硕士学位论文开题报告
撰写时应注意的相关问题
1、论文开题的主要内容
重点解释或阐述6个W，即：Why、What、How、Who、Which、Where
1.1 Why？――论文选题的目的和意义
l 选题或研究的背景简要说明，基于什么样的背景或前提来选这个题目进行研究？
l 研究总体上要达到个什么样的目的？研究的学术价值如何？
l 研究的意义有哪些，理论意义、现实意义、工程实践意义……
1.2 Who、Which？――国内外研究动态及现状分析
可针对所选题目，从多角度对本学科研究方向的相关研究动态及研究成果进行查询、分析和综述，尽可能表述哪些人在做些什么，达到何种程度，取得些什么成果，关键是要突出还有什么不足或不全之处，并能找到相应的突破口，为本论文选题提供可靠依据。
l 国外研究动态
l 国内研究动态
1.3 What？――论文主要的研究内容
在掌握了解和分析相关国内外相关研究动态的基础上，回答论文选题关注的研究对
象，研究范围，以及在此范围内要进行研究的主要内容有哪些。在此会有一些相关概念的区分、范围的界定、研究内容所关注和突出的重点等等应交代清楚，语言表述上一定要简明清晰，如研究内容1、2、3。
1.4 How？――论文研究的方法和技术路线
这里主要针对具体的研究内容，说明要采用什么样的研究方法区进行相应的收集资料、数据、分类评价、分析研究、归纳总结、图表展示等等（田野考察、实态调查、问卷调查；采用何种评价体系、评价标准；逻辑推理、理论分析、数理分析；分类比较、纵横比较即历史时间和地理空间、不同学科比较等等
而配合上述这些方法所采取的技术路线是什么？拟解决的研究关键问题有哪些？本论文研究的创新点是什么？如采用同样的研究方法，你和别人的区别又在哪儿？（学科视角、学术视野、研究层面、对象、地点、时段）
1.5 Where？――论文研究需要找寻的支撑材料
具体要到哪里去找寻和获取论文所需要的支撑材料，即研究的时间计划、出行计划等等，不管到村里、城市相关部门或是居民家里、公共场所，你要去哪里找寻什么东西必须清楚，至于采用何种方式，见仁见智，没有固定模式。
2、论文的格式要求
一定要按照科技论文的格式要求来撰写，（研究生手册）
从提出选题报告开始，就应注意要按照科技论文的常规格式要求来撰写材料，包括各章节题目、分节题目及正文所要求的字体、大小、页面版式、引注、图表等等规范，不要到最后才来调整。也就是说，不论我们做什么事情，首先要把相关的规则弄清楚，有目的的去具体实施。
在论文中，除了相应的标题有黑体之外，所遇到的英文和数字，一般采用Time snew Roman字体。
论文的章节标题1.1、1.1.1，与前面的文字都应空一行，1.1.1.1或1、要求转行，而在下一级标题1）、（1）就可以直接连着写。如：
2.2 三教互补的云南汉传佛教寺院
2.2.1“三教合一”的思想影响
“三教合一”是中国传统文化发展过程中的文化融合现象。中国传统文化，以先秦孔孟
开创的儒家思想为主，其次是老庄确立的道家思想及东汉兴起的道教，再者就是两汉之际自印度北传至中国的佛教，这就是一般习惯上所说的“儒、道、佛”三教。
2.2.3汉传佛教寺院的文化特性
中国的佛教建筑，自然渊源于印度的佛教建筑，但是中国的佛教建筑与印度的佛教建筑
有一个明显的外观差别，那就是，印度的佛教是孤立分割、单元独立的；
1 传统建筑文化准则体现
美国学者克里斯蒂安·乔基姆曾经对中国佛寺和其它中国建筑作过比较，认为它们都遵
循着相同的中国文化准则，这些准则除了体现在建筑选址上要考虑的堪舆风水外，更体现在建筑的总体布局上。
1）都市型阶段：这主要是在魏晋南北朝时期，这一阶段的汉传佛教寺院绝大多数都建在都市里。如《洛阳伽蓝记》描述洛阳城的寺院盛况曰：“招提（寺院）栉比，宝塔骈罗，争写天上之姿，竞模山中之影。
2 南传佛教被囿于德宏坝区：南传上座部佛教于15世纪覆盖了除今梁河县以外的德宏州主要坝区，19世纪末，又推进到梁河县傣族和德昂族聚居区。自此，南传上座部佛教已完全扎根于德宏，但却未能继续向北进一步渗透，究其原因，主要体现在以下几方面：
1）德宏州的东北部是汉族主要聚居地的腾冲与龙陵，实力雄厚的中原文化早已浸染了这里的每个角落，且在南诏时期就已普遍崇信大乘佛教（汉传佛教）。
2）北部的高黎贡山和闻名于世的怒江大峡谷，是古代西南丝绸之路上交通往来最艰难的一段，对上座部佛教继续往北传播有地理空间上的客观限制。
2.1 参考文献
[1] 刘敦桢. 中国古代建筑史（第二版）[M]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 1984.
[2] 〔美〕刘易斯·芒福德. 城市发展史[M]. 宋俊岭. 倪文彦译. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社: 2005.
[3] 陈 薇. 木结构作为先进技术和社会意识的选择[J]. 建筑师. 2003（6）: 70-88.
[4] 谭刚毅. 云南傣族上座部佛教建筑的形式与理念[D]. 昆明: 昆明理工大学, 2000.
[5] 连芳.云南潜藏太多历史谜题[N].春城晚报.20##年12月18日.第23版.人物对话.
[6] 〔美〕The New Encyclopedia Britannica. Volume 11. Printed in U. S. A, 1988
[7] 〔美〕C. G. Jung. Memories,Dreams,Reflections. New York, 1961
2.2 图表编号
图表都是自己制作、绘制的就直接写图号、图名和表号、表名，如果是引用别人的则应标注清楚。
图号、图名，如图1-1、××平面图（引自×××《著作名称》或《硕士、博士论文》）；
表号、表名，如表2-1、××一览表（引自×××《》，或根据××资料整理）
2.3 引注和注释
一般常用[1]或圆的①在引用句的右上角，如：云南潜藏有太多的历史谜题[1]；应“本着实事
求是的精神，真实地反映当地民族对佛教是怎样理解和发展佛教的，还历史本来面目，体现
出云南上座部佛教的原貌和民族特点[2]”。
大乘佛教把他大大神化，说他神通广大，威力无穷，智慧无比，同时还创造了诸如弥勒
佛、观世音、地藏、文殊、普贤等很多菩萨注1。透析出佛教“曼荼罗”注2（Mandala）所内涵有的环绕中心（佛塔、佛祖、禅堂）、四围布列、周边护卫的“聚集型”空间的本质性特征。
3、论文开题报告应有的内容
其实论文的开题报告相当于正式论文的第一章绪论的内容，主要是表述学位论文要进行的具体研究以及相关比较介绍，所以，一定要让别人清楚你准备关注和研究的核心问题。在综合阐述前面的6个“W”之后，结合着准备研究的主要内容，提供一个论文的章节结构，即各章节要分析讨论的理论框架、论文目录和参考文献等。比如：
● 研究的主要内容：
本项目拟以建筑学、园林学、景观环境学、建筑文化学、类型学、宗教学等多学科相结合融贯的多维视野，确定以下主要研究内容：
1）、不同类型宗教建筑的发展演变规律及其相关历史文化背景。
2）、各类型宗教建筑的建筑技术、艺术精华、地区性特征。
3）、各类型宗教建筑的建筑空间、环境构成、形态秩序及其所表征的内涵。
4）、各类型宗教建筑在地方村落、城镇环境中的中心调控作用和标志性。
5）、系统整理与把握各类型宗教建筑技艺精华的现代借鉴、转换应用。
● 研究的预期目标：
本项目研究力求结合满足云南地方发展旅游事业的现实需要；满足保护民族文化遗产和地域性特色，充分利用地方不可再生资源和优秀传统建筑技艺的需要；满足保持文化多样性与建设云南民族文化大省的需要；着重探索云南地方宗教建筑的多重价值和意义，完整反映各类型宗教建筑所体现的地域性特征，寻求对不同类型的宗教建筑持续利用和发展的保护对策，提供更多的发展机遇，承传和借鉴对传统古建建筑技艺精华的现代转换应用，促进地方建筑文化的多元共生。
● 拟解决的关键问题：
1）、首先梳理、弄清云南各地方现存不同类型宗教建筑的历史与现状，并对相关的典型实例进行抢救性测绘、记录。
2）、从现存的各类型宗教建筑遗构中追溯其发展演变历史及其规律，分类比较这些宗教建筑与中原内地和周边国家彼此交流的相互关联，总结分析其物质与空间构成特征、地方建构特色、各种历史价值和文化艺术价值。
3）、掌握各类型宗教建筑的建筑空间形态与建构行为的关系（包括隐性行为和显性行为）。
4）、结合当前地方的建设与发展趋势，重点关注、协调保护与发展的关系，重视传统技术与现代技术的结合应用。
● 主要的研究方法：
1）、田野考查法：借助文化人类学的田野工作方法，用访问、记录、测绘、摄影等多种手段对云南地方现存的各类型宗教建筑进行实地调研，收集有关基础资料，以便系统、全面地了解各地方古建的历史与现状。
2）、分析比较法：按类型学的方法，对所收集的各类型宗教建筑实例进行分类比较、总结归纳，进而分析它们的物质环境与空间构成特征、地区性特征、建构技术艺术成就，以及传统技术精华可导向现代技术应用的借鉴与结合方法。
3）、逆向时间向度法：站在新世纪的时代高度，从现存的宗教建筑遗构中追溯其发展演变的历史与规律，凸现各类型宗教建筑资源丰厚的传统文化价值及未来发展的潜在可能性，探索其多元化、多层次的构成机理和评价方法，努力寻求可有效保护的持续利用更新对策。
● 研究的技术路线：
以云南地区宗教建筑的实体空间为切入点，沿物质和精神两大方面进行多角度、多层次的分析研究。发掘导致这些宗教建筑实例发展演变的历史规律，包括其深层的文化内涵及各种制约因素，由此可进一步探讨云南地方宗教建筑的保护与发展理论、云南地方宗教建筑的持续利用对策，使如何更好地继承与发扬云南地方民族建筑文化，保持地方建筑特色有科学的理论依据。
云南地区佛教建筑研究的理论框架示意
●论文撰写计划
20##年11月—20##年4月：走访有关部门，查阅相关的文献资料，分地点进行考察，测绘记录。并对已调查收集的资料做绘制整理，分类研究讨论，找出不足和补充完善措施。
20##年5月—20##年8月：全面开展对各种类型不同建筑实例的调研分
析，及时整理绘制，并按研究的方法和技术路线进行多角度、多层面的分析比较，
撰写有关论文。
20##年9月—20##年12月：继续扩展研究对象，做更深入的研究讨论。
对前期所取得的初步研究成果进一步补充、整合，听取有关专家的反馈意见，修
改完善。
20##年1月～20##年3月：论文修改完善并准备答辩。
2 技术路线（20##级 荆红红）
技术路线（20##级 许飞进）
● 论文的初步框架
【设想1】
云南地区宗教建筑研究
绪论
1、研究的学术背景
2、研究的目的意义
3、研究的主要内容
4、研究的方法路线
第一部分云南地区宗教建筑的本土化历程
1-1、宗教建筑活动的历史背景
1、关于宗教信仰与宗教建筑
2、云南地区民族宗教信仰概说
3、云南地区的宗教建筑类型
4、云南地区的宗教建筑遗存
1-2、各宗教在云南的传播和影响
1、儒教对云南民族的教化
2、佛教在云南的发展演化
3、道教在云南地方的成长
4、伊斯兰教在云南的推广
5、基督教对云南的影响
1-3、民族宗教信仰行为对建筑空间的要求
1、宗教行为的空间化产物—宗教建筑
2、宗教行为对宗教空间的定格和制约
3、与宗教有关的隐性行为和显性行为
4、以宗教形式表达的生态观念和价值
第二部分云南地区宗教建筑特色研究
2-1、云南地区宗教建筑的空间特点
1、道德经纬——儒教文庙的殿堂格局
2、三宝一体——佛教寺院的空间结构
3、平步青云——道教宫观的经营布局
4、清真不二——伊斯兰教清真寺的特征
5、天赐福音——基督教教堂的场所效应
6、节日场所——白族本主庙的生活内涵
2-2、云南地区宗教建筑及文化的融合渗透
1、汉传、藏传和南传佛教建筑的相互影响
2、儒、道、佛三教建筑融合的地方化倾向
3、伊斯兰教清真寺与汉传佛教殿堂借鉴表征
4、基督教、天主教教堂与地方民族建筑嫁接
5、本土宗教建筑与外来宗教建筑的交流对话
2-3、云南地区宗教建筑的技艺特征
1、宗教建筑的技艺处理及其地区性特征
2、宗教建筑的空间形态秩序及表征意义
3、宗教建筑在村落中的“磁性中心”作用
2-4、云南地区宗教建筑的保护与展望
1、云南地区宗教建筑遗产面临的现状
2、云南地区不同宗教建筑的保护思考
【设想2】
神人共居的空间场所
——云南地区宗教建筑比较研究
历史篇
第1章绪论
1-1、研究的学术背景
1-2、研究的目的意义
1-3、研究的主要内容
1-4、研究的方法路线
第2章云南地区宗教建筑的社会背景
2-1、关于宗教信仰与宗教建筑
2-2、云南地区民族宗教信仰概说
2-3、云南地区的宗教建筑类型
2-4、云南地区的宗教建筑遗存
第3章云南地区宗教建筑的本土化历程
3-1、儒教对云南的教化
3-2、佛教在云南的发展
3-3、道教在云南的成长
3-4、伊斯兰教在云南的推广
3-5、基督教对云南的影响
第4章云南地方民族的宗教行为研究
4-1、宗教行为的空间化产物—宗教建筑
4-2、宗教行为对宗教空间的定格和制约
4-3、与宗教有关的隐性行为和显性行为
4-4、以宗教形式表达的生态观念和价值
第5章云南地区宗教建筑的文化境界
5-1、儒教的社会规矩
5-2、佛教的心灵空幻
5-3、道教的精神自由
5-4、伊斯兰教的专一
5-5、基督教的文化浸染
建筑篇
第6章云南地区宗教建筑形式比较分析
6-1、道德经纬——儒教文庙的殿堂格局
6-2、三宝一体——佛教寺院的空间结构
6-3、平步青云——道教宫观的经营布局
6-4、清真不二——伊斯兰教清真寺的特征
6-5、天赐福音——基督教教堂的中心调控
6-6、节日场所——白族本主庙的生活内涵
第7章云南地区宗教建筑的文化交融
7-1、汉传、藏传和南传佛教建筑的相互影响
7-2、儒、道、佛三教建筑融合的地方化倾向
7-3、伊斯兰教清真寺与汉传佛教殿堂借鉴表征
7-4、基督教、天主教教堂与地方民族建筑嫁接
7-5、本土宗教建筑与外来宗教建筑的交流对话
第8章云南地区宗教建筑营建手法的综合比较
8-1、宗教建筑的技艺处理及其地区性特征
8-2、宗教建筑的空间形态秩序及表征意义
8-3、宗教建筑在村落中的“磁性中心”作用
第9章佛塔的建筑艺术形式与演变研究
9-1、关于塔崇拜的由来与多义解释
9-2、从柱崇拜到塔崇拜的文化颤变
9-3、云南地区的佛塔及其纪念意义
第10章结论
【设想3】
云南地区宗教建筑比较研究
――以儒、释、道三教建筑为例
绪论
第1章、关于宗教信仰与宗教建筑
第2章、儒释道三教在云南的流布
第3章、云南地区的儒教建筑
第4章、云南地区的佛教建筑
第5章、云南地区的道教建筑
第6章、儒释道三教建筑形式比较
第7章、儒释道三教建筑技艺特征
第8章、儒释道三教建筑人生境界
结论
【定论】
云南佛教建筑研究
绪论
1章、关于宗教信仰与宗教建筑
2章、佛教发端及其在云南的流布
3章、云南地区的佛教分类
1、两系三传：大乘佛教、小乘佛教：大乘之藏传、汉传，小乘之南传
2、本土：白族的本主崇拜、阿咤力密教
4章、云南佛教建筑的类型特点
1、汉传佛教建筑：唐宋时期、元明时期、阿咤力
2、藏传佛教建筑：苯教、红教、白教、黄教、花教
3、南传佛教建筑：版纳型、临沧型、瑞丽型、芒市型
4、云南本土佛教：白族本主庙、彝族土主庙
5章、云南佛教建筑的空间技艺特征
1、不同教派建筑的空间布局
2、不同教派建筑的结构技术
3、不同教派建筑之间的相互比较
6章、云南佛教寺塔的建筑形式研究
1、塔崇拜的渊源
2、塔崇拜的文化嬗变
3、云南佛教寺塔的形式特征
7章、佛教建筑体现的人生境界
结论
云南佛教寺院建筑研究
目 录
第1章 绪论········································································································· 01
1.1 缘起····················································································································· 01
1.2 研究的目的意义···································································································03
1.3 研究的主要内容···································································································08
1.4 研究的方法路线···································································································08
第2章 云南佛教信仰的文化景观··································································11
2.1 宗教信仰与宗教建筑···························································································11
2.1.1 关于宗教信仰····························································································11
2.1.2 佛教大小乘的区别····················································································15
2.2 宗教艺术的象征表达··························································································17
2.2.1 宗教与艺术的统一····················································································18
2.2.2 象征的蕴藏与转换··················································································· 20
2.2.3 建筑中的宗教象征··················································································· 24
2.3 宗教意识与宗教审美··························································································28
2.3.1 宗教意识···································································································28
2.3.2 宗教审美·································································································· 30
2.4 宗教建筑及崇拜场所··························································································32
2.4.1 宗教建筑·································································································· 32
2.4.2 聚集的崇拜场所······················································································· 34
2.4.3 佛教寺院的由来························································································40
2.4.4 寺院文化的表现······················································································· 42
2.5 本章小结·············································································································48
第3章 佛教寺院在云南发展流布·································································49
3.1 云南佛教寺院的发端··························································································49
3.2 云南汉传佛寺的兴建发展··················································································50
3.2.1 唐宋时期的寺院·······················································································51
3.2.2 元明时期的寺院······················································································ 56
3.2.3 清朝时期的寺院······················································································ 64
3.3 云南藏传佛寺的流派分布··················································································67
3.3.1云南藏传佛教的兴起与普及·····································································68
3.3.2云南藏传佛教教派及其寺院···································································· 70
3.4 云南南传佛寺的传播影响··················································································74
3.4.1 南传佛教入滇的时限及路线··································································· 75
3.4.2 云南南传佛教寺院的兴建······································································· 78
3.5 本章小结············································································································83
第4章 云南佛教寺院的类型特点································································85
4.1 密本合一的“阿吒力”密教寺院······································································85
4.1.1 “阿吒力”密教的特点·········································································· 85
4.1.2 “阿吒力”密教圣殿兴教寺···································································87
4.2 三教互补的云南汉传佛教寺院··········································································91
4.2.1 “三教合一”的思想影响······································································ 91
4.2.2 “三教合一”的汉传寺院······································································ 93
4.2.3 汉传佛教寺院的文化特性······································································ 97
4.2.4 云南汉传佛教的寺院类型···································································· 108
4.3 汉藏结合的云南藏传佛教寺院········································································134
4.3.1 藏传佛教寺院的空间组合·····································································135
4.3.2 云南藏传佛教的寺院类型·····································································139
4.4 多元融合的云南南传佛教寺院········································································150
4.4.1云南南传佛寺的总体特点······································································154
4.4.2云南南传佛教的寺院类型····································································· 154
4.5 本章小结·········································································································172
第5章 云南佛教寺院的地域特征······························································173
5.1 云南佛教寺院的地域性····················································································173
5.1.1 “阿吒力”密教的地方化·······································································175
5.1.2 “阿吒力”密教的政治化······································································176
5.1.3 佛教寺院的社会一体化········································································· 177
5.2 云南佛教寺院的民族性····················································································180
5.2.1 观音菩萨的乐土···················································································· 181
5.2.2 佛教寺院的民族化表征········································································· 183
5.3 云南佛教寺院的兼容性····················································································188
5.3.1 不同宗教之间的兼容············································································ 188
5.3.2 不同教派之间的兼容············································································ 194
5.3.3 不同建筑文化的兼容············································································ 195
5.4 云南佛教寺院的磁极性····················································································203
5.4.1 寺院场所与磁性中心············································································· 203
5.4.2 磁性中心与聚落互动············································································· 212
5.5 云南佛教寺院的独创性····················································································214
5.5.1 寺院空间格局的独创性········································································· 215
5.5.2 寺院方位选择的独创性········································································· 217
5.5.3 建筑形态技艺的独创性········································································· 219
5.6 本章小结··········································································································223
第6章 云南佛教寺院的建筑技艺·······························································225
6.1 传统佛教寺院的技艺表现················································································225
6.1.1 传统佛教寺院型制的演进····································································· 225
6.1.2 传统佛教寺院的塑像变化····································································· 229
6.2 云南与中原的交流联系····················································································236
6.2.1 历史渊源································································································236
6.2.2 建筑技艺借鉴························································································ 238
6.3 云南佛教寺院的建构技术················································································239
6.3.1 平面布置与构架特征············································································· 240
6.3.2 寺院殿堂的斗栱构造············································································· 247
6.4 云南佛教寺院的装饰艺术·················································································255
6.4.1 寺院雕塑艺术························································································· 255
6.4.2 寺院绘画艺术·························································································258
6.5 本章小结··········································································································267
第7章 云南佛教寺塔的形式与文化··························································269
7.1 丰富多彩的云南佛教寺塔················································································269
7.2 云南佛塔的形式及其文化意味·········································································273
7.2.1 汉传佛教佛塔························································································ 273
7.2.2 金刚宝座佛塔·························································································281
7.2.3 南传佛教佛塔························································································ 284
7.3 从“柱”崇拜到“塔”崇拜的嬗变··································································293
7.3.1 从“树”崇拜到“柱”崇拜····································································294
7.3.2 中原地区的“柱”崇拜·········································································· 298
7.3.3 云南本土的“柱”崇拜···········································································302
7.4 佛教寺塔的文化意义························································································307
7.5 本章小结···········································································································311
结论························································································································313
参考文献················································································································321
后记·························································································································330
营销部新员工实习报告
员工姓名： 递交报告日期：
实习部门： 实习日期：
报告内容：
[1] 连芳.云南潜藏太多历史谜题[N].春城晚报.20##年12月18日.第23版.人物对话。
[2] 世界宗教研究[J].1990(3):18-20
注1 据称：释迦牟尼曾预言弥勒要继承佛位，故称弥勒为未来佛；观世音是救苦救难的大慈大悲菩萨；大智文殊菩萨为释迦牟尼的左胁侍，其形象是顶结五髻、手持宝剑，坐骑狮子；大行普贤菩萨为释迦牟尼的右胁侍，坐骑白象；大德地藏菩萨是释迦牟尼成佛以后才成就的菩萨果，只能施德，不能应世。
注2 在藏传佛教中，“曼荼罗”，神秘的圆环，是一个非常重要、意义深远的象征符号，它们是一些包含着相对符号的精美图案，而且是一些具有明确意义的宗教性和哲学性符号。这些符号围绕着中间的核心聚集在一起，其结构和设想既表现了外部的形象化世界，也表现了内在的精神世界。因此，对信徒来说，它们显示了那些在宇宙和他们自己心灵中起交互作用的力量。