高中英语 必修5 unit 2知识点总结

时间:2024.4.13

  

                                                       


第二篇:高中英语必修5(外研版)Unit 6 Animals in Danger 知识点总结


高中英语必修5(外研版)Unit 6 Animals in Danger 
知识点总结

一、重点词汇

  ?endanger  

· ??原文再现

  But the Siberian tiger is not the only endangered species.

  但是,西伯利亚虎并不是唯一一种濒危动物。

· ??基本用法

  endanger  vt. 危及;使遭到危险

  Overworking can endanger your health.

  工作过度可能会危害你的健康。

  He will endanger his freedom and even his life.

  他将断送自己的自由,以至生命。

· ??知识拓展

  相关单词

  endangered  adj. 濒临灭绝的;有危险的

  We should do our best to save endangered species.

  我们应该竭尽全力挽救濒于灭绝的生物。

  词义辨析:dangerous/ in danger/ endanger

  1. dangerous是形容词,指“危险的”,即句子主语给别人造成危害。

  These are dangerous animals. 

  这些是危险动物。

  2. in danger 是介词短语,指自身处于危险的状态中。反义词为out of danger。

  He is in danger. We should go to save him. 

  他处于险境;我们应该去救他。

  3. endanger 是动词,指“危及;使…暴露于危险中”。

  This kind of disease will endanger your life.

  这种疾病会危及你的生命。

  ?reserve  

· ??原文再现

  The Chinese and Russian governments have created the reserve to help save the tiger’s natural habitat.

  中俄两国政府已设立了保护区来保护老虎的自然栖息地。

· ??基本用法

  1. reserve  n. 保护区;储备(物);保留

  It's a nature reserve.

  这是个自然保护区。

  I believe your story without reserve.

  我毫无保留地相信你说的话。

  2. reserve  vt. 保留;预订

  They reserved this area for wildlife.

  他们把这一地区留做野生动物保护区。

  Salt can be used to preserve food.

  盐能用来保藏食物。

· ??知识拓展

  相关单词

  reserved  adj. 保留的,预定的;包租的

  reservation  n. 保留;(旅馆,房间等的)预订

  相关短语

  reserve sth. for...  把…留作,用于…

  These seats are reserved for the elderly and disabled.

  这些座位是留给老人和残疾人坐的。

  词义辨析:reserve/ order/ book

  1. order作为动词有“订购,订货”的意思,尤指书面下订单,较正式,如向商店订购肥料,衣服等。此外,

  在就餐时的“点酒,点餐”也用order。 如:

  I ordered a suit yesterday.

  我昨天订做了一套衣服。

  2. book指“预定的意思”。向旅馆预订房间,向饭店预订席位,预订车票,电影票等。此时的用法,等于

  reserve。如:

  I have booked two tickets to Shanghai.

  我预订了两张到上海的车票。

  3. reserve作“预订”时,等同于book。不过在表示“给某人预留某物”的时候,只能用reserve。

  ?habitat  

· ??原文再现

  Some of them are in the Hunchun Nature Reserve on the border between China and Russia.

  其中一些在中俄边境的珲春自然保护区。

· ??基本用法

  habitat  n. 栖息地;产地

  The polar bear's habitat is the icy waters of the Arctic.

  北极熊的栖息地是冰冷的北极海域。

  That area is the habitat of heroin.

  那个地区是海洛因的产地。

· ??知识拓展--相关单词

  habitant  n. 居住者

  ?extinct  

· ??原文再现

  Every year thousands of wild animals and plants become extinct.

  每年都有数以千计的野生动植物濒临灭绝。

· ??基本用法

  1. extinct  vi. 灭绝;使熄灭

  Many kinds of birds and animals have extincted.

  许多鸟兽现已绝种。

  2. extinct  adj. 灭绝的;熄灭的;不再活动的(指火山)

  The volcano is extinct.

  这座火山是死火山。

  An extinct dinosaur came back to life!

  一只灭绝的恐龙竟然复活了! 

  The whale is in danger of becoming extinct.

  鲸类有灭绝的危险。

· ??知识拓展--相关单词

  extinction  n. 灭绝;消灭;废止

  We may live to see the extinction of the whale.

  人类或许能亲眼见到鲸的灭绝。

?  struggle  

· ??原文再现

  The question is: What can we do to help them in their struggle for survival?

  问题是:我们能做些什么帮助他们在挣扎中生存?

· ??基本用法

  1. struggle  n.挣扎;斗争

  He made many struggles to get a good education.

  他曾为获得良好的教育而顽强地奋斗过。

  2. struggle  vi.奋斗;挣扎

  He struggled against/with cancer for two years before he passed away.

  在他去世之前他同癌症抗争了两年。

  The workers struggled for better living conditions.

  工人们为争取更好的生活条件而斗争。

  He is struggling to bring up a family on a very low income.

  他靠着微薄的收入艰难地供养一家人。

· ??知识拓展

  相关短语

  struggle against 与…斗争

  struggle for 为…而斗争

  struggle with 和…斗争;和…并肩奋斗

  struggle to do sth. 挣扎着干某事

  struggle to one’s feet 挣扎着站起来

  词义辨析: struggle/ fight/ war/ battle

  1. struggle指较长时期的、激烈的争斗,往往指肉体、精神上的战斗。如:

  He struggled against cancer for two years.

  他同癌症抗争了两年。

  2. fight 搏斗,打斗,打架。如:

  My little brothers are always fighting.

  我的小弟弟们总在打架。

  3. war 战争,指全方位的战争,包括多次。如:the Second World War 第二次世界大战。

  4. battle 战役,指大的、连续数小时或数天的战争。如:the Battle of Waterloo 滑铁卢战役

  ?protect  

· ??原文再现

  an area of land where animals are protected.

  动物受到保护的地方。

· ??基本用法

  protect  v.保护  (注:protect作“保护,警戒”讲时,常与from连用;protect也可与against连用,作“防御

  袭击”解。)

  Wearing dark glasses can protect your eyes from being hurt by the sun.

  戴墨镜可以保护眼睛不受阳光刺激。

  The house is small but it can protect you against the cold.

  房屋虽小但能保护你不受寒冷。

· ??知识拓展

  相关单词

  protection  n. 保护;受保护

  protective  adj. 保护的,防护的

  相关短语

  protect sb./sth. from sth. 保护…使不受;使…免于…

  protect sb./sth. against sth. 防止…遭受…

  under the protection of...   在…的保护下

  give/offer/provide protection against sth. 提供保护免受…

  词义辨析:protect...from/ prevent...from/ stop...from/ keep...from

  1. protect...from 保护…不受…侵袭,挡住,防御。from后接能带来伤害或损害之物(通常是名词)。

  She protected her eyes from the sun with her hand.

  她用手遮住太阳以保护眼睛。

  2. prevent...from/stop...from/keep...from  阻止某人/某物做某事。(其中与keep搭配的from不能省略)

  Nothing can prevent/stop/keep us from going.

  什么也阻挡不了我们去。

  Something must be done to protect the environment from being polluted.

  必须采取措施保护环境免受污染。

  ?battle  

· ??原文再现

  In the battle which followed Jiesang was shot and killed.

  在接下来的枪战中,杰桑被击中身亡。

· ??基本用法

  battle  n. 战役;斗争 

  The battle finally brought the war to an end.

  这一仗使这场战争终告结束。

  The city lay in the dust after the battle.

  战斗结束后,全城成为废墟。

· ??知识拓展--词义辨析:battle/ war

  war 是“战争”的统称,指战争的总体而言;battle是“战斗;战役”;war之中可以包含很多的battles. 例如:

  the Civil War in France 法兰西内战

  the Battle of Waterloo 滑铁卢战役

  ?ideal  

· ??原文再现

  It is soft, light and warm----the ideal coat for an animal which has to survive at high altitudes.

  它又软又轻又暖和,是高海拔地区动物赖以生存的理想的毛。

· ??基本用法

  1. ideal  adj. 理想的;想象的

  He is looking for a wife but he hasn't found his ideal mate.

  他正在寻找未来的妻子,但还没有找到理想人选。

  Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time.

  即使你旅行的天气理想,海上旅行所花的时间较长。

  2. ideal  n. 理想;典范

  His ideals will be realized in his remaining years.

  他的理想会在有生之年实现。

?  shawl  

· ??原文再现

  A shawl make from the wool (known as “shahtoosh”,or “king of wools” in Persian) can sell for five 

  thousand dollars.

  一条藏铃羊毛织成的披肩(名为“沙图什”,即波斯语中的“众毛之王”),能卖到5000美元。

· ??基本用法

  1. shawl  n. 围巾;长方形披肩

  A woman in a black shawl came out of the shop.

  一个披著黑头巾的妇女从店铺走了出来。

  She gathered the shawl round her/round her shoulders.

  她用披肩把自己肩头裹紧。

?  worth  

· ??原文再现

  ...whose wool is not worth so much.

  …它们的皮毛不值线。

· ??基本用法

  1. worth  adj. 值…钱;值得...

  The new car cost a lot of money,but it's certainly worth it.

  买这辆新汽车花了很多钱,但确实物有所值。

  2. worth  n. 价值;值某金额的量

  This research project is of great worth.

  这一研究项目很有价值。

· ??知识拓展

  相关短语

  1. be worth+some money 值多少钱

  Our house is worth about 60,000 pounds.

  我们的房子约值60000英镑。

  2. be worth doing值得做…(注意:be worth doing“值得做”,用主动形式表达被动含义,其中worth为

  形容词,表示“很值得”时,应用well修饰,不用very,very much或quite。)

  This book is well worth reading a second time.

  这本书非常值得再读一遍。

  词义辨析:worth/ worthy/ worthwhile

  1. worth: n. 价值;财富; adj. 值得的;值钱的。  为形容词时,只作表语;worth短语可作后置定语。常用

  搭配是:be worth+money/sth. / doing sth. (doing形式表示被动含义)。

  2. worthy: adj. 有价值的;值得的。 本身用作表语或前置定语; “worthy of+名词”可作后置定语。常用

  搭配是:be worthy of sth./ being done/ to be done。 

  3. worthwhile:adj. 值得做的;值得出力的。用作表语或前置定语。常用搭配是:It is worthwhile to do sth./ 

  doing sth.。 如:

  The car is worth buying.=The car is worthy of being bought.

  =The car is worthy to be bought.=It is worthwhile buying/to buy the car.

  这辆车值得买。

  ?skin  

· ??原文再现

  The animals are skinned on the spot and the wool taken to India, where it is made into the shawls.

  这些被猎杀的藏羚羊被就地剥皮,羊毛被运到印度,在那里被织成披肩。

· ??基本用法

  1. skin  vt. 剥皮;蹭破皮

  He skinned his knee when he fell.

  他摔跤时把膝盖擦破了。

  He skinned through last examination.

  他勉强通过了上次考试。

  2. skin  n. 皮肤;外皮 

  I am about to jump out of my skin.

  我吓得心要跳出来了。

  He was all skin and bone after his illness.

  他病后瘦成皮包骨。

· ??知识拓展--相关单词

  skinny  adj. 皮包骨的;紧身的;小气的

  You're skinny enough without going on a diet!

  你不必节食就已经够瘦的了!

?  spot  

· ??原文再现

  The animals are skinned on the spot and the wool taken to India, where it is made into the shawls.

  这些被猎杀的藏羚羊被就地剥皮,羊毛被运到印度,在那里被织成披肩。

· ??基本用法

  1. spot  n. 现场;斑点;污点

  The policemen ran to the spot immediately.

  警察立即赶往了现场。

  The boy's white shirt was marked up with spots of ink.

  那男孩的白衬衫上有墨水渍。

  2. spot  vt. 发现;认出

  He spotted his friend in the crowd.

  他在人群中认出了他的朋友。

· ??知识拓展--相关短语

  1. on the spot 当场,在现场

  Luckily there was a doctor on the spot.

  幸运的是现场有一位医生。

  He was hit by a falling tree and killed on the spot.

  他被倒下来的树击中,当场死亡。

  2. without spot 毫无缺点的;没有瑕疵的

  ?raid  

· ??原文再现

  A police raid on a shop in London found 138 shawls.

  警察在对一家商店的突击搜查中竟发现138条披肩。

· ??基本用法

  1. raid  n. 突袭;搜捕  

  The police will carry out a dawn raid.

  警方将在拂晓展开突然搜查。

  The bombing raid practically leveled the town.

  空袭几乎把这座城镇夷为平地。

  2. raid  v. 袭击,突袭

  Our troops raided the enemy camp.

  我们的部队袭击了敌营。

?  confiscate  

· ??原文再现

  Over the next ten years about 3,000 poachers were caught and 300 vehicles confiscated.

  在接下来的十年中,大约有3000名偷猎者被抓获,300辆汽车被没收。

· ??基本用法

  confiscate   vt. 没收;充公;查抄

  The headmaster confiscated her radio.

  校长没收了她的收音机。

  The government has confiscated his property.

  政府已没收了他的财产。

· ??知识拓展--相关单词

  confiscation  n. 没收;征用;充公

?  condition  

· ??原文再现

  The small group of officials who work in the reserve are helped by volunteers who come from all over 

  the country,and who are ready for the difficult conditions of life at 5,000 meters.

  工作在保护区的政府官员们得到了来自全国各地的,愿意忍受海拔5000米以上恶劣环境的志愿者们的支持。

· ??基本用法

  condition  n. 情况;环境;条件

  I've had no exercise for ages;I’m really out of condition.

  我已多年没运动了,现在健康状况欠佳。

  Under normal conditions,people will usually do what requires least effort.

  正常情况下,人们通常做少费劲的事情。

  Housing conditions for blacks in Birmingham were bad.

  伯明翰黑人的居住条件很差。

  We’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy.

  只要你能保持整洁,我们可以让你使用这个房间。

· ??知识拓展--相关短语

  on (the) condition that 如果,在…条件下

  in good/poor condition 处于好的/坏的状况;身体状况好/坏

  out of condition 健康不佳

  on no condition=in no case=never 决不,一点也不

  词义辨析:condition/ situation/ state

  condition,situation与state都有“状况”之意,但用法各有侧重。

  1. condition意为“条件;情况”,其单数形式指人或事物所处的状态,此时可与state互换。它还强调由于

  一定原因或条件造成的状态,如人的健康状况、事物的完好程度、设备的可用性等。其复数常指一般的,

  笼统的情况。

  Whether I’ll go depends on the condition of my health.

  我去与否取决于我的健康状况。

  2. situation指在一定时间内由各种情况造成的处境、形势,也可指语境、情景。

  Under the present state,he can keep up with the class.

  在目前状态下,他能够赶上其他同学。

  3. state可指人或事物所处的状态和状况,可与condition互换。此外,它还可表示思想、感情、心理等状态。

  He found himself in an embarrassing situation.

  他发现自己处于尴尬的境地。

  ?meanwhile  

· ??原文再现

  Meanwhile,in those countries where the shawls are sold,police are getting tough with the dealers.

  同时,在那些出售藏羚羊毛披肩的国家,警方开始严厉打击藏羚羊毛披肩的贩卖者。

· ??基本用法

  meanwhile  adv. 同时;在此期间   n. 其时;其间 

  (=in the meanwhile/meantime=at the same time)

  Jane was writing a letter and meanwhile Pat was watching TV.

  简在写信,而与此同时帕特在看电视。

  They’ll be here soon. Meanwhile we’ll have some coffee.

  他们即刻就到,我们现在先喝点咖啡。

  In the meanwhile, I’ll visit an old friend of mine.

  在这期间,我将去拜访我的一位老朋友。

?  dealer  

· ??原文再现

  Meanwhile,in those countries where the shawls are sold,police are getting tough with the dealers.

  同时,在那些出售藏羚羊毛披肩的国家,警方开始严厉打击藏羚羊毛披肩的贩卖者。

· ??基本用法

  dealer  n. 经销商;商人

  He bought a used car from a car dealer.

  他从汽车商那里买了一辆旧汽车

  The dealer charged me five pounds for the pen.

  这支笔小贩向我要价五镑。

· ??知识拓展--相关单词

  1. deal  v. 处理;做生意

  The meeting will deal with these problems.

  本次会议将就这些问题作出处理。

  2. deal  n. 交易;份量 

  They have just put through a business deal.

  他们刚刚达成一笔生意。

  The storm did a great deal of material damage.

  暴风雨造成了大量物质损失。

  ?aim  

· ??基本用法

  1. aim  n. 目标,目的;瞄准

  She went to London with the aim of finding a job.

  她去伦敦是为了找工作。

  What is your aim in life?

  你的生活目标是什么?

  2. aim  v. 力争做到;意欲;企图

  We should aim at/for a bigger share of the market.

  我们应该力争更大的市场份额。

  The book is aimed at very young children.

  这本书的对象是幼童。

· ???知识拓展--相关短语

  1. aim at 瞄准;目的在于

  aim at 为“不及物动词+介词”构成的短语动词,起及物动词作用,可直接用作谓语,既可表示动作,亦可

  表示状态。例如:

  I wonder what he was aiming at.

  我不知道他当时的目的何在。

  I aimed at the target but hit the wall.

  我瞄准了靶射击,但却打在了墙上。

  Our products aim at improving your English skills.

  我们的产品旨在提高您的英语水平。

  2. be aimed at…. 目的在于…;旨在…

  aimed为过去分词,需同be动词连用,它只表示状态。例如:

  The visit was aimed at expanding relations between the two countries.

  这次访问的目的是发展两国关系。

  3. with the aim of  以...为目标;目的是…

  She went to London with the aim of finding a job.

  她去伦敦是为了找工作。

  4. aim to do sth. 目的在于…;旨在做…

  I aim to be a policeman when I leave school.

  我打算中学毕业以后当警察。

  5. achieve one's aim/goal  实现目标

  ?involve  

· ??原文再现

  But the trade also involves live animals.

  但是这种交易还涉及了活的动物。

· ??基本用法

  involve  vt. 涉及,包括:参与(involve作及物动词,意为“包括;涉及;引起”,后面只能接名词或动名词,

  不可接不定式。)

  Greetings in Asian countries do not involve touching the other person.

  在亚洲国家,互致问候时通常不会触碰对方身体。

  Don't involve other people in your mistakes.

  不要把别人牵连进你的错误中。

· ??知识拓展

  相关单词

  involved  adj. 卷入的;有关的

  It is really a sad situation,and I feel sorry for the people involved.

  这真是悲哀的情况,我同情当事人。

  注意:involved作定语,前置和后置时意义不同:the people involved所涉及的人,有关人员;the involved

  sentence 复杂的句子。

  相关短语

  1. involve sb. in...  把某人牵涉进…中;使某人参与…(被动式为get/be involved in....)

  All the children were involved in the school play.

  所有的孩子都参加了学校排练的话剧。

  2. get/be/become involved in sth./with sb. 与某事有关联;与某人有密切关系

  I don’t want to get involved with the argument.

  我不想卷入这场争论。

  ?live  

· ??原文再现

  But the trade also involves live animals.

  但是这种交易还涉及了活的动物。

· ??基本用法

  1. live  adj. 活的;生动的;现场直播的

  The club has live music most nights.

  这家俱乐部大多数晚上有现场演奏的音乐。

  You won't see live animals in a museum.

  在博物馆你是看不到活动物的。

?  2. live  adv. 现场直播地

  The landing on the moon was broadcast live.

  现场直播了登月行动。

  3. live  v. 生活;居住

  I can't live this life of milk and water.

  我过不了这种平淡的生活。

· ??知识拓展--词义辨析:live/ alive/ living

  三个词为形容词时,均有“活着的,活的”之意。

  1. live指有生命的,常用于修饰动物;还可以表示“现场直播的”。通常用作定语。如:

  The cat is playing with a live mouse.

  猫在戏弄那只活老鼠。

  2. alive其反义词为dead,与living可互换;还表示“活跃的”,与lively同义。常用作表语或后置定语。如:

  The fish we caught is still alive.

  我们所捕的鱼还活着。

  3. living其反义词为dead,指人或动植物的生命没有消失,仍然存在的状态,强调“健在”,可作前置定语

  或表语。如living things。

  ???lay  

· ??原文再现

  A bird has warm blood and lays eggs.

  鸟是恒温动物,产卵。

· ??基本用法

  lay  vt. 产卵,下蛋;放置

  She laid the book on the table.

  她把书放在了桌上。

  The hens are not laying well at the moment.

  此时,那些母鸡不怎么下蛋。

· ??知识拓展

  词义辨析:lie/lay

  lie和lay有不同的过去式和过去分词形式:

  lie  vi. 说谎  (lie----lied----lied----lying)

  lie  vi. 躺;位于(lie----lay----lain----lying)

  lay  vt. 产卵;放置 (lay----laid---laid---laying)

  The man lying there lied that he had laid the money on the table.

  躺在那里的人撒谎说,他把钱放在桌子上了。

  相关短语

  1. lay off (sb.)  停止;放弃,解雇(某人)

  The company laid off 100 workers last week.

  公司上周解雇了一百名工人。

  2. lay sth. aside 储存某物;暂时把……搁在一边

  The project has been laid aside for three months.

  这个方案已被搁置了3个月了。

?  wonder  

· ??原文再现

  One of the wonders of the insect world.

  昆虫世界的奇迹之一。

· ??基本用法

  1. wonder  n. 奇迹;惊奇

  No wonder she's ill. She eats next to nothing.

  难怪她病了,她几乎什么都没吃。

  2. wonder  v. 惊奇;想知道 (wonder用作及物动词,意为“对……感到惊讶,纳闷;想知道”,后接名词,

  带疑问词的不定式或从句作宾语;用作不及物动词,意为“感到惊异;感到惊讶”,常与at或about连用。)

  The children looked at the pictures in wonder, and wondered what the New Seven Wonders of the World 

  were.

  孩子们惊奇地看着图画,想知道世界新七大奇观是什么。

· ??知识拓展--相关短语

  1. (It's) no wonder (that)... 并不奇怪,难怪…

  It is no wonder that the children love to visit the farm.

  孩子们喜欢去农场玩是不足为怪的。 

  2. in wonder 惊奇地

  She looked at the diamond in wonder.

  她以惊叹的眼神看了看那颗钻石。

  3. I wonder if/whether 不知是否…

  I wonder whether they will arrive on time.

  我也不知道他们能不能准时到。

  ?insect  

· ??原文再现

  One of the wonders of the insect world.

  昆虫世界的奇迹之一。

· ??基本用法

  insect  n. 昆虫;虫子;卑鄙的人

  The insect bit him and drew blood from his arm.

  那只昆虫叮在他的手臂上吸血。

  The insect can take on the color of its surroundings.

  这种昆虫能随环境而变色。

  ?bald  

· ??基本用法

  1. bald  adj. 秃顶的;光秃的;单调的

  Too much knowledge makes the head bald.

  学问太多催人老。

  We planted some trees on the bald hill.

  我们在一座秃山上种了些树。

  2. bald  vi. 变秃

  The young man was starting to bald rapidly.

  这个年轻人开始迅速脱发。

  ?be concerned about sth.  

· ??原文再现

  I’m concerned about the future of wildlife in Africa.

  我很担心非洲野生动物的未来。

· ??基本用法

  be concerned about 关心某事,担心某事

  We are all concerned for/about her safety.

  我们都很关心她的安危。

· ??知识拓展

  相关单词

  concerning  prep. 关于;就…而言

  concern  vt. 涉及;使担心  n. 关系;关心

  相关短语

  1. as far as sb./sth.be concerned 就某人/某事而言

  He is fit for teaching,as far as I am concerned.

  就我而言,他适合教书。

  2. show/express one’s concern about... 对…表示关心/担心

  Many people expressed their concern about the health recovery of Mr. Johnson.

  很多人都在关心约翰逊先生的健康状况的恢复。

  3. be concerned in/with sth. 与某事有牵连或对某事负有责任

  This book is mainly concerned with the problem of how to make friends.

  这本书主要讲的是如何交友的问题。

  ?feed on  

· ??原文再现

  It feeds mainly on medium sized mammals such as deer or wild pigs.

  它主要以像鹿或野猪这样的中型哺乳动物为食。

· ??基本用法

  feed on  v. (动物)以…为食;以...为能源

  Bats fly at night and feed on insects.

  蝙蝠在夜间飞行,以昆虫为食。

· ??知识拓展

  相关短语

  feed...on/with sth. 用某物喂养…

  feed sth. to...  用某物喂养…

  He feeds the dog on/with meat.

  他用肉养狗。

  Ms. Parker feeds milk to the baby.

  帕克女士用牛奶喂这个婴儿。

  词义辨析:feed on/ live on 

  1. feed on是指“动物以…为食”; 

  The whale does not feed on small fish .

  这种鲸鱼并不以小鱼为食。

  Cows feed on grass. = Cows live on grass.

  牛以草为食。

  2. live on是指“人以…为食;靠…生活”。但是live on也可以指“动物以…为食”。

  He lives on fish and potatoes.

  他以鱼和土豆为主食。 

  The workers had to live on their savings.

  工人们只好靠原有的积蓄生活。

  ?brink  

· ??原文再现

  Today the species is on the brink of extinction.

  现在这个物种处于灭绝的边缘。

· ??基本用法

  brink  n. 边缘;峭壁  (常用语on the brink of,意为“濒临;处于…的边缘”)

  There are many flowers on the brink of the pond.

  池塘边有许多花。

  Natalie is living on the brink of panic.

  娜塔丽正生活在痛苦的边缘。

  The tree grew on the brink of the cliff.

  那棵树长在悬崖边缘。

  ?initial  

· ??原文再现

  The initials,WWF,stand for World Wide Fund for Nature.

  缩略词WWF代表“世界自然保护基金组织”。

· ??基本用法

  initial  n. 词首大写字母  adj. 最初的;字首的

  D is the initial letter of the word “day”.

  “day”一词的起首字母是“d”。

  After she'd overcome her initial shyness, she became very friendly.

  她克服了开始时的羞涩之后,就变得非常友善。

  The novel was still in the initial stage.

  这部小说还处在创始阶段。

  ?stand for  

· ??原文再现

  The initials,WWF,stand for World Wide Fund for Nature.

  缩略词WWF代表“世界自然保护基金组织”。

· ??基本用法

  stand for 是…的意思;代表;支持;忍受(用于否定句)

  The teacher wouldn't stand for such behavior.

  教师无法容忍这种行为。

  I stand for freedom of speech for everyone.

  我主张人人都有言论自由。

  The letters WTO stand for World Trade Organization.

  字母WTO代表世界贸易组织。

· ??知识拓展--词义辨析:stand词组

  stand out 突出,显眼,杰出

  stand aside 站到一边;袖手旁观

  stand by 袖手旁观;做好准备

  stand in line 站队

  ?branch  

· ??原文再现

  Today the organization has branches in 90 countries in all five continents.

  今天,该组织在世界五大洲的90多个国家都有分机构。

· ??基本用法

  1. branch  n. 分枝;分部;支流

  The gardener cut off a branch from the tree.

  园丁从树上砍下一根树枝。

  The bank has branches all over the country.

  该银行在全国各地均有分行。

  The river has three main branches.

  这条河有三条主要的支流。

  2. branch  v. 分支;出现分歧

  The bank branched out to New York.

  这家银行把分支机构扩大到了纽约。

?  continent  

· ??原文再现

  Today the organization has branches in 90 countries in all five continents.

  今天,该组织在世界五大洲的90多个国家都有分机构。

· ??基本用法

  continent  n. 大陆,洲,陆地

  Columbus was the discoverer of the New Continent.

  哥伦布是新大陆的发现者。

  Asia is the largest continent on Earth.

  亚洲是地球上最大的洲。

  ?focus  

· ??原文再现

  The focus of attention has changed, too.

  关注的焦点也发生了改变。

· ??基本用法

  1. focus  n.焦点,焦距,中心  

  Her beauty makes her the focus of attention.

  她的美丽使她成了注意的焦点。

  2. focus  v. 对准焦距;把…集中于

  You should focus your attention on your work.

  你应该把注意力放到工作上。

· ??知识拓展--相关短语

  focus one’s attention/eyes/energy on... 集中注意力/目光/精力于…

  focus on/upon... 集中于…

  focus the camera/telescope on... 调节(照相机、望远镜)的焦距到…

  ?energy  

· ??原文再现

  In the 1980s the WWF became interested in all activities which have an effect on the environment,

  such as pollution and the way we use energy.

  20世纪80年代,世界自然保护基金组织开始关注所有对环境造成影响的活动,比如污染和我们利用能源

  的方式。

· ??基本用法

  energy  n. 精力;活力;能量,能源

  The light energy comes from the sun.

  光能来自太阳。

  Young people usually have more energy than the old.

  年轻人通常比老年人有活力。

· ??知识拓展

  相关单词

  energetic  adj. 精力旺盛的;精神饱满的

  相关短语

  devote one's energy to 致力于…

  concentrate one's energy on 集中精力在…上

  词义辨析:strength/ force/ power/ energy

  这几个词都有“力”的意思,但是“力”的性质和来源不同。

  1. strength指“体力,力量,强度”。

  He has regained his strength after an illness.

  他病后已恢复了体力。

  2. force 指物理学意义上的力,也指为做成某事而使用的力量,还常指武力。其复数常指“兵力,军队”。

  如:the forces of a country 一个国家的军队

  3. power “能力,权力”,着重指行动所凭借的能力(本领)或职权。

  Some animals have the power to see in the dark.

  有些动物具有在黑暗中看见东西的本领。

  4. energy 依照其物理学定义讲,是“能,能量”;另外energy也指生理上的“精力”。

  Though he is very thin, he is full of energy.

  他虽然瘦,但精力充沛。

  ?waste  

· ??原文再现

  The WWF believes that our world has a future only if people learn to conserve nature and not waste energy.

  世界自然保护基金组织认为,唯有人们学会保护自然、不浪费能源,我们的世界才会有未来。

· ??基本用法

  1. waste  vt. 浪费;使荒芜  

  Why do you waste money on clothes you don't need?

  你为什么浪费钱买你不需要的衣服呢?

  I wasted 40 minutes waiting for a bus this morning.

  今天早晨我等公共汽车浪费了40分钟。

  2. waste  n. 浪费;废物;荒地 

  Don't do that. It’s a waste of time.

  别那么做,那是浪费时间。

  3. waste  adj. 废弃的

  The pipe leads waste water to a pool.

  这条管子把废水引向池子。

· ??知识拓展--相关短语

  waste time/money on sth. 浪费时间/金钱在…上

  waste time/money doing… 浪费时间/金钱做某事

  a waste of...  …的浪费

  ?monitor  

· ??原文再现

  For fifteen years WWF China staff had been based in Switzerland but came to China to monitor the project.

  15年以来,世界自然基金会的全体中国工作人员以瑞士为基地,但是会来到中国监测这项工程。

· ??基本用法

  1. monitor  vt. 监控;监视;监督

  You must monitor the old man's illness.

  你一定要监察这位老人的病情。

  2. monitor  n. 监控器;显示屏;班长

  We elected our monitor by a show of hands.

  我们举手选举了班长。

  The patient was connected to the monitor.

  病人被接上了监测器。

?  set up  

· ??原文再现

  Then, in 1995, the organization set up an office in Beijing.

  而后,在1995年,这个组织在北京建立了一个办事处。

· ??基本用法

  set up  v. 建立;竖立;开办

  A new government was set up after the war.

  战后成立了新政府。

  The business was set up by the grandfather of the present owner.

  这个企业是由现任老板的祖辈创立的。

· ??知识拓展

  词义辨析:set词组

  set up 开办,设立;搭建

  set about 散布(谣言等);开始忙碌

  set off 出发,动身;引爆,引发某人(哭;笑等)

  set down 使(飞机)着陆,放下;写下

  set out 出发,动身;着手

  set...in... 置…于…背景中(be set in...以…为背景)

  set aside 留出;暂不考虑

  词义辨析:put up/ set up/ build/ build up/ found

  1. put up “建起,修建,竖起(某一建筑物)”;“搭起(某一简易建筑)”。如:to put up a building/

  memorial/tent/fence盖楼房;修纪念碑;搭帐篷;架篱笆

  2. set up 作“建起,搭起”讲时,与put up同义,但还可指“建立,成立(某一机构或团体)”。

  set up a new school/government。

  3. build 指“建造,建立,建设”,其后可接具体的或抽象的名词。如:build a library。

  4. build up “逐渐建立,逐步建设”,另外还有“增强”的意思。如:

  Taking exercise will build up your strength.

  体育锻炼能使你更加有劲。

  5. found 指“兴建,建立,创办,创建”,后面可接城市、国家、党派等,还可表示捐资兴办学校、医院等。

  如:The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.

  中华人民共和国成立于1949年。

二、重点句型

?  On a freezing cold day in January 1994, Jiesang Suonandajie found what he  

  was looking for---a group of poachers who were killing the endangered Tibetan  

  antelope.  

  19941月一个滴水成冰的寒冷日子,杰桑· 索南达杰发现了他一直寻找的目标---  

  群正在杀害濒临灭绝的藏羚羊的偷猎者。

· ??基本用法

  1. what he was looking for是一个宾语从句,在它的后面有一个破折号,表示对前面情况的一种说明。 

  a group of poachers who were killing the endangered Tibetan antelope说明的是what的内容。在这个名词

  性短语中含有一个who引导的定语从句。

  2. On a freezing cold day in January 1994是一个时间短语,在句子中作状语。on在这里表示一个具体

  的时间。如:on Monday“在星期一”;on October 1st“在10月1日”;on the morning of May 5th “在5月5

  日早晨”;on arriving home“一到家就…”等。

?  Although surprisedthe poachers had an advantage---there were more of them.  

  尽管很吃惊,但偷猎者们有一个优势---他们人多。

· ??基本用法

  Although surprised是Although they were surprised的省略。当状语从句(一般是让步,时间或条件状语

  从句)的主语和主句的主语一致(或从句的主语是it时),而从句谓语又包含be动词,此时可省去从句的

  主语和be动词,保留be之后的部分。如:

  When (I was) in Japan,I took many beautiful pictures.

  在日本时,我拍了许多漂亮的照片。

  You should make notes when (it is) necessary.

  必要时你应该做笔记。

  Though (he was) tired,he kept on working.

  虽然很累,但他仍然坚持工作。

  I won’t go unless (I am) invited.

  除非受到邀请,否则我不去。

  注意:用了引导让步状语从句的从属连词后,不能再同时用并列连词but,但可用still, yet等词加强语气。

  如:他虽然疲劳,但仍继续工作。

  误:Though he was tired, but he went on working.

  正:Though he was tired, yet/still he went on working.

  Though/Although she was worn out, she kept on working.

  A shawl make from the wool (known as “shahtoosh”, or “king of wools” in Persian)  

  can sell for five thousand dollars.  

  一条藏铃羊毛织成的披肩(名为沙图什,即波斯语中的众毛之王,能卖到5000美元。 

· ??基本用法

  1. made from the wool为过去分词短语作后置定语,相当于定语从句which is made from the wool; known 

  as… 也为过去分词短语作后置定语,相当于定语从句which is known as….。如:

  The boy called John is our monitor. 

  =The boy who is called John is our monitor.

  那个叫约翰的男孩是我们的班长。

  2. 此句中for表示价值交换。如:

  I bought the book for ten yuan.

  我花了十元钱买那本书。

?  Often working at night, the poachers shoot whole herds of antelopes at a time,  

  leaving only the babies, whose wool is not worth so much.  

  那些偷猎者常常是夜里出动,一次就捕杀掉整群的藏羚羊,只留下那些毛不怎么值钱  

  的幼崽。

· ??基本用法

  1.句子中的working at night作状语,相当于一个状语从句。

  When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.

  当她离开飞机场的时候,她一次又一次地向我们挥手告别。

  While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work.

  在我等火车期间,我和我的妹妹就她的工作长谈了一次。

  2.leaving only the babies是现在分词作状语,表示结果。

  In a few minutes, the tiger ate the wolf, leaving only bones.

  几分钟内,老虎就吃掉了狼,只留下骨头。

  The old man died, leaving his grandson a big fortune.

  老人去世的时候,留给孙子一大笔财产。

  3. whose wool is not worth so much是一个非限制性定语从句。注意whose引导定语从句,在从句中作

  wool的定语。 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间

  用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。

  ?But in the 1990s the shawls came into fashion among rich people.  

  但在二十世纪九十年代披肩开始在富人中流行起来。

· ??基本用法

  come into fashion为动词短语,意为“开始流行”。介词短语in fashion意为“在流行”,反义词是out of 

  fashion。这些短语中fashion前都不用冠词。如:

  Long skirts have come into fashion again. Faded jeans are still in fashion too.

  长裙子又流行起来。漂浅的牛仔裤也还很时髦。

  New things come into fashion all the time.

  新产品总是很快就会流行起来。

· ??知识拓展--相关短语

  1. come into being 开始形成

  How did the earth come into being?

  地球是如何形成的?

  2. come into use 开始使用

  The new road will come into use soon.

  新马路马上就可以通车了。

  3. come into effect/ force (法律、规定)实施

  When do the new safety rules come into force/effect?

  新的安全规则何时生效?

  4. come into power  取得政权;上台

  The new government will come into power next month.

  新政府将在下月开始执政。

  5. come into view/ sight  进入视野 

  ?The village will come into view at the next turn.

  拐个弯儿就可以看到村子了。

  ?Sometimes there were gunfights, like the one in which Jiesang Suonandajie 

  was killed.  

  有时还会发生枪战,杰桑索南达杰就牺牲在这类枪战中。

· ??基本用法

  此句为主从复合句,in which 引导定语从句,修饰先行词the one(指代the gunfight),并在定语从句中

  作状语。“介词+which/whom”引导定语从句时,要注意根据与先行词或从句谓语动词的搭配,选用合适

  的介词,介词后面的关系词不能省略;同时,某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”

  结构有时可以同关系副词when,where,why互换。如:

  He remembered the scene in which/where people were killed by the tiger.

  他记起了人们被老虎吃掉的情景。(in the scene)

  Do you like the book about which he often talks?

  你喜欢他经常谈到的那本书吗?(talk about)

?  Last year, he returned to his hometown, where/ in which he grew up.

  去年,他回到了自己的家乡,他是在那里长大的。?

?  1. But today the government seems to be winning the battle.  

  但如今,政府似乎正在赢得这场战争。

  2. International co-operation seems to be working.  

  国际合作似乎正在进行。

· ??基本用法

  seem 是系动词,意为“似乎;好像”, 用来表示说话人内心的,有一定依据的判断或猜想。上面两个句子都是

  seem跟动词不定式短语。使用时,要注意to后的形式变化:一般式to do (不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后);

  进行式to be doing(不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生);完成式to have done (不定式动作发生在谓语动作

  之前)。

  I seem to have caught a cold. (have caught a cold 在seem 之前已经完成)

  看来我已经感冒了.

  I seem to catch a cold. (感冒在seem 之后)

  看来我要感冒了。

  He seems to be doing his homework. 

  他好像正在做作业。(做作业与seem同时发生)

· ??知识拓展--相关句型

  seem to be + adj./ n./ 介词短语/ 分词

  It seems that... 似乎/好像 (陈述语序)

  It seems as if/though... 好像/似乎…(从句可用虚拟语气)

  There seems to be...好像/似乎有…

  注意:seem的后面跟不定式的三种形式:一般式to do,进行式to be doing,完成式to have done。有

  类似用法的还有:appear, happen, pretend, be said, be known等。

  词义辨析:seem/look/appear

  1. seem指说话人主观上的判断,暗含有一定的依据,往往是接近事实的判断。如:

  They seem to know where they’re going.

  看来他们知道自己要去哪里。

  2. look是根据视觉印象而得出的判断,实质上也可能如此。如:

  They look like their parents。

  他们看上去长得像他们的父母。

  3. appear指根据食物的外表或表象做成的判断,而事实并非如此。如:

  It appears that we all agree.

  我们似乎都同意。

?  The WWF believes that our world has a future only if people learn to conserve  

?  nature and not waste energy.  

  世界自然保护基金组织认为,唯有人们学会保护自然、不浪费能源,我们的世界  

  才会有未来。

· ??基本用法

  此句为主从复合句,that our world…是宾语从句。only if的意思是“只有…才;在…条件之下”,引导

  一般条件句,句子中不用虚拟语气,其中的only放于句首表示强调。如:

  He will help you only if you turn to him.

  只要你向他请求帮助,他就会帮助你。

  注意:当only if放在整个句子的句首时,主句要用倒装。

  Only if you don’t tell anyone else can I tell you the secret.

  只有你不告诉别人,我才能把这个秘密告诉你。

· ??知识拓展--词义辨析:only if/ if only 

  1. only if引起的条件状语从句,是一个对“条件”限制更严的“限制性条件状语从句”,表示“只有…(才);

  只有在…的时候;唯一的条件是…”;与if引起的一般条件句相比,它有一种增强主句语势的作用。

  She'll have a chance to get well only if she has a strong will to live.

  她唯有活下去的坚强意志才有机会好起来。

  2. if only引导的条件句,重点在if上,常被译为“但愿”,“要是…就好了”等。通常用来表示说话人对某事

  所寄予的某种强烈愿望。它可以独立使用,用来表示由于客观条件限制,为某事不大可能或完全不可能

  实现而感到惋惜或遗憾的复杂心情,多用虚拟语气:表示与过去相反的愿望谓语动词用过去完成时(had 

  done);表示与现在相反的愿望谓语动词用过去时(did/were);表示与将来相反的愿望谓语动词用:

  would/ could/ might do...。

  If only I were as clever as you! 

  要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊!

· ??出题建议

  出相关题目时,建议输入关键词“only if”或“if only”。?

三、重点语法

  ?定语从句  

· ??定语从句的定义和结构

  定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词,充当定语的从句,是定语的一种特殊形式。因为形容词

  常作定语,定语从句又称为形容词性从句。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。

  被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导从句的关联词叫关系词(分为关系代词和关系副词):

  关系代词that, which, who (宾格whom, 所有格whose), as;

  关系副词where , when , why。

  关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又指代先行词内容,并在从句中充当一个成分。

  关系词是根据先行词类别、关系词在从句中所作成分以及其他特殊要求三个方面确定的。

· ??基本用法

  1. 关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose)引导的定语从句

  关系代词所代替的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语,宾语,定语等成分。关系

  代词在定语从句中充当主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

  (1) that的先行词可指人或物,以及人与物同指。that在从句中作主、宾或表语(作宾语时常可以省略):

  I like the book that you lent to me.

  我喜欢你借给我的那本书。

  The boy that is standing near the door is my brother.

  站在门边的那个男孩是我弟弟。

  He is no longer the person that he used to be.

  他不再是他过去的那个样子。

  (2) which的先行词是物。which在作从句的主语或宾语(作宾语时常可以省略):

  The dictionary which my father bought for me is very useful to me.  

  我爸爸给我买的词典非常有用。

  注意 that,which指物时有时可互换(二者的区别见“定语从句注意事项”)。

  (3) who/whom的先行词是人。在从句中作主语用who,作宾语用whom(在口语和非正式语体中常用

  who代替whom。作宾语时常可以省略)。

  The teacher who went to see me yesterday is Mr. Wang.

  昨天来看我的老师是王老师。

  (4) whose的先行词可以是人也可是物。whose在从句中作定语。 whose可用of which,of whom换用,

  不过of which和of whom除了表所属外还可以表示部分与整体的关系。

  He is the boy whose father is a doctor.

  他就是父亲是医生的那个孩子。

  Do you know the owner of the house whose windows / the windows of which / of which the windows 

  face south?

  你认识窗户朝南的房子的主人吗?

  Here are ten players, three of whom are from London.

  这里有十名运动员,其中三名来自伦敦。

  2. 关系副词(why, where, when)引导的定语从句

  关系副词在从句中都作状语,关系副词可用介词 + which代替。 

  (1) why(=for which)的先行词只用the reason。why在从句中作原因状语。

  I don't know the reason why (for which) he didn't come.

  我不知道他没来的原因。

  注意:当先行词为reason时,关系词若不在从句中作状语,就只能用that或which,而不是why。

  The reason that he gave us is not believable.

  他给我们的那个理由不可信。(reason在从句中充当gave的宾语,故用that或which)

  (2) where(=介词+ which)的先行词是表地点的词,如:house, room, place等。where在从句中作

  地点状语。

  This is the school where we study every year.

  这是我们每年学习的学校。

  当先行词为地点名词时,关系词若不在从句中作状语,就只能用that或which,而不是where。

  This is the school that / which we visited yesterday.

  这就是我们昨天参观的那所学校。

  (3) when(=介词+ which)的先行词是表示时间的名词,如time, year, day, week等。when在从句中

  作时间状语。

  I'll never forget the time when (during which) we worked on the farm.

  我将永不会忘记我们工作过的农场。

  注意:当先行词为时间名词时,关系词若不在从句中作状语,就只能用that或which,而不是when。

  I still remember the day that / which is his birthday.

  我还记得他生日的那天。

  3. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

  限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句都是修饰名词或代词的一种从句,两者虽然性质相同,但是意义和

  用法上有许多不同:

  (1) 限制性定语从句是对先行词作修饰或限制,缺少从句时句子意义不完整或失去意义。主从句关系

  十分密切,所以书写时不用逗号分开。

  He is the man who came to see you yesterday.

  他就是昨天来看我的那个人。

  (2) 非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作些附加说明,主从句关系不十分密切,所以从句和主句之间多

  用逗号分开,若去掉从句,主句的意思仍然清楚。一般用which引导,不用that。

  Last week I met John, who seemed to be very excited.

  上星期我遇到了约翰,他好像很兴奋。 (非限制性)

  The book that/which you are reading is mine.

  你正在读的这本书是我的。(限制性)

  注意:有些定语从句是限制性还是非限制性要根据上下文含义来判断,不能只凭标点符号。

  (3) 非限制性定语从句对所谈及的人或事物只提供进一步的解释或说明,它形式上是一个从句,但在功

  能上相当于一个分句,在意义上相当于一个状语,故可以根据其句意改为并列句或状语从句。

  The meeting, which was held in the park, was attended by 100 people.

  =The meeting was attended by 100 people, and it was held in the park.

  那次会议有一百人参加,它是在公园里举行的。

  I don’t like this boy, who is very lazy. =I don’t like this boy, since he is very lazy.

  我不喜欢这个男孩,因为他太懒了。

  (4) 关系代词which,who,whom在限制性定语从句中作动词的宾语时一般可以省略,但在非限制性定

  语从句中不能省略。关系代词that可以引导限制性定语从句,但不可以引导非限制性定语从句。

  I happened to meet Li Hong, whom I didn't recognize at once.

  我碰巧遇到李红,但没有立即认出她。

  (5) 限制性定语从句对先行词起限定作用,非限制性定语从句可以对先行词或整个主句或主句的一部分

  起补充说明的作用。

  He passed the driving test, which made us very surprised.

  他通过了驾驶考试,这很让我们吃惊。(which指代整个主句的内容)

  4. 关系代词as引导的定语从句

  (1) 引导限制性定语从句时用于固定搭配:such/ the same+先行词+as从句

  Beijing is not the same (city) as it used to be.

  北京已经不是过去的样子了。

  注意: the same that从句:表示同一人或物; the same as从句:表示相似的人或物

  This is the same knife that I lost.

  这是我弄丢的那把刀。

  This is the same knife as I lost.

  这把刀与我弄丢的那把刀一样。

  注意:such…as…定语从句:“像…那样”

  such ...that...状语从句:“如此…以致于…”

  We need such material as is being used in your factory.(定语从句)

  我们需要像在你们工厂里使用的那样的材料。

  This is such an easy question that I can answer it.(状语从句)

  这个问题简单得我都能回答。

  (2) as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别

  与which引导非限制性定语从句相比:①as的先行词一般不是一个单词,常是整个主句或短语;which的

  先行词可以是一个单词或整个主句;②as通常含有“正如...那样”的意思,而which没有;③as从句可放在

  句首/中/尾,而which从句不能放在句首;④as在从句中作主语时谓语中一般必须含be动词,which没有

  此限制。⑤which从句可表由主句带来的结果,as从句不能。如:

  As we have seen, the earth is round.

  正如我们看到的那样,地球是圆的。

  As is reported, many people were killed in the accident.

  正如报道的那样,很多人死于这场事故。

  The earth is round, which we all know.

  地球是圆的,这是众所周知的。

  He went abroad, which made his wife feel lonely.

  他出了国,这让他的妻子感到很孤独。(主句和从句有因果关系)

  注意:常见由as引出的类似于插入语的定语从句:as anybody can see, as we all know, as we had expected, 

  as is known to all, as is well known, as has been said before, as often happens, as is reported /said / 

  believed, as is natural, as is (often)the case等。

  5. 使用定语从句应注意的几个问题

  (1) 当先行词是way,表示方式方法时,引导词可用in which或that,并且that可省略。

  This is the way in which / (that) I study English.

  (2) 注意区别先行词,引导词。

  Is this +名词the one that 从句

  Is this the名词+ that从句

  Is this school the one that you visited? / where you study? (先行词为the one)

  Is this the school that you visited? / where you study?(先行词为the school)

  (3) 注意区别定语从句和强调句式。

  It is +名词that(which...)(定从)

  It is +介词 +名词that从句(强调句)

  It is the place(that / which)he was born in. (定从)

  It is the place where / in which he was born. (定从)

  It is in the place that he was born.(强调句)

  强调句去掉It is/was... that后句子还成立,that在句中不充当成分。

  6. 关系代词that与which和who的用法区别

  (1) 一般只用that不用which情况

  ① 先行词是不定代词all, any, little, few, some, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, 

  the one等。

  Is there anything(that)I can do for you?

  有什么我能为你做的事情吗?

  ② 先行词被不定代词next, all, no, little, few, any等词修饰时只能用that。

  ③ 先行词被具唯一性的only,the very/right,just,the last等词修饰时,只能用that。

  The only thing that I can do for you is to lend you some money.

  我唯一能为你做的事情就是借给你一些钱。

  This is the very book that I'm looking for.

  这就是我正在找的那本书。

  ④ 先行词是数词或被序数词修饰时,只能用that。

  He was the first (person) that passed the exam.

  他是第一个通过考试的人。

  ⑤ 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时,只能用that。

  This is the best film that I have ever seen.

  这是我看过的最好的电影。

  ⑥ 先行词既有人又有物只用that。

  The film star and her film that you have just talked about are really well-known.

  你们刚才谈论的这个电影明星及她的电影真的很有名。

  ⑦ 如果两个从句,其中一个关系代词用which,另一个则用that以避免重复。

  He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

  他建立了一家生产人们以前从来没有见过的东西的工厂。

  ⑧ 主句是there be, here be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句常用that引导。

  There is a book on the desk that belongs to Frank.

  桌子上有一本属于弗兰克的书。

  ⑨ 主句主语是who,which等疑问词,为避免wh-词重复只用that。

  ⑩ 含多个定语从句时,要尽量避免which和that复用。

  (2) 定语从句中只用which而不用that情况

  ① 当关系代词前有介词时:

  This is the house of which the windows face south.

  这就是窗户朝南的那座房子。

  ② 引导非限制性定语从句只用which。which可代表先行词或者前句,译成“这一点,这件事”。

  Tom came back, which made us happy.

  汤姆回来了,这让我们很开心。

  ③ 先行词是that,those且指物时,关系词用which。

  What's that which was bright in the car?

  车里特别亮的那个东西是什么?

  ④ 一个句子两个定语从句,为避免重复,一个用that,另一个用which。

  Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

  (3) 定语从句中用who而不用that情况

  ① 先行词是明确指人的those, one, ones, anyone, people, all时,关系词用who。

  Those who want to take part in the party should sign your name here.

  Anyone who didn't come must be punished.

  ② 在there be结构中,主语是人,先行词只用who, whom。

  There is a person who wants to see you.

  ③ 有多个定语从句时,为避免重复,who, that交替使用。

  The teacher that was praised at yesterday's meeting who is our English teacher will go to Beijing tomorrow.

  ④ 间隔性定语从句(先行词后有定语或其他成分)为避免歧义,关系词用who指人。

  He was the only one in the office who was invited to the ball.

  ⑤ 当先行词为人称代词时。

  He who doesn't make mistakes makes nothing.

  注意:关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的单复形式根据先行词来确定,即先行词为单数,从句

  谓语动词为单数;先行词为复数,从句谓语动词为复数。

  I who am a student must study hard.

  He is one of the students who ware late for school.

  He is the only one of the students who was late for school.

  7 “介词+关系代词”的定语从句

  (1) 关系代词which,whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,从句常由“介词+ which(或whom,不能用

  that)”引出,即介词提前。若介词与定语从句中的动词等为固定习语,介词提前后习语含义会发生变化,

  介词就不能提前。

  Great changes are taking place in the city in which they live.

  他们所居住的城市正在发生着巨大的变化。.

  The film of which I'm speaking is to be shown at the People's Cinema next week.

  我正在谈到的这部电影下星期在人民电影院上映。

  This is the teacher from whom we've learnt a lot.

  这就是我们从他那里学到很多东西的那位老师。

  The policeman with whom Mr. Henry is talking in the office is a friend of mine.

  正在办公室与亨利先生谈话的那位警察是我的一位朋友。

  (2) 这类从句中的介词也可放在从句的末尾,这时关系代词可以省略也可用that。

  The man (whom / that)we sent the present to is a doctor of law.  

  我们寄给他礼物的那个人是一位法学博士。

  (3) 定语从句也可以由“名词(代词或数词)+介词+ which / whom”引出。(此情况下,介词短语有时

  可前置)。

  The house, the windows of which were damaged has now been repaired.

  窗子遭破坏的那幢房子现在已经修缮好了。

  We have two spare rooms upstairs, neither of which has been much used in the past two years.

  我们楼上有两间空房,过去两年内都没怎么用。

  He has three sons, two of whom work in Dalian.

  他有三个儿子,其中两个在大连工作。

  8. where引导定语从句修饰限定模糊,抽象的地点

  where引导的定语从句的先行词大多数情况下是表示地点的名词,但也有特殊情况。如果定语从句修饰

  point, situation, part, condition, activity, case,stage等表示模糊地点的词,关系词在定语从句中充当

  状语时,常用where 引导,意思是“到了某种地步,在某种境况中”。如:

  You reach a point where medicine can’t help.

  你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。

  There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb.

  在一些情况下,mighty一词可用作副词。  

  注意:碰到这些词作为先行词时并不一定都用where,也要具体情况具体分析,它们只有在定语从句作状语

  时才用where。 例如:

  ---Do you have anything to say for yourself?

  ---Yes, there’s one point ____ we must insist on.  

  句子中关系词在定语从句中做宾语,所以选择关系代词that,which或者不填。


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