Figures of Speech
一、明喻（simile）
明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如：
This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.
2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.
3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.
二、隐喻（metaphor）
隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...
2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store
三、拟人（personification）
拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。
1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”)
这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。
2、My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.
我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。
四、夸张（hyperbole）
夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。
1、My blood froze.
2、When I told our father about this, his heart burst.
3、My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’s voice on the phone.
4. So thick with the dust of centuries that the mud brick walls and vaulted roof are only dimly visible.
五、头韵法（alliteration）
How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness This changed conviction into certainty.
六：委婉 (euphemism)
to fall asleep; to cease thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to leave us 代替 to die e.g Are less attractive men better mates?
七：Antithesis
The juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas(often, although not always, in parallel structure.) 对偶：一种将强烈对立的想法并列于稳定、对等的短语或语法结构中的修辞方法，如在： “Hee for God only, shee for God in him”(John Milton)
“他只为上帝，她则为他心中的上帝”(约翰·米尔顿)
.between what people claim to be and what they really are...
...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land...
...a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.
Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.
?The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.
七： 提喻（synecdoche）
又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。例如：
1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. (“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲）
2、“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,...” “tongue”代替抽象的“language”。
4、Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the U.S. team. 很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘。
八： 转喻，借代（metonymy）
是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统， 用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol， 用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用 crown代替 king等。
1、Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them... 几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
“word”在这里代替了“news, information”（消息、信息）
2. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.
（Synecdoche involves substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part, whereas metonymy involves substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it.）
九．叠言（反复）（rhetorical repetition）这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。
1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.
它必须用我们这些对于未来，对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。
十．paradox 似非而是的论点, 自相矛盾的话
?A paradox is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, ?but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point.
e.g. ‘More haste, less speed’ is a paradox. “
欲速则不达”是似非而是的隽语。
?Caesar:
?Cowards die many times before their deaths;
?The valiant never taste of death but once…
?恺撒：懦夫在未死之前，就已经死过好多次；勇士一生只死一次。……
十一．Oxymoron矛盾修辞法
An oxymoron is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous term.
?a victorious defeat ?sweet bitterness
??cruel kindness ?? falsely true
?a blessing in disguise bitter-sweet memories
?orderly chaos ?a living death
tearful joy poor rich guys
十二：transferred epithet（转移修饰）
?A transferred epithet is, as its name implies, a figure of speech where an epithet (an adj or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really belong.
?Generally, the epithet is transferred from a person to a thing or idea.
?Darrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder.
?He crashed down on a protesting chair.
?他一屁股坐了下来，椅子吱吱嘎嘎地响着，仿佛是在提抗议似的。
?sleepless night
?cheerful sight ? three weary miles
?a reassuring arm ? walk around the baking court
?the passionate throat ?sweet voice
?icy look ? sharp cry
?sour remark ?oiled-tongued
十三、反讽（irony）
是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。 irony n. 反语
A literary style employing such contrasts for humorous or rhetorical effect.
反语一种文学风格，使用这类对比以达到幽默或修辞的效果
Incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs:
1.Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.
啊，当然，我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。
店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客：像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢？名为“gentlemen”实则“beg gar”而已。
This way I look at them and congratulate myself of the good fortune that my illness has brought me. Because thanks to it, I have the opportunity to improve my character.
十四. Rhetorical Question
用疑问语气表达与字面相反的意思
他用反问语气答道:为什么不?
1.But can you doubt what our policy will be?
2.Was I not at the scene of the crime?
十五. Parallelism 排比
parallelism指的是两个短语或两句话具有相同的结构，相当于汉语的“排比”词典里的解释是Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses
1. She has been like this, chin on chest, eyes on ground, and feet in shuffle.
十六. Anti-climax 渐降（突降）
Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its--- oysters.
十七. Onomatopoeia
拟声：using words that imitate the sound they denote
1. As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear.
十八. Assonance
半韵, 半谐音(元音相同而辅音不同的韵, 如late与make; sonnet 和 porridge)。 还指辅音相同而元音不同，如killed, cold 和 culled）
第二篇：英语修辞手法总结
Figures of Speech
一、 明喻（simile）
明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如：
1、 This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.
2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.
3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.
二、 隐喻（metaphor）
隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
1、 German guns and German planes rained down bombs,
shells and bullets...
2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store
三、拟人（personification）
拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。
1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”)
这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。
2、My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.
我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。
四、夸张（hyperbole）
夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。
1、My blood froze.
2、When I told our father about this, his heart burst.
3、My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’s voice on the phone.
4. So thick with the dust of centuries that the mud brick walls and vaulted roof are only dimly visible.
五、头韵法（alliteration）
How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness
This changed conviction into certainty.
六：委婉 (euphemism)
to fall asleep; to cease thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to leave us 代替 to die
e.g Are less attractive men better mates?
七：Antithesis
The juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas(often, although not always, in parallel structure.)
对偶：一种将强烈对立的想法并列于稳定、对等的短语或语法结构中的修辞方法，如在：
“Hee for God only, shee for God in him”(John Milton) “他只为上帝，她则为他心中的上帝”(约翰·米尔顿) ? .between what people claim to be and what they really are...
?
? ...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land... ...a world which will lament them a day and forget them foreve
? Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will
have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.
?The christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.
七： 提喻（synecdoche）
又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。例如：
1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.
(“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲）
2、“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,...”
“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。
4、Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the U.S. team.
很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘。
八： 转喻，借代（metonymy）
是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统， 用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol， 用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用 crown代替 king等。
1、Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them...
几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
“word”在这里代替了“news, information”（消息、信息）
2. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.
（Synecdoche involves substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part, whereas metonymy involves substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it.）
九．叠言（反复）（rhetorical repetition）这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。
1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.
它必须用我们这些对于未来，对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。
十．paradox 似非而是的论点, 自相矛盾的话
?A paradox is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, ?but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point.
e.g. ‘More haste, less speed’ is a paradox. “
欲速则不达”是似非而是的隽语。
?Caesar:
?Cowards die many times before their deaths;
?The valiant never taste of death but once…?恺撒：懦夫在未死之前，就已经死过好多次；勇士一生只死一次。……
十一．Oxymoron矛盾修辞法
An oxymoron is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous term.
?
?a victorious defeat ?sweet bitterness
??cruel kindness ?? falsely true
?a blessing in disguise bitter-sweet memories ?orderly chaos ?a living death
tearful joy poor rich guys
十二：transferred epithet（转移修饰）
?A transferred epithet is, as its name implies, a figure of speech where an epithet (an adj or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really belong.
?Generally, the epithet is transferred from a person to a thing or idea.
?Darrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder.
?他一屁股坐了下来，椅子吱吱嘎嘎地响着，仿佛是在提抗
议似的。
?。
?sleepless night
?cheerful sight ? three weary miles
?a reassuring arm ? walk around the baking court ?the passionate throat ?sweet voice
?icy look ? sharp cry
?sour remark ?oiled-tongued
十三、反讽（irony）
是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。 irony
n. 反语
A literary style employing such contrasts for humorous or rhetorical effect.
反语一种文学风格，使用这类对比以达到幽默或修辞的效果 Incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs:
1.Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only
large notes.
啊，当然，我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。
店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客：像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢？名为“gentlemen”实则“beg gar”而已。
2. This way I look at them and congratulate myself of the good fortune that my illness has brought me. Because thanks to it, I have the opportunity to improve my character.
十四. Rhetorical Question
用疑问语气表达与字面相反的意思
他用反问语气答道:为什么不?
1.But can you doubt what our policy will be?
2.Was I not at the scene of the crime?
十五. Parallelism 排比
parallelism指的是两个短语或两句话具有相同的结构，相当于汉语的“排比”词典里的解释是Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses
1. She has been like this, chin on chest, eyes on ground, and feet in shuffle.
十六. Anti-climax 渐降（突降）
Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its--- oysters.
十七. Onomatopoeia
拟声：using words that imitate the sound they denote
1. As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear.
十八. Assonance
半韵, 半谐音(元音相同而辅音不同的韵, 如late与make; sonnet 和 porridge)。 还指辅音相同而元音不同，如killed, cold 和 culled）