练习：
1. She asked me if I knew _______.
A. whose pen is it
B. whose pen it was
C. whose pen it is
D. whose pen was it
2. I don't know _______ he still lives here after so many years.
A. whether B. where C. what D. when
3. I don't know ______ he will come tomorrow. _______ he comes, A. if, whether B. whether, whether C. if, That
D. if, If
4. The small children don't know ________.
A. what is their stockings in
B. where is in their stockings
C. where is their stocking in
D. what in their stockings
形容词和副词比较等级用法
【速记口诀】
1. 比较级与最高级：两者比较than相连，三者比较the在前。
2.同级比较：同级比较用原形，as?as永不离;as?as加not，只言两者是同一，若是not so?as，后强前弱不看齐。
【妙语诠释】①比较级通常和than连用，而最高级通常跟有定冠词the;②同级比较一般用as?as表示“与?一样”，这时谁强谁弱不能比较出来，而not so?as则表示后者比前者强，翻译为“不如??”。
如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。
现在时它需改为过去时态;过去时态改为完成时;过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：
1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen 2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
I'll tell you.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
(1) 一般现在时变为一般过去时 (2) 现在进行时变为过去进行时 (3) 一般将来时变为过去将来时 (4) 现在完成时变为过去完成时 (5) 一般过去时变为过去完成时 (6) 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时 但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。 ①直接引语是客观真理。"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如： Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→ Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。"→ Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：
He said, "I get up at six every morning。"→ He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式(例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，(例： could, should, would, might)不再变。如：
Peter said. "You had better come have today。"→ Peter said I had better go there that day。 冠词基本用法 【速记口诀】
名词是秃子，常要戴帽子， 可数名词单，须用a或an， 辅音前用a， an在元音前， 若为特指时，则须用定冠， 复数不可数，泛指the不见， 碰到代词时，冠词均不现。
【妙语诠释】冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一，也是中考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有：①名词在一般情况下不单用，常常要和冠词连用;②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an，确指时要用定冠词the;③如复数名词表示泛指，名词前有this，these，my，some等时就不用冠词。 考点一：语法一致原则
【考例1】Both Jim and Kate in Beijing now. They both ______ from America. (20xx年，广东汕头)
A. is;come B. are;come C. is;comes D. are;comes
【简析】B。both...and连接并列主语时，谓语用复数形式，排除A、C;第二空主语是they，both是其同位语，谓语仍用复数形式，故选B。
【考例2】Swimming in the pool with friends ______ very interesting. (20xx年，四川攀枝花)
A. has B. have C. is D. are
【简析】C。主语是动名词短语swimming in the pool，谓语用单数形式，不受修饰语with friends的影响。
【点拨】主语在语法上一致即谓语动词与主语的单复数形式保持一致。 1. 若主语是单数形式，谓语也用单数形式;若主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。
2. 不定代词each作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，而当each作主语的同位语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
3. 当主语后面跟有with，along with，as well as，but，except，besides，including等连接短语时，谓语的人称和数仍应与原来的主语保持一致，而不受这些短语的影响。
4. 由and或both...and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语用复数形式。 考点二：意义一致原则
【考例1】The Greens______ dinner in the kitchen now. (20xx年，四川巴中)
A. is having B. having C. are having
【简析】C。主语the Greens表示格林夫妇或格林一家人，谓语用复数形式，选C。
【考例2】______ of the money______been spent recycling the rubbish. (20xx年，内蒙古包头)
A. Three fourths;has B. Three fourths;have C. Three fourth;has D. Three fourth;have
【简析】 A。money是不可数名词，谓语用单数形式，排除B、D;再根据分数的构成规则可知选A。
【考例3】—A number of students______ in the dining hall.
—Let me count. The number of the students______ about 400. (20xx年，黑龙江)
A. are;is B. is;are C. are;are
【简析】A。a number of students意为“许多学生”，谓语用复数形式;the number of students表示“学生的数量”，谓语用单数形式，故选A。
【点拨】主语和谓语在意义上的一致指的是根据句子意思主语的人称和数应是单数或复数，从而谓语动词应与其保持一致。
1. family，class，group，team等集合名词作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式，如指其中每个成员，强调个体时，谓语用复数形式。
2. “分数或百分数+of+名词”构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词要根据后面的名词而定。名词是复数，谓语动词用复数形式;名词是单数或不可数，谓语动词则用单数形式。
3. 表示抽象概念的不定式(短语)/动名词(短语)或主语从句作主语时，谓语用单数形式。
4. 不定代词all，some，any，none等作主语时，谓语应根据这些词代表的意义来确定谓语的单复数形式。如果它们代表复数名词，谓语则用复数;如果它们代表单数名词或不可数名词，谓语则用单数形式。但由every，some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语常用单数形式。
5. 表示时间、金钱、距离等的名词作主语时，常表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式。
6. “the+姓氏名词的复数”表示“??一家”或“??夫妇”，作主语时，谓语常用复数形式。
7. 有些以-s结尾的名词如news, maths，physics，means, the United States等作主语时，谓语常用单数形式;但trousers，shoes，glasses等复数名词作主语时，谓语用复数形式，但其前面有a/this pair of等修饰时，谓语用单数形式。 8. “the number of+复数名词”表示“??的数量”，作主语时，谓语用单数形式;“a number of+复数名词”表示“许多??”，作主语时，谓语用复数形式。 考点三：就近一致原则
【考例1】Neither the students nor the teacher ______going to Beijing next month. (20xx年，广西来宾) A. is B. are C. was D. were
【简析】A。neither...nor符合主谓一致的就近原则，谓语由nor后的主语the teacher决定, 用单数形式, 排除B、D;由时间状语next month可知，选A。 【考例2】—Look! There ______ lots of traffic in this city.— ______ we should be careful when we cross the street. A. is;But B. are;But C. is;So D. are;Or
【简析】C。第一空谓语应与主语traffic对应，用单数形式，排除B、D;第二空根据句意“由于交通拥挤，所以过马路要小心”表示因果关系, 故选C。 【点拨】就近原则指谓语的人称和数与最靠近它的那个主语保持一致。
1. 在there be句型中或以here开头的句子中, be动词应与后面的名词保持一致, 当后面的名词不止一个时, be的人称和数应与其最靠近的那个名词的人称和数保持一致。
2. either...or，neither...nor，not only...but also，not...but, or等平行结构连接并列主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应和与其最靠近的那个主语保持一致。 (河南段青付)
3.复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。主句是句子的主体，从句是句子的一个成分，不能独立使用。下面总结一下初中阶段的主要从句。
1)宾语从句宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。引导宾语从句的连接词有以下几种形式：
(1)由that引导，只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，没有实际意义，可以省略。如：
We know (that) there are two kinds of sports. He decided (that) he was not going to say anything about it
(2)由whether或if(是否)引导，只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，但不能省略。如：
No one knows whether/if they have decided on the date of the meeting. (3)由连接代词who，whom，what，which，whose和连接副词when，where，why,how等引导的宾语从句，这些连接词除了起连接主句和从句的作用外，还可在句中充当某个成分，不能省略。如：
Could you tell me how I can get to the nearest subway station? She told me what she had seen in the museum. (4) 由it作形式宾语的从句。如：
I think it necessary that everybody should try his best to help fight pollution.
(5) 由形容词sorry, afraid, sure, glad等引出的宾语从句。如：
We were surprised that Peter was the first to come. I am sure that you will be a success in the future.
2)状语从句在复合句中作状语的句子叫状语从句。常用状语从句有以下几种类型：
(1)由when, while, as, since, until, as soon as等连词引导的时间状语从句。如：
It's more than ten years since they came to Shanghai. Please send me an E-mail as soon as you arrive in Switzerland. (2)由if，unless等词引导的条件状语从句。如：
We shall go for a picnic if it doesn't rain tomorrow. I won't buy the dress unless it fits me well.
(3) 由because, since, as, now that等词引导的原因状语从句。如： He asked for leave because he had to see the dentist. Now that everyone is here, shall we begin our discussion?
(4)由though/although引导的让步状语从句。如： Although it was very late, he went on working.
(5)由so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句。如：
He ran as fast as he could so that the people in Athens could learn the news earlier.
(6)由so... that, such... that等词引导的结果状语从句。如： He ran so quickly that we couldn't keep up with him.
The bus broke down, so we had to walk to the cinema.
English is such a useful language that it is spoken in many countries. (7) 比较状语从句。常用的句型有as... as与more than结构。(参见形容词、副词一章)
3)定语从句在复合句中作定语的从句称为定语从句。定语从句一般直接跟在被修饰的名词之后。被修饰的名词称为“先行词”。定语从句一般由关系代词who, whom, that, which引导，它位于先行词与定语从句之间，本身又在定语从句中充当某个成分。如：
The boy who/that is reading under the tree is my elder brother. 先行词关系代词作主语
The present which/that you gave me for my birthday is very nice. 先行词关系代词作宾语
(1) who和whom指人，who在从句中作主语，不能省略。而whom在从句中作宾语，一般可以省略。如：
The woman who will give us a talk tomorrow is a famous professor. Do you know the girl (whom) we met outside the school gate?
(2) which指物，在定语从句中可以作主语或宾语。作宾语时可以省略。如： The story which tells about three monkeys is very interesting. The magazine (which) I borrowed from the library was newly published. (3) that指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可以省略。如：
The pictures that hang on the back wall were all painted by her. The restaurants (that) they have set up are welcomed by children. (4)如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级、不定代词all, everything, nothing等以及only修饰时，关系代词必须用that。如： All that we need is fresh water. I'll never forget the first job that I found.
Judy is the most honest girl that I have ever seen.
一般将来时的用法考查
表示将来时态的结构很多。主要有以下几类：1、be going to do?表示计划, 打算做某事，例如：I'm going to visit my grandparents next Friday evening.也可以表示根据目前情况很可能要发生的事。例如：It's cloudy. It's going to rain. 2、一般现在时，可以用来表示一个按规定，计划，安排或时刻表要发生的情况，一般都有一个表示未来时间的状语。例如：My cousin finishes school next year. 3、现在进行时可以表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。例如：Are you going to the wetlands photo show next week? 4、一般将来时，will/ shall do..，在第一人称I/ We的句子中，可以用shall引导;各种人称都可以用will表示一般将来时。
注意：1、时间，条件状语从句中，从句一般用一般现在时表示将来，而主句要用一般将来时。例如：I will go shopping when I am free. 2、临时决定要做某事通常用一般将来时。例如：--Tom is ill in hospital. -Oh, I'm sorry to hear that. I will go and see him. 3、将来时态常见的时间状语有：常见的时间状语：next Tuesday, next week, the coming Sunday, this afternoon, tomorrow, tonight等。
过去完成时的用法考查
过去完成时表示过去某个行为或某件事发生之前就已经发生的动作或情况。例如：Hepburn had been a model before she became a Hollywood superstar. 【中考链接】
1. --Did you see Mr. Chen yesterday afternoon?
--No. When I got to school, he_______ already.(20xx年扬州) A. left B. has left C. was leaving D. had left
简析：D。到达学校为过去的动作，在这个行为发生之前陈老师已离开了。过去完成时表示过去的过去。 现在完成时的用法考查
现在完成时主要有以下用法：1、谈论开始于过去某个时候而且持续到现在的一个动作。例如：Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born. 2、谈论过去发生的动作，并且和现在存在联系。即过去的某个动作对现在产生影响。Eddie has eaten my food. (Eddie ate the food and now Hobo has nothing to eat.) 但是如果单纯谈一个过去的动作，不涉及它对现在的影响时，通常用一般过去时。 现在完成时常见的时间状语有：for+一段时间;since+过去的某个时间;so far, yet, recently, over/in the last/past +一段时间;(once, twice, )three?times, never, ever, up to now, these days例如：I haven't seen him these days./ Have you ever seen each other before? 【中考链接】
1.--Hello，this is Lily speaking.Could I speak to Mr. Black? --Sorry.He______ the Xuanwu Lake Park.(20xx年南京) A. has been to; B. went to C. has gone to D. will go to
简析：C。说话者此时不在，说明此时已去了玄武湖公园，用现在完成时表示到目前为止还在持续的动作。has been to表示已去过某个地方，而现在不在那个地方了。
2. --Would you like to see the film with me?
--I'm sorry I __________it twice. (20xx年北京)
A. see B. will see C. have seen D. am seeing
简析：C。从twice可知说话者已看过这部电影两次了。表示到目前的结果，用现在完成时。
3. In the past few years there ________ great changes in my hometown.(20xx年天津)
A. have been B. were C. had been D. are
简析：A。over/in the last/past +一段时间为现在完成时的时间状语。
4. --Kitty, will you go to see the film -Cold Mountain this evening? --No, I won't. I _____ it already.(20xx年南京)
A. saw B. have seen C. see D. will see
简析：B。用现在完成时表示过去的行为对现在造成影响。不去看电影的原因是因为已经看过了。