英语修辞手法总结
Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.
1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.
2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.
3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.
4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.
5) Hyperbole: (夸张）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.
6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.
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7) Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".
8) Metonymy (转喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).
9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.
10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.
11) Pun: (双关语） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)
12) Solipsism: (一语双叙） It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here we are used to refer to you and me.)
In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)
13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配） It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, the sun shall not burn you by day or the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)
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14) Irony: (反语） It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good. 15) Innuendo: (暗讽） It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.
16) Sarcasm: (讽刺） It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.
17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语） It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary toestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.
18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰） It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).
19) Antithesis: (对照） It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.
20) Epigram: (警句） It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.
21) Climax: (渐进） It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensi 3
ty, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.
22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.
23) Apostrophe： (顿呼） In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.
For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!
24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词） It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.
25) Alliteration: (头韵） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.
26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声） It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement。
Explanation version1
一、什么是修辞格
修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。要翻译好英语修辞格，首先要弄清其特点、弄清英汉两种语言在这方面的异同，然后根据具体情况采用恰当的技巧进行翻译。英语修辞格种类很多，但粗略分来似可分为音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞格。
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（一）音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)
顾名思义，音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。它主要包括 onomatopoeia、alliteration 和assonance。Onomatopoeia 是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。如：
Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.
高跟皮鞋声阁阁地传了过来。
Alliteration就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音；assonance 是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。前者与汉语的双声(汉语中两个或多个音节，声母相同，叫做双声，它不是辞格)相似，后者与汉语的叠韵（两个或多个音节彼此韵母相同）非常相似。例如：
（1） Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.（alliteration）
皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。
（2）With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. (assonance) 怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。
（二）词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices)
词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。它们主要包括 simile, metaphor, allusion, metonymy, transferred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma, contrast 等。
A. simile，metaphor；allusion
Simile 与汉语的明喻基本相同，用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。其本体和喻体均同时出现在句中，在形式上是相对应的。英语 simile 的比喻词一般是 like, as（……as）等, 汉语明喻的比喻词通常是"好象"、"仿佛"等。例如：
They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails.
这些人犹如街上的有轨电车， 满足于在自己的轨道上运行。
Metaphor 兼有汉语隐喻、借喻及拟物的特点，即把甲事物当作乙事物来描写。如：
（1）Experience is the mother of wisdom. 经验为智慧之母。（隐喻）
（2）She is shedding crocodile tears. 她在掉鳄鱼眼泪。（借喻）
（3） Mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him. 瞧着吧， 不管什么女人钓他， 他就会上钩。（拟物）
比喻修辞手法主要涉及形象。人们生活在自然界，有许多共同的经历和感受。 5
比较英汉两种语言中常用的比喻，就会发现有许多惊人的相似之处，比如都用狐狸比喻狡猾，用羊比喻温顺、用钢铁比喻坚硬，常见喻体相同的还有Footnote （脚注 ）、 Harelip（兔唇）等。当然，比喻形象往往打上各个民族独特文化的烙印，某些英语喻体形象会让中国读者不知所云， 如英文 as wise as a man of Gotham
（ "象戈丹人一样明智"） 就让人费解。其实戈丹是英国的一个村庄，相传那里的人是最愚蠢的，所以这个比喻的意思是"蠢笨无比"。类似的例子还有：
as thick as thieves亲密无间 （不是"像贼一样厚"）
as old as the hills 古老 （不是"像山一样老"）
The ship plows the sea. 船在乘风破浪地前进。（不是"船在犁海"）
Allusion与汉语的暗引相近似。其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。英语引用最多的是源出《圣经》故事以及希腊、罗马神话、《伊索寓言》和那些渊源流长的谚语、格言等。例如：
（1）Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点。（Achilles 是希腊神话中的一位勇士。除了脚踵处，他身上其他地方刀枪不入。）
（2）The project is an economic albatross from the start.
这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题。(Albatross 是英国诗人柯勒律治的《古舟子咏》中的信天翁，它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后， 全船陷入灾难中。)
B. metonymy; transferred epithet
Metonymy、synecdoche 和_1antonomasia 都是不直接说出事物的本来名称，而换用另一个名称或另一个说法。它们大体上相当于汉语的借代（分为旁借和对代两类）。如Crown（王冠）可喻指君主、王权、王国政府等；doll（玩具）可喻指姑娘、宝贝等。再如：
（1）The baby was brought up on the bottle.
这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。（metonymy──用奶瓶代奶）
（2）Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest.某个沉默的、无名诗人也许在此长眠。（antonomasia──用米尔顿代诗人）
Transferred epithet 是采用表示性质和特征的形容词或相当于形容词的词来修饰、限定与它根本不同属性的名词。这种修辞手法能与汉语中的移就基本相似。
例如：
The doctor's face expressed a kind of doubting admiration. （用"疑惑"修饰限定"钦佩"）医生的脸上流露出钦佩而又带有疑惑的神情。
C. personification; hyperbole
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personification 与汉语拟人完全相同，就是赋予物以人的言语属性。这种拟人化的修辞手法读起来使人感到特别形象生动、富有情趣。例如：
Words pay no debts. 空话还不了债。
Hyperbole 与汉语的夸张完全相同，都是为了表达深刻的感受,抒发强烈的感情，通过故意夸大事实来给人留下深刻的印象。例如：
His words made my blood freeze. 听了他的话，我的血都快凝固了。
D. irony; euphemism；pun
Irony 的含义比汉语的反语广泛。它包括 verbal irony, dramatic irony, situational irony。后两种已超出一般修辞格的范畴，这里不作详细介绍。Verbal irony 与汉语反语的特点完全相同，也是正话反说，反话正说，一般需借助于特定的上下文和语境才能被正确理解。在多数情况下， irony可以译成汉语的反语。
例如：
She talked about great people as if she had the fee-simple of May fair, and when the court went into mourning, she always wore black. 她一开口就是某某勋爵某某大人，那口气竟好象她生来就是贵族。宫里有了丧事， 她没有一回不穿孝。
Euphemism就是用转弯抹角的说法来代替直截了当的话，把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来。这在汉语中叫委婉语。例如：
用 sanitation engineer 替代garbage man(清洁工)
用 the disadvantaged替代 the poor(穷人)
用 industrial action替代 strike(罢工)
Pun与汉语双关一样，就是用一个词，一句话，或一个语言片段同时表达双重意思：一个是表面的，一是隐含的，并且以隐含的意思为主。恰当的运用这种手法会使语言生动有趣，达到由此及彼的效果。英语 pun 和汉语的双关语都可以分为两类：谐音双关（homophonic puns）和语义双关（homographic puns）。 前者是利用词意根本不同的谐音词构成。后者是利用一词多义的特点来构成。虽然pun 和汉语双关在格式和修辞作用上基本相同，但是由于两种语言的语音不同，多义词也很难找到完全对应的词语。例如：
What does that lawyer do after he dies?--Lie still. 那个律师死后干什么？──躺着仍说鬼话。(注：lie 躺， 撒谎；still 安静地， 仍然)
E. oxymoron; zeugma; contrast
Oxymoron(矛盾修辞法）与汉语中的反映辞格类似，都是将相互矛盾的概念和判断巧妙地联系在一起，以便相互映衬，突出事物的特点，表达复杂的思想感情和意味深长的哲理。矛盾修辞手法在英语中常见，但在汉语中很少见。如： sweet sorrow 忧喜参半 (不是甜蜜的悲伤)； proud humility 不卑不亢 (不是骄傲的谦卑)
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Zeugma（轭式搭配法）是用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）与两个以上的在意义上不相干的名词搭配。它用词简练， 饶有风趣，与汉语的拈连在性质上完全一致。例如： She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.
她对这个无家可归的孩子打开了自己的大门， 也打开了自己的心扉。
Contrast 和汉语的对照在修辞格上是完全相同的，就是把两个相反的事物或一件事物的正反两方面放在一起，在比较和衬托之中突出不同事物的矛盾性，例如：
United we stand, divided we fall. 合则存，分则亡。
（三）句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)
句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法。这类辞格主要包括 repetition, rhetorical question, antithesis, apostrophe 等。它们与汉语中的反复、设问、对偶、倒装基本相同。例如：
(1)I have written in bed and written out of it, written day and night.
我卧床写， 起床写； 白天写， 晚上也写。（repetition）
(2)The gods, they say, give breath, and they take it away. But the same could be said-could it not? 人都说老天爷把气赐予生灵，又把气夺走。不过这话用在小小的逗号上， 何尝不是如此？(Rhetorical question)
(3)Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人， 成事在天。(Antithesis)
(4)Up went the balloon into the cloudless sky.
气球腾空而起， 飘入万里无云的蓝天。(Anastrophe)
1.Simile 明喻
明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.
标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.
例如:
1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud.
3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out oa fairy tale.
2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻
隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.
例如:
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1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to bchewed and digested.
3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻
借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.
I.以容器代替内容,例如:
1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.
2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.
II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:
Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.
III.以作者代替作品,例如:
a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集
VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:
I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.
我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.
4.Synecdoche 提喻
提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.
例如:
1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.
他的厂里约有 100 名工人.
2>.He is the Newton of this century.
他是本世纪的牛顿.
3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.
这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.
5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉
这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.
例如:
1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.
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鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.
2>.Taste the music of Mozart.
品尝 Mozart 的音乐.
6.Personification 拟人
拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.
例如:
1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.
2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.
7.Hyperbole 夸张
夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..
例如:
1>.I beg a thousand pardons.
2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars. 3>.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.
8.Parallelism 排比, 平行
这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一
致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.
例如:
1>.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
2>.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.
9.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法
婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.
例如:
1>.He is out visiting the necessary.
他出去方便一下.
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2>.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.
他与妻子关系不融洽.
3>.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.
10.Allegory 讽喻,比方
这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为"换个方式的说法".它是一种形象的描
述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.
例如:
1>.Make the hay while the sun shines.
2>.It's time to turn plough into sword.
11.Irony 反语
反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.
例如:
1>.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning. 2>"Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to the beggar.
12.Pun 双关
双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的
幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.
例如:
1>.She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.
2>.An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
3>.If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.
13.Parody 仿拟
这是一种模仿名言.警句.谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意的修辞.
例如:
1>.Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.
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2>.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
3>.If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.
14.Rhetorical question 修辞疑问
它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的. 例如:
1>.How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?
2>.Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?
15.Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶
这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.
例如:
1>.Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more.
2>.You are staying; I am going.
3>.Give me liberty, or give me death.
16.Paradox 隽语
这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法..
例如:
1>.More haste, less speed.
2>.The child is the father to the man.
17.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻
这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.
例如:
1>.No light, but rather darkness visible.
2>.The state of this house is cheerless welcome.
18.Climax 渐进法,层进法
这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.
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例如:
1>.I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
2>.Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.
19.Anticlimax 渐降法
与 climax 相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列.
例如:
1>.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
2>.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes。
翻译
1．European farm ministers have ended three weeks of negotiations with a deal which they claim represents genuine reform of the common agricultural policy, but there exists a doubt about whether it can start the Doha world trade negotiations. 参考译文：欧洲的农业部长们结束了为期三周的协商，并达成了一致的协议。他们宣称，该协议代表了欧洲共同农业政策的真正改革。但是，至于它是否可以启动多哈世界贸易会谈，还存在着疑虑。
结构分析：European farm ministers have ended three weeks of negotiations (with a deal) (which <they claim> represents genuine reform of the common agricultural policy),// but there exists a doubt (about whether it can start the Doha world trade negotiations).本句整体而言是一个以 but 为连接词的并列句；
前面的分句较复杂：主语是ministers，谓 语 是 have ended，宾语是 negotiations，第一个括弧中的 with a deal是伴随状语（翻译时可译为谓语的并列成分），后一括弧中的which从句是deal 的定语从句（从句较长，可选择与前面的先行词分译），此从句中的 they claim 可视作插入语；后面的分句实际是个 there be 句型，there exists… = there is…，括弧中的 about 短语是范围状语（翻译时，可前置到该分句开头）。
知识连接：negotiation协商，谈判；deal交易，协议；represent 代表；genuine 真正的；common共同的，共有的；policy 政策；Doha 多哈（卡塔尔首都）。
2．It subsidizes European farmers to such an extent that they can undercut farmers from poor countries, who also face trade barriers that largely exclude them from potentially lucrative European market.
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参考译文：它在很大程度上资助了欧洲的农民，这使得欧洲农民的出价要低于那些贫穷国家的农民；不仅如此，后者还要面临贸易壁垒，而这在很大程度上会阻止他们进入到可能有利可图的欧洲市场。
结构分析：It subsidizes European farmers to such an extent //that they can undercut farmers from poor countries, (who also face trade barriers) (that largely exclude them from potentially lucrative European market).此句主语是It ，谓语是 subsidizes，宾语是 farmers，to such an extent 是程度状语修饰subsidizes，斜线后的 that 从句和前面的 such形成搭配，是结果状语从句（译时可译为一独立分句），此部分中的 from poor countries 是介词短语作farmers 的后定语；第一个括弧中的who引导的是非限制性定语从句对先行
poor countries进行补充说明（非限制性定语从句和先行词常分译开）；第二括弧中的that 又引导一定语从句修饰限定先行词 trade barriers（此定语从句长，亦可选择与先行词分译开的方式）。此句话翻译过程中，需关注关系代who、that 的代替对象.
知识链接：subsidize 资助；to such an extent/degree that …到了如此程度以于；undercut 索价低于竞争者；barrier 障碍；trade barriers贸易壁垒；larg（to a large extent）在很大程度上；exclude... from…（与 include相反）排在外；potentially 潜在地，有潜力地；lucrative有利可图的。
3．Several Doha deadlines have already been missed because of the EU’s intransigence, and the survival of the talks will be at risk if no progress is made by September, when the world’s trade ministers meet in Mexico.
参考译文：由于欧洲的不妥协态度，多哈会谈商定的几个截止期限都被错过了。并且，到九月份，即世界贸易部长云集在墨西哥开会之时，如果还没有取得任何进展，会谈的继续就会有失败的危险。
结构分析： Several Doha deadlines have already been missed （because of the EU’s intransigence）, //and the survival of the talks will be at risk （if no progress is made by September）, (when the world’s trade ministers meet in Mexico） .整体来讲，此句是一个由and 连接的并列句。在前面的分句中， because of 引导原因状语，表示missed的原因（翻译时需前置）；后面的分句较复杂：
主语是 the survival，后面的 of the talks是其后定语，will be是系动词（谓语），at risk 是表语；if 引导的状语从句修饰 will be，表示其条件（翻译时需前置）；后边括弧中的 when引导一个非限制性定语从句，对先行词September 进行补充说明（翻译时，与先行词需分译开）。
知识链接：deadline截止日期；EU欧盟（The Union of Europe的缩写）;
intransigence不妥协；survival 幸存（此处根据语境引申为“继续”）；at risk冒险、危险；make progress取得进步；Mexico墨西哥。
4．There is also a suggestion that the reforms might not apply where there is a chance that they would lead to a reduction in land under cultivation.
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参考译文：此外，还有一种建议，那就是：在那些改革有可能导致耕地减少的地方，改革或许并不可行。
结构分析：There is also a suggestion （that the reforms might not apply< Where there is a chance that they would lead to a reduction in land under cultivation>.） 整体来讲，此句是一个 There be句型结构；suggestion后的that从句是其同位语从句，解释其内容；在that 从句中，where引导一地点状语从句表示 apply 发生的地点（翻译此从句时可前置）；在where状语从句中，句型 there is a chance that…表示“有可能…”，that 本质上是 chance的同位语从句。此外，还应关注代词they 的代替对象（reforms）。 知识链接：apply（to）应用于，适用于；lead to 道指，带来；reduction减少
（源于 reduce）；cultivation耕种，配置；under+n.处于…状态；land under cultivation 耕地。
5．More generally, the escape clauses could undermine the reforms by encouraging the suspicion that the new package will not deliver the changes that its supporters claim, but close analysis of what is inevitable a very complicated package might confirm the skeptics’ fears.
参考译文：更广泛来讲，例外条款会激起人们的怀疑，使他们认为新计划不会带来其支持者所宣称的改变，由此，例外条款会给改革带来破坏。但是，对于一项不可避免而又相当复杂计划的仔细分析或许会证实怀疑者的疑虑。
结构分析：More generally, the escape clauses could undermine the reforms (by encouraging the suspicion)(that the new package will not deliver the changes) (that its supporters claim), //but close analysis (of what is inevitable a very complicated package) might confirm the skeptics’ fears. 整体来讲，此句是由并列连词 but 连接的一个并列句。前面的分句较复杂，主语是the escape clauses，谓 语 是could undermine，宾语是the reforms，括弧中by encouraging…是方式状语修饰动词undermine 表示其方式(翻译时可前置)，而在此状语中，suspicion 后的 that 引导同位语从句对 suspicion内容进行解释（因结构的繁杂，此从句可分译为独立整体），在此同位语从句里的changes 后的 that 引导的是定语从句修饰先行词changes（此定语从句较短，可与先行词合译为一体）；后面的分句，主语是 analysis，谓语是might confirm，宾语是 fears。但此处的括弧部分应给予关注，本质上是介词 of+(what 名词从句)构成的一个特殊的介词短
语作 analysis 的后置定语（analysis 前有 close，后有 of 短语，鉴于后定语的繁杂，可先译后定语再译前定语）。 知识链接： generally 广泛地讲； escape clauses例外条款；undermine（暗中）破坏；suspicion怀疑；package包、裹、捆，详细的计划；deliver 递送（根据语境引申为“带来”）；inevitable 不可避免的；
complicated复杂的；confirm 证实；skeptics 怀疑者（注意此单词拼写特点，是名词）。
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