9、句型 It is said / reported / thought / known that…. 可变成：sb / sth be said / reported to have done sth. 如：Robert is said ___ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying A
四、不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语的比较
1、不定式作目的、原因、结果状语
a.作目的状语：有三种形式，可互换：to do, in order to do, so as to do (不用于句首)
b.原因：不定式常放在表示情绪反应的形容词后。如：happy, sorry, glad, sad, surpried, disappointed. 不定式不放在句首。
如：I am sorry to hear that your father is ill.
c. 结果：常用 only to do…来表示末曾预料到或令人不快的情况，其动作发生在谓语动作之后。另外 固定结构：too… to do, enough to do, so / such… as to do 中，不定式也作结果状语。
d.在形容词后作状语，只用不定式 如：
The book is easy to read. (=It is easy to read the book.)
We find the lake safe to swim in. (注意尾介词)
2、现在分词、过去分词可作时间、条件、让步、方式、原因、结果状语，就不作目的状语。注：表示时间、条件或让步的分词，有时可带上连词（if, unless, when, while, once（一旦） though, although）
1）_____ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given D
2）I won’t attend his wedding _____ .
A. unless invited B. if invited C. unless inviting
五、三种非谓语形式作定语定语的比较
1、不定式作定语 常表示“用…要做”和“修饰the +序数词”。常用句型：
have / there be… / with +宾语+ to do
分析：以 I have homework to do. 为例：不定式作定语有两种关系：
a.主谓关系：I do homework
b.动宾关系：to do 与 homework 构成动宾关系
注意：以 Jack, do you have some clothes _______?
A. to wash B. to be washed 为例：
分析：（1）动宾关系：wash clothes 成立；（2）主谓关系：You wash clothes成立吗？根据句意，显然不是。这里的洗衣服是说话做，而不是句子的主语you. 所以只能用不定式的被动式，选B。
如：1）He gave me a book to read.
2）There are five pairs ____, but I’m at a loss which to choose.
A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing B
(根据语境，可知是“有五双可供选择，即从5中选1，而不是选5)
3）There are always people to ____ if you feel like a chat.
A. talk to B. talk C. speak about D. speak A
(to talk 要与people构成动宾关系，要用短语 talk to / with sb)
2、分词作定语：单个的分词作定语，放在被修饰的名词前，而分词短语常放在后面。
（1）They made efforts to bring stolen cultural relics back to China. (过去分词表被动和完成)
(2) I want to write about people addicted to drugs.
比较：
a sleeping boy (= a boy who is sleeping); a swimming pool (= a pool for swimming)
falling leaves (leaves that are falling); fallen leaves (leaves that have fallen down)
a developing country (发展中国家)；a developed country (发达国家)
3、to be done, being done, done 作定语的区别
这三个都表示被动，就是时间不同。To be done 表将来，being done 表同时进行，done表完成。注意：having been done 也表完成被动，但不用作定语。
七、几个特殊句式
1)Why not do sth?=Why don’t you do sth?
2)had better (not) do sth. 最好做
3)would rather (not) do sth. 宁愿做
4)woud do… rather than do… = would rather do… than do…= prefer to do …. rather than do…= prefer doing… to doing… 宁愿做…. 而不愿做
八、疑问词＋不定式 结构
1)what / which to do (what / which 作do 的逻辑宾语，what意为“什么”，which “表示选择”
2)when / where / how to do sth.
3)whether to do sth. (不用if)
4)why (not) do sth. (why后省去to)
“疑问词＋不定式”在句中作主语或宾语
如：A reporter must know how to ask the right questions and how to get people to talk about the topic. (作宾语)
九、特殊的独立结构
有些非谓语形式已成为固定用语，用来表示说话人对说话内容所特的态度。
1）现在分词的独立结构
judging from / by…, generally speaking, strictly speaking
2)不定式的独立结构
to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with
3)动词原形： Believe it or not (信不信由你)
4)作连词的分词considering （考虑到，就…而言），providing / provided …假如， supposing 假如 这些词用来表示条件的连词，后接that 从句。
十、不定式、动名词作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。