20##年中考英语知识点汇总：名词的知识点总结(1)

名词的定义

　　名词名词 (Nouns)是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。

　　1. 专有名词：指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。具体说来，它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如：

　　Jim 吉姆 China 中国 Mr. Smith 史密斯先生

　　July 七月 Friday 星期五 the Yellow River 黄河

　　Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语 A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》

　　注：专有名词的首字母通常要大写。若是专名名词词组，则其中每个单词的首字母要大写;若是缩略词，则通常每个字母都大写;称呼家人的 mum, dad, father, mother 等有时也可小写。

　　2. 普通名词：指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。具体地说，它可分为个体名词、集合名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体，如girl(女孩)等;集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如 audience(观众，听众)等;物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物，如water(水)等;抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如work(工作)，happiness(幸福)等。

　　(一)人名

　　英美人的姓名与中国人的恰恰相反，姓在后面，名在前面，姓名前通常不用冠词。例如：

　　Mary Smith;George Washington。

　　(1)一般熟人间通常用名称呼。例如：

　　How's John getting on? 约翰近来好吗?

　　(2)在不熟悉人之间或表示礼貌时，常把姓和称谓连用。例如：

　　Would you please tell John Smith to come to the office? 请你告诉约翰·史密斯到办公室来一次好吗?

　　(3)姓氏复数前加定冠词可表示全家人。例如：

　　The Turners have gone to America.特纳一家人去美国了。

　　(二)地名

　　(1)大部分单数形式的地名不用定冠词。例如：

　　Asia;America;China; London;Shanghai

　　(2)大部分单数形式的湖、岛、山名前不加定冠词。例如：.

　　Silver Lake;Mount Tai

　　(3)山脉、群岛、海洋、河流、运河、海湾、海峡、半岛、沙漠名前一般加定冠词。

　　例如：

　　the Pacific;the English Channel;the Sahara

　　(三)日期名

　　(1)节日名前通常不用冠词。例如： Christmas;National Day

　　(2)星期名前通常不用冠词。例如： Sunday;Tuesday

　　(3)月份名前通常不用冠词。例如： April;December

　　不可数名词

　　注意：a) 不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化了。 如：have a wonderful time.

　　b) 不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

　　c) 不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式。如：fishes(各种各样的鱼), newspapers(各种报纸), waters(河湖、海水), snows(积雪)……

　　d) 有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times 时代，works 著作，difficulties 困难

　　e) 在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表示。如：a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper….

　　名词所有格用法

　　以-s结尾的单数名词加"'"或"'s"构成所有格;以-s或-es结尾的复数名词只加"'";不规则复数名词在词尾加"'s";两者或两者以上共同所有，把"'s"加在最后的名词上;表示各自拥有某件东西时，每个名词都要用所有格形式。

　　_________fathers are both scientists.[ 咸宁]

　　A.Jim's and Bob B.Jim's and Bob's C.Jim and Bob's D.Jim and Bob

　　[答案]B。[解析]当两个人分别拥有时，要在每个人后都加名词所有格的标志"'s"来表达。吉姆的父亲和鲍勃的父亲不是一个人，所以在其后都加"'s"，故选B。

　　_____room is big and bright.They like it very much. [河北]

　　A.Tom and Sam B.Tom's find Sam C.Tom and Sam's D.Tom's and Sam's

　　[答案]C。[解析]本题考查名词所有格的用法。表示两人共同拥有某一事物时，只需要在第二个人的后面加"'s"。故选C。

　　―How's Joy's skirt? ―Her skirt is more beautiful than . [ 兰州]

　　A. her sister's and Kate B. her sister and Kate

　　C. her sister and Kate's D. her sister's and Kate's

　　[答案] D。 [解析]当某物为几个人所共有时，只在最后一个名词后用所有格形式;如表示两者或两者以上分别所有，应在每个名词后用所有格形式。

名词作定语形式及特点

　　作定语的名词往往是说明中心名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。

　　作定语的名词有以下三种形式：

　　A.一般用单数形式。

　　a stone bridge 石桥

　　a meeting room 会议室

　　morning exercise 早操

　　London Airport 伦敦机场

　　a story book 故事书

　　a shoe shop 鞋店

　　B. man, woman要与所修饰的名词的单复数一致。

　　a woman teacher 一位女教师

　　two women teachers 两位女教师

　　C. sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等只用复数形式。

　　a sports meet 运动会

　　a goods train 货车

　　customs house 海关

　　a sales manager 营业主任

　　现从四个方面来讨论名词定语的特点：

　　一、名词定语的语法作用

　　1.代替作定语用的介词短语。

　　a garden chair=a chair in the garden

　　Canada wheat=wheat from Canada

　　safety regulations=regulations for safety

　　machine shop practice=practice in a machine shop

　　2.名词定语代替形容词或分词作定语。

　　race problem→racial problem

　　China cotton→Chinese cotton

　　launch pad→launching pad

　　research worker→researching worker

　　在以上词例中，使用名词与使用形容词或分词并没有什么区别。

　　3.代替带's的所有格定语--在名词前加上定冠词the就可以代替名词的所有格，但是这个名词是专有名词。

　　the Tom composition=Tom's composition

　　the Carter grin=Carter's grin

　　4.代替定语从句。

　　investment money= money that is set apart for investment

　　the milk boy= the boy who brings the milk

　　二、名词定语与被修饰语之间的语义关系

　　作定语的名词都是后面一个名词的修饰语，但是它们之间的关系却各有不同。

　　1.名词定语表示逻辑上的主语，被修饰的词表示宾语。

　　a department decision(a decision which is made by the department)

　　the volcano eruption(the eruption that is made by the volcano)

　　有时正好相反，名词定语相当于宾语，而被修饰的部分表示主语:

　　a drug addict(a person who is addicted to drug)

　　an animal trainer(a man who trains the animal)

　　2.名词定语作状语，被修饰语相当于谓语。在这一类结构中，表示谓语的名词常由动名词或动作名词来充当。

　　impulse buying=buying on impulse

　　instrument flying=flying by means of instrument

　　3.名词定语表示同位关系。这种用法可以说明某人的职业、职位。

　　Judge Darling Singer Carpenter Cardinal Nelson。

　　还可以表示特征、身份：

　　a supplier country= a country which is a supplier

　　a killer shark= a shark who is a killer

　　her lawyer brother=her brother who is a lawyer

　　traitor and robber Dickinson=Dickinson

第二篇：20xx年中考英语语法难点汇总

20xx年中考英语语法难点汇总

介词

I. 要点

1、介词和种类

(1) 简单介词，常用的有 at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without 等。

(2) 复合介词，如 by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of 等。

2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系

(1) 和动词的搭配，如 agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about 等。

(2) 和形容词的搭配，如 afraid of, angry with, different from, good at 等。

(3) 和名词的搭配，如 answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to 等。

3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有 right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely 等少数几个副词。如：

He came right after dinner.

He lives directly opposite the school.

4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例

(1) at, on, in (表时间)

表示时间点用 at，如 at four o'clock, at midnight 等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用 at，如 at that time, at Christmas 等。

指某天用 on, 如 on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用 on，如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst 等。

指长于或短于一天的时段用 in，如 in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999 等。

(2) between, among (表位置)

between 仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用 between, 如

I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.

The village lies between three hills.

among 用于三者或三者以上之间。如：

He is the best among the students.

(3) beside, besides

beside 意为"在……旁边"，而 besides 意为"除……之外"。如：

He sat beside me.

What do you want besides this?

(4) in the tree, on the tree

in the tree 指动物或人在树上，而 on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上

(5) on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way

on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道

by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法

(6) in the corner, at the corner

in the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外

(7) in the morning, on the morning

in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨

(8) by bus, on the bus

by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车

II. 例题

例1. Do you know any other foreign language ____ English?

A. except B. but C. beside D. besides

解析：A、B两项 except 等于but，意为"除了……"，C-beside 意为"在……旁边"，不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为"除了……之外，还有"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？

例2. He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.

A. on B. at C. in D. during

解析：我们均知道，at night 这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词 on 来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。

例3. I'm looking forward ____ your letter.

A. to B. in C. at D. on

解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为"期望、盼望"。

连词

I. 要点

1、 连词的种类

(1) 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如 and, for, or, both … and, either … or, neither … nor 等。

(2) 从属连词用来引导从句，如 that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as 等。

除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句)，关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。

2、 常用连词举例

(1) and 和，并且

They drank and sang all night.

(2) both … and 和， 既……也……

Both my parents and I went there.

(3) but 但是，而

I'm sad, but he is happy.

(4) either … or 或……或……， 要么……要么……

Either you're wrong, or I am.

(5) for 因为

I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.

(6) however 然而，可是

Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.

(7) neither … nor 既不……也不

Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.

(8) not only … but (also) 不但……而且……

He not only sings well, but also dances well.

(9) or 或者，否则

Hurry up, or you'll be late.

Are you a worker or a doctor?

(10) so 因此，所以

It's getting late, so I must go.

(11) although 虽然

Although it was late, they went on working.

(12) as soon as 一……就……

I'll tell him as soon as I see him.

(13) because 因为

He didn't go to school, because he was ill.

(14) unless 除非，如果不

I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.

(15) until 直到……

He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于 not … until 结构)

He stayed there until eleven.

(16) while 当……时候，而 (表示对比)

While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while 后不可用瞬间动词)

My pen is red while his is blue.

(17) for 因为

He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的)

(18)s ince 自从……

I have lived here since my uncle left.

(19) hardly … when 一…… 就

I had hardly got to the station when the train left.

(20) as far as 就…… 来说

As far as I know, that country is very small.

You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)

II. 例题

例1. John plays football ____, if not better than, David.

A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as

解析：该题意为：John 踢足球如果不比 David 好的话，那也踢得和 David 一样好。 和…一样好为 as well as. 故该题正确答案为B.

例2. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.

A. when B. where C. which D. while

解析：该处意为"然而"，只有 while 有此意思，故选D。

例3. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?

A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise

解析：该处意为"或者"，正确答案为C。

动词时态、语态

I. 要点

1、 一般现在时

(1) 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与 sometimes, always, often, every day 等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school.

(2) 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：The earth goes round the sun.

2、 现在进行时

(1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与 now, at present 等时间状语连用。如：

What are you doing now?

(2) 和 always, continually 等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：

He is always doing good deeds.

3、 现在完成时

主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如：Have you ever been to Beijing?

4、一般将来时

表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与 tomorrow, next year 等连用。如：

I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.

We're going to see a film next Monday.

5、一般过去时

表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与 yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago 等词连用。如：It happened many years ago.

6、过去进行时

表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：

What were you doing this time yesterday?

7、过去完成时

表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：

The train had already left before we arrived.

8、一般过去将来时

表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：

He said he would come, but he didn't.

9、被动语态 被动语态的时态，以 give 为例。

时／式 一般 进行完成

现在 am is given are am is being are has been given have

过去 was given were was being given were had been given

将来 shall be given will shall have been given will

过去将来 should be given would should have been given would

II. 例题

例1. I learned that her father ____ in 1950.

A. had died B. died C. dead D. is dead

解析：该题正确答案为B。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。

例2. The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.

A. is looked B. has looked for

C. is being looked for D. has been looked

解析：该题正确答案为C。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。

短语动词

I. 要点

英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：

(1) 动词＋介词

常见的有 look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：

Don't laugh at others.

I didn't care about it.

(2) 动词＋副词

常见的有 give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out 等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.

Please don't forget to hand it in.

(3) 动词＋副词＋介词

常见的有 look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：

All his money added up to no more than $100.

After a short rest, he went on with his research work.

(4) 动词＋名词＋介词

常见的有 take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.

We should make full use of our time.

(5) 动词＋形容词

常见的有 leave open, set free, cut open 等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：

The prisoners were set free.

He cut it open.

(6) 动词＋名词

常见的有 take place, make friends 等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：

This story took place three years ago.

I make friends with a lot of people.

(7) 辨析

give away(让给，暴露) 和 give up(放弃，停止)

put away(放起，收起) 和 put out (扑灭)

turn up(出席，放大) 和 turn on (打开)

keep out(阻止) 和 keep off (不让靠近)

make up(编造，补上) 和 make out(辨认)

take off(脱，起飞) 和 take out(拿出)

II. 例题

例1. It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.

A put away B kept up C given away D laid up

解析：该题正确 uot；give away 意为"分发"；lay up"贮藏"。

例2. Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.

A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship

解析：该题正确答案为A. keep in touch为短语动词，意为"保持联系"。

例3. ____! There's a train coming.

A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on

解析：该题选A. look out 意为"小心"。

动词不定式

I. 要点

1、 不定式的形式。以动词 write 为例。

式｜语态 主动语态被动语态

一般式 to write to be written

完成式 to have written to have been written

进行式 to be writing

完成进行式 to have been writing

2、 不定式的句法功能

(1) 作主语

To hear from you is nice.

To be a good teacher is not easy.

不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：It's nice to hear from you. It's not easy to be a good teacher.

(2) 作宾语

通常用于 want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help 等词后。如：I forgot to lock the door.

Please remember to write to me.

(3) 作表语

My job is to pick up letters.

He seemed to have heard nothing.

(4) 作定语

不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：

I have two letters to write.

I have a lot of work to do.

(5) 作宾补

通常用于 want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force 等词后。如：

He ordered her to leave at once.

He was forced to obey his order.

(6) 作状语

He got up early to catch the first bus.

He worked hard to catch up with the other students.

(7) 作独立成分

To tell you the truth, I told a lie.

(8)"疑问词＋不定式"结构。 如：

I don't know how to choose them.

I cannot decide where to go.

(9) 不定式的否定式。如：

I decided not to go.

(10) 不定式的完成式。如：

He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.

The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.

(11) too … to 结构。如：

He was too excited to go to sleep.

He was only too glad to go. (他太高兴了，乐意去。)

(12) 主动表被动。如：

The book is easy to read.

I have a book to read.

II. 例题

例1. I haven't got a chair ____.

A. to sit B. for to sit on C. to sit on D. for sitting

解析：该题选C。不定式 to sit on 在句中作定语，修饰名词 chair. 因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是"动宾关系"，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处 on 不能省略。

例2. He was made ____. A. go B. gone C. going D. to go

解析：该题选D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被动形式，不定式 do 前的 to 不能省略。

例3. A new factory is ____ very soon.

A. to be built B. built C. to build D. to building

解析：该题选A。is to be built 意为"将要被建。

第三篇：陕西西安中考英语知识点总结 简短版

英语中考 知识点汇总

１ (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do

eg:I like watching monkeys jump

２ （比较级 and 比较级） 表示越来越怎么样

３ a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）

４ agree with sb 赞成某人

５ all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样

６ as you can see 你是知道的

７ all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界

８ ask sb for sth 向某人什么

９ along with同……一道，伴随……

eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees

along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树

１０ As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样

１１ at this time of year 在每年的这个时候

１２ ask for ……求助 向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book １３ ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事

１４ at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen

１５ at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始

１６ at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day

１７ be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信

eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the

test

１８ be + doing 表示：1 现在进行时 2 将来时

１９ be famous for 以……著名

２０ be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原） 能够…… eg : She is able to sing She

can sing

２１ be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing

２２ be away from 从……离开

２３ be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕……

eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog eg: I'm allowed to

watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该

被允许看电视

２４ be allowed to do 被允许做什么

２５ be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me

２６ be away from远离

２７ be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气

２８ be born 出生于

２９ be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高

３０ be bad for 对什么有害

eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下 看书对你的眼

睛不好

３１ be different from…… 和什么不一样

３２ be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…

３３ be careful 当心；小心

３４ be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing ３５ be friendly to sb 对某人友好

３６ be interested in 对某方面感兴趣

３７ be full of 装满…的 be filled with 充满

eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water

３８ be glad+to+do/从句

３９ be going to + v(原） 将来时

４０ be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……

４１ be quiet 安静

４２ be good for 对什么有好处

eg : Reading aloud is good for your English

４３ be happy to do 很高兴做某事

４４ be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother

４５ be helpful to sb 对某人有好处Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你

的身体有好处

４６ be in good health 身体健康

４７ be popular with sb 受某人欢迎

４８ be in trouble 处于困难中

eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble

４９ be late for = come late to 迟到

eg: Be late for class 上课迟到

５０ be mad at 生某人的气

５１ be worth doing 值得做什么

５２ be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)

５３ be on a visit to 参观

５４ be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)

５５ be not sure 表不确定