初二（下）主要语法点

一、简单句的五种基本句型 (module 1)

1、主语+谓语（vi.）(+状语）

Birds fly (in the sky).

2、主语+谓语（vt.）+宾语(+状语）

I bought a very good book (yesterday).

3、主语+谓语（vt.）+间接宾语+直接宾语(+状语）

My father bought me a bike (on my birthday).

4、主语+系动词+表语

These flowers are very beautiful.

(常见的系动词有appear,become, feel, keep, look, run, turn, smell, remain等）

5、主语+谓语（vt.）+宾语+宾补

I can hear someone playing the violin next door.

二、宾语从句（module2)

三种类型：that, whether\if 和疑问词引导的宾语从句。

1、that 引导的宾语从句

（1）当陈述句充当宾语时，用that引导。That 在从句中只具有语法功能，不充当句中任何成分。

She said (that) she could lend me the book.

(2) that 引导的宾语从句,其主语的谓语动词大多表示观点、看法、要求等，如believe, feel, hear, hope, think, promise, report, say, see, tell, warn等。例句： I believe (that) we could become good friends.

I hope (that) you'll feel better tomorrow.

(3) that引导的宾语从句，其谓语动词也可以是系动词be+afraid\sorry\sure\glad\angry\worried等。如：

I'm worried that she may lose the game.

I'm afraid that you will be late.

2、whether\if 引导的宾语从句 （用陈述语序）

（1）表达一个不确定的概念，如“记不清”“不知道”“想知道”等。

（2）一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互换，但如果从句后还有or not 的话，一般选用whether, 构成whethert...or not的结构。如：

I don’t know whether he will come or not.

3、疑问词引导的宾语从句

（1）疑问代词引导的宾语从句 (用陈述语序)

疑问代词what, who, whom, whose, which等，在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，不能省略。

I don’t know which way we should take. (定语)

Can you tell me what you have done? (宾语)

（2）疑问副词引导的宾语从句 (用陈述语序)

疑问副词where, when, how, why等，在宾语从句中作状语，不可省。 The lady wants to know where the station is.

He doesn’t know why he likes it.

◆ 宾语从句注意事项

错误！未找到引用源。 如果主句谓语动词为现在时，则从句谓语动词根据实际情况来定，如：

He says he will go back tomorrow.

I think they have already gone to Beijing.

错误！未找到引用源。如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，则从句谓语动词的时态用相应的过去时。如：

现在进行时→过去进行时，现在完成→过去完成，一般将来→过去将来

注：对于客观事实和自然现象，这一规律除外，如：

He said that the sun rises from the east.

三、动词不定式和动名词作宾语 (module 3)

1、to+v.作宾语表示：错误！未找到引用源。 将来的动作或行为； 错误！未找到引用源。 一时性的具体的动作。

2、v-ing作宾语表示：错误！未找到引用源。 经常性、一般性的动作或行为；错误！未找到引用源。 正在进行的动作或行为； 错误！未找到引用源。动 作已经发生。

3、常见的可以接to+v.作宾语的动词有want, hope, wish, try, manage, ask, offer, decide, promise等。如：

错误！未找到引用源。 They decided to buy a bike. 错误！未找到引用源。 I hope to go with you.

4、常见的可以接v-ing作宾语的动词有admit, avoid, consider, enjoy, excuse, finish, keep等。如：

错误！未找到引用源。 I like siwmming. 错误！未找到引用源。 She avoids meeting the headmaster in the campus.

◆ 有些动词可接to+v.或v-ing作宾语，但表达的意思不一样，如：

错误！未找到引用源。 I like running, but I don’t like to run in such a cold weather. 我喜欢跑步，但不喜欢在这么冷的天跑。（like running表示一种习惯，而like to run表示具体的动作。）

此类动词有begin, start, fear,like, love, stop等。

错误！未找到引用源。 I remember borrowing the book, but I don’t remember to return it to the library.

(remember borrowing表动作已经发生，remember to return表示动作尚未发生。)

此类动词有remember, forget, regret，hate等。

四、直接引语变为间接引语 (module 6,module 7)

1、直接引语中的陈述句在间接引语中变为以that引导的宾语从句。如： Tom said, “I like apples.”→ Tom said that he liked apples.

2、直接引语中的祈使句在间接引语中变为动词不定式构成复合宾语（即转换为ask\tell\order\...sb to do sth 这样的结构）。 如：

“Come in and sit down, please.” Mary said to us.→ Mary told\asked us to come in and sit down.

3、疑问句的转述(把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序)

（1）一般疑问句和反义疑问句→if\whether引导的宾语从句，如：

He asked,“Do you know the boy?”→ He asked me if\whether I knew the boy.

（2）特殊疑问句→由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，如：

He asked, “How do you go to school?”→ He asked how I went to school. ◆ 直接引语变为间接引语需要注意：

错误！未找到引用源。 人称的变化（口诀：一主，二宾，三不变）

一主：若直接引语中的主语是第一人称，则变成间接引语后要与主句的主语人称一致。如：

She said,“I like running.”→ She said that she liked running. 二宾：若直接引语中的主语是第二人称，则变成间接引语后要与主句的宾语人称一致。如：

He told Kate,“You have beautiful smile.”→ He told Kate that she had beautiful smile.

三不变：若直接引语中的主语是第三人称，则在间接引语中保持不变。如：

They said, “He should work harder.”→They said that he should work harder.

错误！未找到引用源。 谓语动词时态的变化

若引述动词为一般过去时，间接引语中的动词时态一般推移到过去时间，如： Tony said,“It is an exciting film.”→ Tony said (that) it was an exciting film.（一般现在时→一般过去时）

错误！未找到引用源。 其他变化（指示代词，时间状语，地点状语，动词等） 此外，当直接引语表示客观真理时，原来的时态不变，如：

He said, “The earth travels around the sun.”→ He said that the earth travels around the sun.

五、状语从句 (module 4,5,8,9,10)

1、条件状语从句

if引导的条件状语从句可放句首或句末，if引导的是一个完整的句子。

错误！未找到引用源。 if +祈使句，如：If it rains tomorrow, stay at home.

错误！未找到引用源。 if +陈述句，如：If you don’t go, you may lose a good chance.

◆ 如果主句用一般将来时，if条件从句用一般现在代替将来时；如：

If she works hard, she will succeed.

◆ 条件状语从句中的if不能用whether来替换。

3、时间状语从句

错误！未找到引用源。 when\while 引导时间状语从句，表“当?时候”。其中，when 可接短暂性动词或延续性动词，但while只可接延续性动词。如： When the weather is fine, I like to go out for a walk.

Do not make any noise while I am recording.

错误！未找到引用源。 until引导时间状语从句，表示一个动作一直持续到某一刻。如：

It rained until midnight.

此外，until常与not连用，此时多用短暂性动词，如：

He didn’t leave until the rain stopped.

◆ not until放于句首时，主句部分应用倒装。如：

Not until all the people had left did the manager go home.

错误！未找到引用源。 before\after引导时间状语从句,如：

Mother always prepares supper before I come back from school.

错误！未找到引用源。 as soon as 引导时间状语从句，表“一?就”，强调动作紧密相连。其引导的从句用一般时态代替将来时态。如：

We will begin to work as soon as we get there.

4、原因状语从句

引导原因状语从句主要由because引导，从句可置于句首或句末。如： He failed in the exam because he was too careless.

此外，because可用于强调结构，和only, not, just连用。如：

He was punished only because he broke the law.

他就是因为违反法律才受到惩罚。

4、目的状语从句

常用来引导目的状语从句的关联词有so that, in order that等，so that多置于句末，有时可省that. in order that可置于句首或句末。如：

Speak louder so (that) we can hear you.

I walk quickly in order that I can catch the bus.

5、结果状语从句

一般由so连接，表示由于某个原因所以才做某事，如：

He wanted to help people so he became a doctor.

◆ 目的状语从句的时态表示未来、可能性；而结果状语从句的时态表示已经发

生的事情。如：

He got up early so that he could get there on time.(表可能性)

It’s hot, so we all went to swim. (表结果)

6、让步状语从句

Although引导让步状语从句，表“尽管……（但是）……”如： Although he’s poor, he’s happy.

◆ although 不能和but连用。

六、would表“想象”的用法

常用于想象自己在未来可能会做什么。如：

I would have two wings and then fly to the moon.

我想有一对翅膀飞到月亮去。

第二篇：外研社八年级初二下册全册语法总结

宾语从句引导词有：that，if/whether，疑问词。分别如下： 1、陈述句变宾语从句（由that引导）

当主句为一般现在时，从句可用任何一种时态；

当主句为一般过去时，从句用过去相应的时态。

当从句陈述的是客观真理时，从句时态要用一般现在时。

如：1.She says that she will come.她说她会来。（一般现在时）

她说过她想试一试。（一般过去时）

老师说地球围绕着太阳转。（客观真理）

2、一般疑问句变宾语从句（由if或whether引导）

如：Is it true？这是真的吗？（一般疑问句）

→I wonder if it is true.我想知道是否是真的。（宾语从句）

注意：一般疑问句中的疑问语序要变成陈述语序，且whether常与or not连用。

3、殊疑问句变宾语从句（由本身的疑问词引导）

如：Do you know？ Where can I park my car？（两个特殊疑问句）

→Do you know where I can park my car？（宾语从句）

——————————————————————————————————————— 本模块主要介绍to +v.与 v.-in作动词宾语的情况.

规律：一般来说，不定式（to do）表示将来的动作或行为，而doing形式表示经常性的、

一般性的动作或行为，及正在进行的动作或行为。

一. 跟动词不定式作宾语的动词有：

1. Want to do sth. 需要做某事 7.decide to do sth. 决定做某事

2.would like to do sth. 愿意做某事 8.forget to do sth. 忘记做某事（还未做）

3. Hope to do sth. 希望自己做某事 9.remember to do sth. 记着去做某事（还未做）

4. wish to do sth. 希望做某事 10.try to do sth. 努力做某事

5.plan to do sth.计划做某事 11. agree to do sth. 同意做某事

6.need to do sth.需要做某事

二. 跟v.-ing形式作宾语做宾语的动词有：

1.enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 4.keep doing sth. 一直做某事

2.finish doing sth. 完成做某事 5.give up doing sth. 放弃做某事

3.practise doing sth. 练习做某事 6. stop doing 停止做某事

三. (1). 既可以跟动词不定式（to do）又可以跟v.-ing形式做宾语的词, 但意思不一样：

1.stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事 （They stopped to listen, but heard nothing. ）

stop doing sth.停止做某事 （I suggest we stop working and have a rest. ）

2.see sb do sth.看见某人做某事全过程 see doing sth.看见某人正在做某事

3.hear sb do sth.听见某人做某事全过程 hear doing sth.听见某人正在做某事

4.forget to do sth. 忘了去做某事 （Don't forget to give my regards to them. ）

forget doing sth. 忘记曾经做过某事 （I forgot closing the door. ）

5.remember to do记得去做某事 （Remember to post the book for me. ）

remember doing sth.记得做过某事 （I remember doing this exercise before. ）

(2). 既可以跟动词不定式（to do）又可以跟v.-ing形式做宾语,且意思区别不大的词有：

1. begin to do /doing sth.开始做某事 2. start to do/ doing sth. 开始做某事

3. continue to do / doing sth. 继续做某事 4. hate to do /doing sth. 讨厌做某事

——————————————————————————————————————— If除了有“是否”的意思，还有“如果”的意思，本模块中的if从句就是“如果”的意思，作为引导词，引导条件状语从句。

两种形式：（1）if从句+祈使句

例：If a snake bites you，take a photo with your mobile phone！

（2）if 从句+主句

例“！（“主将从现”）

从句：一般现在时 主句：一般将来时will+do

——————————————————————————————————————

1.直接引语：直接引述别人的原话.

间接引语：用自己的话把别人的话陈述出来.

（1）直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语，要把陈述句变成由that 引导的宾语从句。

例： Mary said, “I am glad to see you.”→Mary said (that) she was glad to see me.

（2）直接引语是一般疑问句，变成间接引语，要把一般疑问句变成由if/whether引导的宾

语从句，同时语序改为陈述句语序。

例：I asked Tom，“Are you a student?”→I asked Tom if he was a student.

（3）直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语，要把特殊疑问句变成由疑问词引导的宾语从句，同

时语序改为陈述句语序。

例：He asked me ,“What do you want to buy?” →He asked me what I wanted to buy.

（4）直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语时，要使用tell sb to do sth或ask sb to do sth，如果是否定

形式，则在to的前面加not.

例：The teacher said to me，“Stand up, please.”→The teacher asked me to stand up.

2.直接引语和间接引语的转换

1.动词时态的变化：（注意划线部分）

例：Henry said,“I don't want to stay here.”→Henry said that he didn't want to stay there.

2.人称的变化：

例：He said,“I have finished my homework.”→He said（that）he had finished his homework.

3.语序的变化：当一般疑问句和特殊疑问句转换成间接引语时要变成陈述句的语序。

例：He said，“Where is she？”→yHe asked where she was.

4.在指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及个别动词方面变化：

————————————————————————————————————————————

引导词：when 当…时候

before/after在…之前/之后

as soon as 一…就…（主句与从句动作紧密相连）

until..直到…（主句动作一直持续到从句动作）

whlie当…时候（while 后接持续性动词，因此常接现在进行时，即be+doing）

常考题型：①选择引导词。（方法：理清句子意思，判断主句与从句的关系，确定引导词. 如：I will call you ______I get to Beijing，句子的意思应该是表达为：我一到达北京就

会打电话给你，主句与从句的动作紧密相连，因此应选择as soon as作为引导词。）

②时态：主将从现，即主句：一般将来时（will do）

从句：一般现在时（当主语是第一、二人称和复数时，动词用原形）

（当主语是第三人称和单数时，动词加s或es）

如：（leave）here.

主句（一般将来时） 从句（一般现在时）

因此：从句中的主语he是第三人称单数，因此leave要加s，答案为leaves

————————————————————————————————————————————

（1）原因：because（不能与so连用）

目的：so that（从句常和can、could、will、would连用）

结果：so（不能与because连用）

程度结果：so...taht（so+形容词/副词+that+从句）

让步：although（不能与but连用）

（2）would表示“想象”结构为：would+动词原形

本学期语法专项练习

（ ）1.Do you know what time ______ ？

A．the train leave B．does the train leave C．will the train leave D．the train leaves

( )2. Could you tell me_____?

A. what do you do B. how old are you C. where you are from

( )3. She asked me _____ I worked hard or not.

A. whether B. if C. that

（ ）4. Mum asked _______.

A. where he was B, where was he C. where he is D. where is he

（ ）5. The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them.

A. took B. take C. takes D. will take

（ ）6 Linda said the moon___ round the earth.

A. travelled B. has travelled C. travells D. had travelled

（ ）7. His parents asked him _____his homework first.

A.do B.to do C.did D.doing

( )8. Don't forget _______ the letter.

A. to send B. send C. sending D. being sent

( )9. On my way home, I stopped _____ some food.

A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. bought

( )10. The teacher told the students _____ football on the street.

A. played B. to play C. not play D. not to play

( ) 11. It’s time to have a class, let’s stop ______.

A. play B. to play C. playing D. played

( ) 12. He looks very tired. He must stop ____a rest.

A. having B. have C. to have D, has

( )13.He______that his mother didn’t like the music.

A. say B. says that C. said D. says to

( )14. I had a bad cold. The doctor asked me in bed for a good rest.

A. staying B. stays C. stay D. to stay

( ) 15. Please tell Tom football in the street. It’s dangerous.

A. to play B. not to play C. play D. not play

( )16.The books my mother bought for me are very interesting. I enjoy ____them very much.

A. to read B. reading C. to writ D. writing

( )17.Tom promised ___ to the train station at four o'clock but he didn't arrive until six thirty.

A. getting B. leaving C. to get D. to leave

( )18. She said she ________sorry, but nobody would listen to her.

A. is B. was C. were D. will be

( )19. She asked me ________I could lend my bike to her.

A. that B. / C. if D. which

( )20. She said she ________three languages.

A. can speak B. will speak C. could speak D. could say

( )21. Mr Green told us ________some books from the bookshop.

A. to buy B. buy C. buys D. buies

( )22. — Daming, you’d better go to bed early tonight.

— OK. I____to bed as soon as I finish my homework.

A. will go B. go C.goes D. went

( )23.— I have something important to tell Mr Green.

— Don’t worry. I’ll call you _____ he comes back.

A. when B. how C. why D. while

（ ）24. My father didn’t go to bed ____ he finished the work.

A. before B. after C. when D. until

（ ）25.The old man asked me______.

A.if could I help him B.if I could help him

C.where could he find his son D.where he can find his son

（ ）26.My sister would_____at home this Summer holiday.

A.stay B.to stay C.staying D.stayed

（ ）27. I ______ my homework while my parents ______ TV last night.

A. did,have watched B. was doing, are watching

C. was doing, were watching D. am doing, were watching