第三章英语学术论文写作与发表

摘要（Abstract）撰写

一篇论文的摘要是读者的第一个信息来源，是论文能够流通共享的重要因素，它通常被看做是一篇论文最重要的部分之一，拥有独特的功能：1）论文的缩影；2）决定发表机构是否收录；3）促进流通性。论文摘要的内容要包括整篇论文正文的主要内容：研究背景，研究目的，研究方法，研究发现和研究结论。正因为摘要需要展现文章整体情况这一原因，才把摘要放在完成主体论文后来写。

从语言和信息内容来看，摘要的语言具有高度概括性，信息内容精炼，尽量用最少的语言传达最多的信息，同时有保证语篇结构的连贯性（黄国文，葛达西，张美芳，2011），因此，在格式上，若论文较长，摘要字数须控制在200字左右，最好不要超过500字；若论文较短，50—100字的摘要即可。

有些机构要求论文发表时在摘要后写上论文的关键词（Keywords），通常是名词，名词短语和动名词。

为了更好地理解摘要部分要怎么来写，我们来看看摘自文章“Food insecurity and low income in an English inner city”的摘要（Abstract）部分的句子都有什么含义。

Ex. 3-7

Abstract

Background Low incomes may not provide the minimum requirements for healthy living. We evaluated experiences of food insecurity in relation to income in inner London.

Methods Subjects attending 10 general medical practices completed a short self-administered questionnaire, including the short form Household Food Security Scale and a short food frequency questionnaire.

Results Responses were obtained from 431/495 (87 per cent) subjects. Overall 87 (20 per cent) of subjects were classified as food insecure. Food insecurity was negatively associated with household income (p = 0.004). University-educated subjects (8 per cent) were less often food insecure than all others (26 per cent). Subjects who were food insecure were less likely to report eating fruit daily (food secure 48 per cent, food insecure 33 per cent, p = 0.017) or vegetables or salads daily (food secure 56 per cent, food insecure 34 per cent, p = 0.002).

Conclusions Experiences of food insecurity may be common in households with incomes at the level of the UK national minimum wage or lower.

[A1] Keywords: food security, dietary intakes, income, socio- economic status[A2] （Tingay et al., 2003）（178 words）

摘要部分完成程度检测表(Checklist)

2.3.6论文修改

修改论文时可以用以下评价标准（Assessment checklist）来从整体上检查论文是否达到要求。先从宏观来看论文内容和结构，宏观上的问题解决后，再从微观上来检查论文的细节。

评价标准

注：这一评价标准既可用于检查自己的论文，又可用于评价文献来判别文献是否适于参考借鉴。

(以上是撰写摘要的一种形式，就是把背景（目的）、方法、结果、结论分开描述；下面是另一种撰写形式，采取归纳总结的形式，将上述内容合并，用一个段落或两个段落来描述。周四检测时大家可自己选择一种形式撰写，同时要求写出关键词。)

一、摘要的基本要素

摘要需要系统、逻辑、简要地概括全文的基本内容，一般包括下列内容，但并非面面俱到，不同的研究可以有不同的侧重：

1）目的。调查、研究、研制的前提、出发点、任务和涉及的主要范围。

2）方法。运用的原理、理论、条件、手段、程序、步骤等

3）结果。实验、观察或研究的结果、数据、关系、效应、性能等。

4）结论。结果的分析、比较、评价、应用；提出的问题；今后的课题、假设、启发、建议、预测等。

二、科技论文英文摘要写作要点

（一）结构：科技论文英文摘要结构比较固定,通常由主题句(陈述研究的目的及研究和解决的问题)、展开句(介绍作了哪些研究及研究的途径、采用的模型、实验范围与方法)、结尾句(陈述研究结果及评价论文的价值)组成。其写作要求逻辑连贯(Coherence)、表达明晰(Clearness)与畅达(Fluency)。

（二）常用句型与句式:

1.首句

由于摘要的首句必须是开门见山点破主题, 常用的句型有：

1.This paper gives a brief introduction to...;

2.This article describes a detailed study of...;

3.This paper discusses...;

4.This article gives a complete commentary on the...;

5. In this paper are presented the results...;

6.A new method is described for...;

7.The principle of...is outlined;

8.The apparatus of...is described;

9.Automation of...is discussed;

10.An account of...is given;

11.The use of...is addressed;

12.The mechanism of...is examined;

13.The dependence of...was established;

14.An analysis of...was carried out.

常用的句式有主动和被动式两种：

主动语态:

① The author or writer looks at the problem of…

② The paper discusses…

③ The purpose of the article is to determine…

④ The writer have found the problem of…

被动语态:

① An investigation was designed to test…

② The disagreements between… are discussed…

③ The new method of… was popularized…

④ A concept and its form have been advanced…

常用的动词:

discuss, study, research, describe, explain, expound, confirm, verify, clarify, prove, testify, show, bear out, point out, instruct, illustrate, put forward, advance, analyze, sum up, summarize, introduce, present, elaborate.

2.展开句

随后要用几个句子进一步叙述文章的具体内容,常用的句式有:

1.The aim of this study is to...;

2.Our study of...is based on...;

3.The idea of our method of measurement is to analyze...;

4.Comparison of our results with...

3.尾句

在摘要的后部分,要对全文作一总结或对以后的研究提建议,常用句型有：

1.We thus conclude that...;

2.The results show that...;

3.We conjecture猜测that...;

4.Although a number of tests and comparison of the method have given satisfactory results, additional investigations to provide further justification and verification are required

6)The author suggests or concludes that…

7)It recommended that…

8)It has bee found that…

9)It concluded to be…

10)Finally, some significant agreements…

三、时态原则

英语中各种时态的运用原则在撰写论文摘要时同样适用,但具体写作时常用三种时态:

1.一般现在时。这是最常用的时态,描述没有时间性的“评述”、“讨论”、“报导”、“提出”、“认识”、“研究”等客观存在的背景信息介绍,常用现在时态;

2.一般过去时。表示撰写论文前已作的工作或分阶段研究中的情况(如描述实验活动中实验样品的制备、成分、实验现象,以及描述实验结果、数据、观察结果、得到的效果性能等);也用来表示转述已发表文献的报导、讨论和研究内容等;

3.现在完成时。表示某项研究或状态已经完成,强调其影响与作用,或是这种研究或状态到撰写论文时还在持续。

四、范文

例1 Abstract : This paper proposes a new approach and corresponding experiments for the nonlinear robust control非线性鲁棒控制 of super – conducting magnetic energy storage(SMES超导磁储能系统) to improve the transient stability of power systems. Based on the results of the SMES prototype experiments , a new dynamic model with disturbances of SMES is adopted , and is transferred to a p. u. system for simplifying the dynamic analysis and controller design. The feedback linearization scheme and linear control theory are applied to design a novel SMES nonlinear robust controller in an one – machine infinite bus (OMIB) power system.

In order to validate such positive effects of the proposed control strategy , experiments are performed on a laboratory setup of SMES. The results of experiments demonstrate that the proposed nonlinear robust controller has better performances to improve the transient stability of power systems than that of conventional PI controllers.

这篇英文摘要共计135 words ,由五个句子构成。

第1 句中提出了论文的目的“ to improve the transient stability of power systems”(以提高电力系统暂态稳定)

在第2、3 句提出了研究的过程与方法:“在实验样机的基础上,提出了新的基于电流型变流器的SMES 的动态模型,并将其转化为标幺制模型,以简化动态性能分析和控制器设计。 通过外部干扰的引入,得到了装设SMES 的单机无穷大系统的动态模型,并采用精确线性方法和线性控制理论设计了SMES 的非线性鲁棒控制器. ”

第4 句涉及研究的结果:“为验证该控制器的效果,对装设SMES 单机无穷大系统进行了数字仿真和动模实验. ”

第5 句点出结论:“仿真和实验结果表明,非线性鲁棒控制器比常规PI 控制器具有更好的性能. ”

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这篇论文的摘要所要涵盖的内容（背景，研究目的，研究方法，研究发现和结论）都一目了然地展现，且字数控制到位。这就是一篇很好的摘要来作为文章的缩影，使读者很快掌握文章内容，促进其流通性。初写论文的读者不妨可以加以效仿。

论文的关键词，都是名词和名词短语。

第二篇：英语学术论文写作常用句

1.1 英语学术论文常用句型

Beginning

1. In this paper。。

2. This paper proceeds as follow.

3. The structure of the paper is as follows.

4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.

2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.

3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.

Review

1. This review is followed by an introduction.

2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.

3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.

4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...

5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.

6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.

Body

1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.

2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.

3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.

5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window

6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...

7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.

8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.

9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.

10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.

11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.

13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.

14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.

15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.

16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.

17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.

18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.

19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..

20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.

21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.

22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.

23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.

25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.

26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.

27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...

This Section

1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.

2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section

2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.

3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the fo

rmulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.

4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.

5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.

6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.

2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.

3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.

4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.

5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized

6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.

7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.

Chapter 0. Abstract

1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.

2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.

3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.

4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.

5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.

6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.

7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.

8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.

9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.

10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.

11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.

12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.

13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.

14. This paper analyses problems in

15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...

16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...

17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.

19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.

21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.

23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1. Introduction

Time

1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive

2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the

4. The development of ... is explored

5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...

8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...

9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.

10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx

11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.

12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].

13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.

Objective / Goal / Purpose

1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.

3. The paper concerns the development of a xx

4. The scope of this research lies in

5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.

6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...

7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:

8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10. The main objective of such a ... system is to

11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.

12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13. In order to take advantage of their similarity

14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed

15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...

16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues

17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.

18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.

19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods

20. This illustration points out the need to specify

21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.

22. Chapter 2. Literature Review

23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx

24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade

25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.

26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.

28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in

methodological aspects as in concrete applications.

29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.

30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.

31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.

33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.

34. The central issue in all these studies is to

35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.

36. Applied ... techniques to

37. Characterized the ... system as

38. Developed an algorithm to

39. Developed a system called ... which

40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41. Emphasized the need to

42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken

44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/

Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46. Point out that the problem of

47. A study on ...was done / developed by []

48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49. The approach taken by [] is

50. The system developed by [] consists

51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []

52. []'s model requires consideration of...

53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development

54. []'s model focuses on...

55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to

56. The published information that is relevant to this research...

57. This study further shows that

58. Their work is based on the principle of

59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].

60. Studies have been completed to established

61. The ...studies indicated that

62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.

Problem / Issue / Question

63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.

64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems

67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed

69. An unanswered question

70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.

71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....

72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed

73. The three prime issues can be summarized:

74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...

75. There have been many attempts to

76. It is expected to be serious barrier to

77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex