation turbine fuel (kerosene). Used by turboprops and jets.
AWR - airborne weather radar.
Awy - airway.
B
BA - British Airways
BAA - British Airports Authority.
BAeA - British Aerobatic Association.
BALPA - British Airline Pilots Association.
base leg - The crosswind segment of an aerodrome circuit bringing the aircraft from the downwind leg to final approach
BAUA - Business Aircraft Users Association.
BCAR - British Civil Air Requirements. Airworthiness standards laid down by the CAA for certification of aircraft on the UK Civil Aircraft Register.
BCP - break cloud procedure.
BCPL - Basic Commercial Pilot"s Licence, the minimum qualification necessary in the UK to receive payment for acting as a pilot. Also CPL, Commercial Pilot"s Licence, and SCPL, Senior Commercial Pilot"s Licence (no longer issued).
beta mode - manually-controlled mode for CS propellers on turboprop aircraft enabling reverse pitch to be selected for braking or to aid ground manoeuvring.
BFR - Biennial Flight Review (USA). Holders of U.S. FAA Private Pilot Licences must undergo a flight check with an FAA-approved examiner every two years. No UK equivalent.
BGA - British Gliding Association.
BHAB - British Helicopter Advisory Board.
bhp - brake horsepower.
BHPA - British Hang-Gliding and Paragliding Association.
Bleed air - Hot compressed air taken from turbine engines.
BMAA - British Microlight Aircraft Association.
Bottlang - Loose-leaf Euopean airfields manual for VFR operations.
BRG - bearing, the horizontal direction to or from any point expressed in degrees of the compass.
BWPA - British Women Pilots Association.
C
C - Celsius (temperature) or compass.
CAA - Civil Aviation Authority.
CAD/CAM - computer-aided design/manufacture.
CAAFU - Civil Aviation Authority Flying Unit, based at Stansted Airport, which perＦＯＲＭs such tasks as navaid checking and calibration and also examines candidates for instrument ratings and commercial pilot"s licences.
CANP - Civil Aviation Notification Procedure. A voluntary system whereby civil operators notify their intention to fly at low level (at or below 1,000 feet agl, when crop-spraying or powerline inspecting for example), aimed at avoiding conflict with low-flying military aircraft.
CAP - Civil Air Publication. InＦＯＲＭation booklets issued by the CAA, e.g. CAP 53 The Private Pilot Licence.
CAS - calibrated airspeed -- indicated airspeed corrected for air density and compressibility.
casevac - casualty evacuation.
CAT - clear-air turbulence. Also CATegory when referring to certain instrument landing systems which require special aircraft instrumentation, certification and pilot qualification beyond those needed for standard instrument approaches (e.g. a CAT IIIC ILS permits operation down to the surface of the runway without external visual reference, true zero-zero operation).
CAVOK - pronounced CAV-okay (ceiling and visibility OK), visibility at least ten kilometres, with no cloud below 5,000 feet, with no Cbs, precipitation, thunderstorms, shallow fog or low drifting snow.
CAVU - ceiling and visibility unlimited. Cloudless (or scattered cloud) conditions with visibility in excess of ten kilometres.
CCF - Combined Cadet Force
CDI - course deviation indicator. The vertical needle of a VOR indicator which shows the aircraft"s position relative to the selected VOR radial.
CDU - control display unit.
ceiling - height above ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 20,000 feet which covers more than half of the sky. An aircraft"s service ceiling is the density altitude at which its maximum rate of climb is no greater than 100 feet per minute. Its absolute ceiling is the highest altitude at which it can maintain level flight.
CFI - chief flying instructor (certified flying instructor in USA).
CFS - Central Flying School (RAF)
CG - centre of gravity
CH - compass heading.
Check "A" - a thorough pre-flight inspection - the first of the day.
CHIRP - Confidential Human Factors Incident Reporting system, whereby professional pilots and ATC staff may report in confidence incidents arising from human errors for analysis by the CHIRP Charitable Trust at Farnborough.
CHT - cylinder head temperature (gauge). A device which, by means of a probe(s) gives a cockpit readout of the temperature of one or more of an aircraft engine"s cylinder heads.
circuit - pattern around which aircraft fly when arriving at an airfield, usually rectangular in UK but not necessarily elsewhere. The circuit (known as the pattern in USA) is aligned with the active runway and may be either left- or right-handed. Dead side is the opposite side of the circuit pattern in operation from which arriving aircraft join for landing. See also final(s).
C/L - centre-line (of a runway, for example).
clamped - colloquialism referring to an airport closed to air traffic by bad weather
clean - flaps, slats and undercarriage retracted and on military aircraft no external missiles etc.
clearance - authorization from air traffic control to proceed as requested or instructed. Used for
ground and air manoeuvring, thus "cleared for take-off", "cleared flight-planned route", "cleared to descend" etc.
Clouds - commonly-used abbreviations for cloud types:
AC = altocumulus
AS = altostratus
CB = cumulonimbus
CC = cirrocumulus
CI = cirrus
CS = cirrostratus
CU = cumulus
NS = nimbo stratus
SC = stratocumulus
ST = stratus
C of A - Certificate of Airworthiness issued by the CAA indicating that an aircraft meets the Authority"s airworthiness standards. Cs of A are issued to individual aircraft, and also to generic aircraft types (Type Certification in the USA) when the first example of a type is registered. Cs of A on individual aircraft are granted in several categories, e.g. Private, Public Transport, Aerial Work etc. and much be renewed at intervals. Permits to Fly are authorisations granted to specialist aircraft and are accordingly restricted in the kinds of operation for which they may be used.
C of E - Certificate of Experience, valid for private pilot licence holders for thirteen months, and renewed by flight test or evidence of completing the minimum required flying experience in the preceding thirteen-month period. Also C of T, certificate of test.
C of G - centre of gravity. The point on an aircraft through which the entire aircraft"s weight may be assumed to act (i.e. around which the aircraft, if suspended, would balance). C of G limits are the most forward and rearward positions of the C of G permitted for safe operation. An aircraft loaded outside its C of G limits can be difficult or impossible to control.
C of P - centre of pressure, the point through which the total effect of lift may be said to act on an aeroplane.
Com(m)(s) - communication(s)
CPL - Commercial Pilot"s Licence
CR or C/R - counter-rotating. Usually in general aviation referring to twin-engined aircraft with "handed" engines whose propellers turn in opposite directions to eliminate propeller torque effect.
CRM - cockpit resources management
crosswind (leg) - portion of an aerodrome circuit flown before downwind
CRP - compulsory reporting point.
CRT - cathode ray tube (like a television). Used in flight deck displays of new-generation airliners, business aircraft and military jets instead of conventional instruments. See also EFIS,.
critical altitude - the highest density altitude at which it is possible to maintain the maximum continuous rated power or manifold pressure of an aero engine.
critical engine - the engine on a multi-engined aircraft whose failure would most seriously effect perＦＯＲＭance or handling of the aircraft, through asymmetric effects or loss of power to systems such as hydraulics.
CRS course - the intended direction of flight in the horizontal plane expressed in degrees of the compass.
c/s - call sign.
CS - constant-speed (propeller). A variable-pitch propeller which maintains constant rpm by automatically changing blade angle. Also CSU, constant-speed unit.
CTA - Control Area. An area of controlled airspace extending upwards from specified limit agl.
CTR - Control Zone. An area of controlled airspace extending upwards from ground level to a specified upper limit.
CVR - cockpit voice recorder. A tape recorder installed on the flight decks of commercial transport aircraft and helicopters and some business aeroplanes to record crew conversation, RT transmissions and cockpit background noises (e.g. trim-wheel operation, flap motor running) in case required for incident or accident investigation.
CW - carrier wave or continuous wave.
CWR - colour weather radar.
CZ - Control Zone (USA).
CZI - compressor zone inspection.
D
DA - Danger Area.
DAAIS - Danger Area Activity InＦＯＲＭation Service.
DACS - Danger Area Crossing Service.
DADC - Digital air data computer (DADS - /system).
D & D - Distress & Diversion Cells at Air Traffic Control Centres. RAF units which provide a 24-hour listening watch on VHF and UHF emergency frequencies and can locate and assist pilots who are lost or in emergency situations.
dB - decibel(s) - a unit of sound
DC - direct current
DCT - direct
dead side - opposite side of an airfield circuit pattern from which aircraft join for landing
deadstick - descent and landing with engine(s) shut down and propeller(s) stopped.
Decca - hyperbolic area navigation system, originally developed for maritime use, based on signals received from a chain of master and slave ground stations located in northern Europe.
DEEC - digital electronic engine control
density altitude - pressure altitude corrected for air temperature.
derated - engine"s potential power deliberately limited, lengthening likely life.
DETRESFA - distress phase of search-and-rescue operation.
DF - direction-finding. A DF bearing can be provided by airfields or other facilities such as D & D cells (above) having suitable direction-finding equipment to locate an aircraft.
DG - Directional gyro
DGAC - Direction Général à l"Aviation Civile
DH - decision height. The height on a precision approach at which a pilot must have the runway approach lights in sight to continue the descent, or if not, must initiate a go-around.
DHFS - UK Defence Helicopter Flying School at RAF Shawbury
DI - direction indicator. A gyro instrument which indicates the magnetic heading of an aircraft. The DI, also known as the directional gyro (DG), is free of the turning errors associated with
magnetic compasses but is prone to precession (wander) and must be reset against the magnetic compass at intervals. ALSO -
DI - is also used to refer to the daily inspection -- a thorough pre-flight check of an aircraft prior to the first flight of the day.
dihedral - sloping up from root to tip. Opposite: anhedral.
DIN(S) - digital interial navigation (system).
DME - distance-measuring equipment. A combination of ground and airborne equipment which gives a continuous slant range distance-from-station readout by measuring time-lapse of a signal transmitted by the aircraft to the station and responded back. DMEs can also provide groundspeed and time-to-station readouts by differentiation.
Doppler - Doppler effect (or shift) is the change in frequency of light, radio or sound waves when source and receiver are in relative motion.
DoT - Department of Transport.
downwind - The segment of an aerodrome circuit paralleling the active runway and flown on a reciprocal heading
DP - dew point
DR - dead (deduced) reckoning. Plotting position by calculating the effect of speed, course, time and wind against last known position.
dry - when referring to aircraft hire charges means "without fuel", as opposed to wet, with fuel.
DZ - dropping zone, for parachuting etc.
E
EAA - Experimental Aircraft Association, the American homebuilders" organisation.
EADI - electronic attitude director indicator. An ADI with CRT cockpit display ＦＯＲＭing part of an EFIS, below.
EAS - equivalent airspeed.
EAT - estimated (or expected) approach time.
EBAA - European Business Aircraft Association.
ECAC - European Civil Aviation Conference.
ECOGAS - European Council of General Aviation Support.
ECU - environmental control unit.
ED - emergency distance.
EET - estimated elapsed time.
EFAS - electronic flash approach light system.
EFATO - engine failure at (or after) take-off.
EFIS - electronic flight instrument system, in which multi- function CRT displays replace traditional instruments for providing flight, navigation and aircraft systems inＦＯＲＭation, ＦＯＲＭing a so-called "glass cockpit". Now common in commercial transports, corporate aircraft and helicopters, military fighters and some GA piston singles and twins.
EGT - exhaust gas temperature (gauge). A device which provides a cockpit readout of the exhaust gas temperature of an aircraft"s (piston) engine(s), enabling the pilot to lean the mixture for maximum fuel efficiency.
EHSI - electronic horizontal situation indicator. CRT-based HSI ＦＯＲＭing part of an EFIS.
EICAS - engine indication and crew alerting system. CRT display which monitors engine perＦＯＲＭance and alerts the crew to system or airframe failure. Found in new-generation transports and business jets.
EICMS - engine in-flight monitoring system
ELT - emergency locator transmitter. A small radio transmitter fixed to an aircraft"s structure which is automatically activated by impact or water immersion and transmits a code on emergency frequencies enabling SAR satellites or search units equipped with DF to locate the crash or ditching site. Carriage mandatory in the USA, but not in UK. Sometimes styled ADELT, automatically deployable ELT, or ELB, emergency locator beacon.
empty weight - weight of the basic aeroplane including all fixed equipment, plus unusable fuel, oil, hydraulic and other fluids.
encoding altimeter - an altimeter which gives a digital output to the transponder (which see) for automatic transmission of the aircraft"s pressure altitude to ATC.
EOBT - estimated off-blocks time.
EP - Elementary pilot rating of the British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association
EPNdB - effective perceived noise decibel. Unit of measurement of aircraft noise levels.
ER - extended range.
eshp - equivalent shaft horsepower.
ETA - estimated time of arrival. Also ;
ETD - estimated time of departure
ETE - estimated time en route.
ETOPS - extended-range twin operations, usually long over-water flights by airliners.
ETPS - Empire Test Pilots School, based at the Aircraft & Armament Experimental Establishment, Boscombe Down.
Eurocontrol - organisation, headquartered in The Netherlands, comprising Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands and UK for coordinating en route air traffic control in Europe.
F
FAA - Federal Aviation Administration, USA, equivalent of UK"s CAA.
FAA - Fleet Air Arm, of UK"s Royal Navy.
FADEC - full-authority digital engine control.
FAF - final approach fix, the point at which a published instrument approach begins.
FAI - Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, the international body for verification of aeronautical record attempts and sporting regulations.
FAR - Federal Aviation Regulations (USA).
FARA - ＦＯＲＭula Air Racing Association.
FBL - fly by light i.e. control via optical fibres
FBO - fixed-base operator, American term for commercial operators supplying fuel, maintenance, aircraft sales, rental, flight training, handling and other GA services at an airport. (So-called because the first FBOs were early barnstormers who chose to settle at one field.)
FBW - fly-by-wire. Aircraft control systems in which pilots" control inputs are transmitted to control surfaces electronically or via fibre optics rather than by mechanical linkage. Also see FBL.
FCL - Flight Crew Licensing (Division), a CAA department handling all aspects of private and professional pilot, flight engineer and navigator licensing.
FCS - flight control system.
fcst - forecast.
FDR - flight data recorder, popularly known as a "black box" (actually painted bright orange), by which various parameters of an aircraft"s flight perＦＯＲＭance are recorded for analysis in the event of an incident or accident.
feather - (of a propeller) - to set the angle of CS or VP propeller edge-on to the airflow to minimise drag and rotation following engine failure on multi-engined aircraft. Also applies to motor gliders which have feathering propellers to enhance engine-off soaring perＦＯＲＭance.
final(s) - final approach. The part of a landing sequence or aerodrome circuit procedure in which the aircraft has made its final turn and is inbound to the active runway. Downwind is the segment of the circuit paralleling the runway and flown on a reciprocal heading. Base leg is the crosswind segment bringing the aircraft from the downwind leg to final approach. The leg before downwind is called the Crosswind leg.
FIC - Flight InＦＯＲＭation Centre.
FIR - Flight InＦＯＲＭation Region. UK airspace is divided into two FIRs, London and Scottish.
FIS - Flight InＦＯＲＭation Service, providing a variety of services and inＦＯＲＭation (but not control) to air traffic in the two FIRs above.
FJ - fast jet.
FL - flight level, a level of constant atmospheric pressure shown by an altimeter set to a standard 1013.2 millibars, expressed in rounds hundreds of feet, thus FL330 is 33,000 feet.
flag - warning signal incorporated in certain navigation and flight instruments indicating that the instrument is not operating satisfactorily or that the strength of signals being received from ground stations is below acceptable limits.
flat rating - throttling or other restriction of engine power ouput (usually in turboprops and turboshafts) at sea level to enable it to give constant predictable power at higher operating altitudes.
flameout - combustion failure in a turbine engine resulting in power loss.
FLG - flashing.
flicker effect - nausea, dizziness or vertigo which can be brought on by flickering at certain frequencies of a bright light source such as sunlight or strobe when viewed through a rotating propeller or rotor blades.
FLIR - forward-looking infra-red.
FLM - foot-launched microlight.
FLPA - foot-launched powered aircraft, e.g. powered parachutes.
FM - frequency modulation.
FMC/S - flight management computer/system
FMGC - flight management guidance computer.
FMS - flight management system.
FMU - flight management unit.
FOD - foreign object damage, usually to turbine engines through ingestion of runway debris etc.
FPL - filed flight plan.
fpm - feet per minute, a measure of an aircraft"s rate of climb or descent. Similarly m/s or mps, metres per second.
FSS - Flight Service Station (USA).
FTO - flying training organisation.
FTS - Flying Training School (RAF)
ft/min - feet per minute
G
g - the acceleration force of gravity, normally 1g on earth. Zero g (0g) is weightlessness, as experienced by orbiting astronauts. g is expressed as positive (\) and negative (-) values. During a normal loop a pilot experiences positive g, tending to force him down in his seat. In an outside
loop, with the pilot"s head on the outside of the vertical circle, negative g forces him up against his straps. Aircraft structural load limits are expressed in positive and negative values, the positive limit usually greater than negative, except in specialist aerobatic types.
g-loc - g-induced loss of consciousness. Pilot blackouts caused by excessive g or by too-rapid onset of g-forces. Experienced mostly by pilots of high-perＦＯＲＭance military jets and competition aerobatic aircraft, has led to fatal crashes.
GA - general aviation, all flying other than airlines and the military.
GAAC - General Aviation Awareness Campaign.
GAFOR - General Aviation Visual Flight Forecast. Met briefing service in operation in France, Germany, the Netherlands and some other European countries.
gall imp/U.S. - gallons, imperial or USA. One imp gall = 1.201 U.S. gall.
GAMA - General Aviation Manufacturers Association, an American trade organisation.
GAMTA - General Aviation Manufacturers & Traders Association, UK.
GAPAN - Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators.
GASCo - General Aviation Safety Council
GASIL - General Aviation Safety InＦＯＲＭation Leaflet. Monthly safety and accident prevention bulletin for pilots and engineers published by the CAA.
GCA - ground-controlled approach. A landing approach in which a ground controller gives verbal guidance in azimuth and elevation to a pilot using precision approach radar (PAR) to monitor the aircraft"s approach path. Still used by the military, but defunct in civil aviation.
GFT - General Flying Test, taken by student pilots to qualify for the PPL, and also by candidates for the BCPL and CPL. Also NFT, navigation flight test, which is part of the practical examination for the PPL.
Glonass - Russian equivalent of GPS/Navstar satellite navigation system.
glove - non-movable part of a variable geometry wing.
gnd - ground
GNSS - Global Navigation Satellite Systems.
go-around to climb away from a runway after making an approach, either to make a further attempt at landing or to divert to an alternate airport (ＦＯＲＭerly "overshoot").
Goxio - VHF direction-finding (France)
GP - glidepath
gph - gallons per hour, an expression of fuel consumption or fuel flow (FF) in either imperial or U.S. gallons. Usually lb/hr for turbine-powered aircraft.
GPS - Global Positioning System (Navstar). A U.S. developed satellite-based high-precision navigation system, intended primarily for military use but now in widespread use by commercial and private operators, though with reduced accuracy compared with military versions.
GPWS - ground proximity warning system. A radar-based flight- deck system to give pilots audible warning by means of horns, hooters, taped or synthetic voices of terrain close beneath an aircraft"s flight path.
GRADU - gradual (term used in Met reports).
GRP - glassfibre-reinforced plastic; also CFRP, carbon-fibre reinforced plastic. Composite materials seeing increasing use in entire airframes for GA aircraft (e.g. Beech Starship) and for components for helicopters, airliners and military aircraft.
GS - glideslope. The vertical guidance part of an instrument landing system which establishes a safe glidepath (usually three degrees) to a runway.
G/S - groundspeed. The speed an aircraft makes over the ground, a product of its airspeed and wind speed.
H
H24 - continuous round-the-clock operation. Also HJ operates during day; HN operates during night; HO operates during times to meet operational requirements, and HX no specific operational hours.
HAA - Historic Aircraft Association.
HAI - Helicopter Association International.
half-mill(ion) - 1:500,000 scale ICAO aeronautical chart.
Hdg - heading. The direction in which an aircraft"s nose points in flight in the horizontal plane, expressed in compass degrees.
Heavy - suffix used in RT callsigns to indicate that the aircraft is a large transport, alerting controllers and following aircraft to the possibility of wake turbulence .
Hectopascal (hPa) - unit of pressure measurement, equivalent to one millibar (which see), now the ICAO-standard for altimeter setting.
HEMS - helicopter emergency medical services.
Hertz - standard radio equivalent of frequency in cycles per second. See also kHz and MHz.
HF - high-frequency band, used for long-range radio communications in the 3-30 MHz range.
Hg - inches of mercury, a unit of pressure measurement.
HIAL - high intensity approach lighting.
HIGE - hover in ground effect. Also see HOGE.
HIRF - high intensity radiated (electromagnetic) fields.
HIRL - high intensity runway lighting.
HISL - high intensity strobe light.
holding pattern - racetrack-shaped manoeuvre which keeps aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance from air traffic control.
HOCAC - hands on cyclic and collective - see HOTAS below.
HOGE - hover out of ground effect. Also see HIGE.
hot-and-high - airfield conditions of high altitude and high ambient temperatures that can severely limit aircraft perＦＯＲＭance. See also density altitude.
HOTAS - hands on throttle and stick. Ergonomic cockpit design technology, originally developed for military combat aircraft, enabling a pilot to fly the aircraft and manage all navigation, weapons and other systems from control column/throttle lever hand grips.
HOTCC - hands on throttle, collective & cyclic - see HOTAS above.
hp - horsepower.
HRA - Highlands Restricted Area
hrs - hours
HSD - horizontal situation display.
HSI - horizontal situation indicator. A cockpit navigation display, usually part of a flight-director system, which combines navigation and heading.
HUD - head-up display. A method of projecting instrument readouts or data which enables a pilot to see them while looking through the aircraft"s windscreen. Mostly used on military aircraft, but now in service on some commercial airliners.
Hz - Hertz.
I
IAOPA - International Council of Aircraft Owners and Pilots Associations
IAS - indicated airspeed. An aircraft"s speed through the air as indicated by the ASI, without correction for position error, altitude or outside air temperature. Also see CAS, RAS and TAS.
IATA - International Air Transport Association.
i/c - intercom
ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organisation.
IF - instrument flying. Also intermediate frequency.
IFF - identification friend or foe.
IFR - instrument flight rules prescribed for the operation of aircraft in instrument meteorological conditions (see below). Flight in most controlled airspace in the UK is conducted under IFR or Special VFR. Also used by military to denote in-flight refuelling.
IGE - in ground effect. Helicopter perＦＯＲＭance with an earth surface immediately below. Also OGE, out of ground effect. Helicopters can hover at a greater maximum altitude IGE (above a mountain slope, for example) than they can in free air, OGE.
IGS - instrument guidance system.
ILS - instrument landing system. The approach aid employing two radio beams to provide pilots with vertical and horizontal guidance during the landing approach. The localiser provides azimuth guidance, while the glide-slope defines the correct vertical descent profile. Marker beacons and high intensity runways lights are also part of the ILS.
IMC - instrument meteorological conditions: weather below VMC minima, see below. Also associated rating used in conjunction with UK PPL.
INCERFA - uncertainty phase of search-and-rescue procedure.
INS - inertial navigation system. A gyroscope-based system which senses acceleration and deceleration and computes an aircraft"s position in latitude and longitude with great accuracy. Used mostly by long-haul airliners, military aircraft and sophisticated business jets. Also IRS, inertial reference system.
INTER - intermittent or fluctuating, term used in Met reports.
IR - Instrument Rating
IRAN - Inspect and repair as necessary
IRE - Instrument Rating Examiner
IRT - Instrument Rating Test
ISA - International Standard Atmosphere -- a set of standard conditions or temperature and pressure which serve as a basis for comparison. ISA = pressure 1013.2 millibars, temperature 15 degrees C. Aircraft perＦＯＲＭance figures quoted by manufacturers are often based on such a "standard day".
ITT - inter-turbine temperature. Also TGT, turbine gas temperature TIT, turbine inlet temperature.
IWR - Instrument weather rating. Proposed by the JAA as a replacement for the UK"s unique IMC rating
J
JAA - Joint Aviation Authority.
JAR - Joint Aviation Requirements, being drawn up by eighteen European states, aimed at unifying airworthiness, flight crew licensing and other criteria among signatory nations.
JAWG - Joint Airmiss Working Group. A civilian/military committee which reviews and reports on all airmisses which occur in UK airspace.
JEFTS - Joint Elementary Flying Training Squadron based at RAF Barkston Heath, Lincolnshire
Jeppesen - U.S.-developed navigational/approach chart system with worldwide coverage, similar to British Aerad system.
JPATS - Joint Primary Aircraft Training System. A USAF/U.S. Navy programme to select a common aircraft design as a basic pilot trainer for the two services, due to be decided next year.
K
kg - kilogram(s)
kHz - kilohertz, the frequency of a radio carrier wave measured in thousands of cycles per second. 1 kHz = 1,000 Hertz.
KIAS - knots indicated airspeed.
km - kilomrtre(s)
knot (kt) - one nautical mile per hour (never one knot per hour), the standard unit of aviation speed measurement. One knot equals 1.1515 mph; one nautical mile equals 6,080 feet.
kV- kilovolt
kW - kilowatt.
L
LARS - Lower Airspace Radar Advisory service, available to all aircraft flying in uncontrolled UK airspace from 3,000 feet amsl to FL95. See also MMARS, RAS and RIS, below.
LAMS - Light Aircraft Maintenance Schedule, the CAA-approved schedule for fixed-wing light aircraft below 2,730 kg auw whose Cs of A are valid for three years subject to compliance with LAMS.
lat - latitude.
LATCC - London Area & Terminal Control Centre at West Drayton, near Heathrow.
lb - pound(s)
lbf - engine thrust in pounds force
LCD - liquid crystal display
lczt - (ILS) localizer (USA)
l/d ratio - lift /drag ratio, a measurement of the efficiency of a wing aerofoil section
LDA - landing distance available.
LED - light emitting diode
LF - low-frequency radio waves with frequencies in the 30-300 kHz band.
LITAS - low-intensity two-colour approach system.
LLTV - low light level television.
LLZ - localizer ((USA).
LOC - localiser. The azimuth guidance portion of an instrument landing system.
locator - medium-frequency non-directional radio beacon used as an aid to establishing yourself on final approach during an instrument landing procedure..
LOFT - Line-orientated flying training. Usually on large jet simulators to prepare newly-qualified commercial pilots for multi-crew airline operations
LOM - Locator outer marker
lon(g) - longitude
Loran - low-frequency hyperbolic radio long-range navigation system which measures time difference between reception of synchronised signals transmitted from ground transmitters. Loran-C, operates in the 100-110 kHz frequency band with an operating range of 600-1,500 nm independent of line-of-sig