The religious reformation in Germany宗教改革
1. Germany had always been politically fragmented at that time
2. People of all ranks are not satisfied with Catholicism
3. The renaissance liberated thought of people
Martin Luther
The core idea of Luther is “Justification by faith”
the only basis of faith is the Holy Bible
All believers are priest
Build a disinterested church
Build a national church
influence
It hit the rule of Roman Catholicism
It push the movement of opposition to the feudalism
The Lutheranism was established
It cleaned up a road for religious reformation.
Influence
In politics: (1) Cracked down the Catholicism severely，collapsed its unified theocracy in Europe. New religion branches were born and shaped a new religion pattern.
(2) Promote the development of national consciousness and national countries in western Europe
In economy: Gave impetus to the development of capitalism.
In culture:
（1）Rejected the prestige of Catholicism and emancipated people’s mind further.
(2) Brought boost to national culture and education of countries in west Europe
(3) Provided ideological weapon to early capitalist movement.
Cold war冷战
Yalta Feb 1945 Big Three: Roosevelt Churchill Stalin
Potsdam July 1945 Big Three Truman Clement Atlee Stalin
Containment was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to temper the spread of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect".
result : Coup in USSR 1991 Boris Yeltsin comes to power 15 independent countries dissolution of Soviet Union
THE ENLIGHTENMENT启蒙运动
Background
1.Struggle of bourgeoisie against feudalism.
2.Industrial Revolution
3.Influence of scientific discoveries (Newton) and flourishing of philosophies.
自由三剑客 Voltaire---his largest philosophical work: Dictionnaire philosophique
Montesquieu--- The Spirit of the Laws Persian Letters
separation of powers
The greatest freedom and security for a state :
separation of powers：executive, legislative, and judicial powers
checks and balances---to limit and control each other
Jean-Jacques Rousseau On the Origin of human inequality Emile
The main achievements of the Enlightenment The Social Contract 1762
a.“Separation of the executive, legislative and judicial powers”, “the spirit of the laws”
b. “a constitutional monarchy”, “the law is no respecter of persons”
c. The first France “Encyclopedia”
The influence of Enlightenment
a. the Enlightenment thinkers criticized feudalism and its spiritual pillar ——
the Catholic Church, and depicted the future "rational kingdom" blueprint
b. Preparation for the France Revolution
c. It influenced many other countries all around the world deeply, and lots of the masterpieces of the Enlighteners were introduced to China, Japan and other Asia countries, encouraging their national movements against the old society.
industry revolution
reason
1. the development of the economic and political strength.——basically!
2. the requirement of the home and the world market.
3. the developing of the scientific.
4. the people’s creation.
5. peaceful society, enough capital
6. inventors were respected
Why Did the Industrial Revolution Happen in Britain first
1. English Bourgeois Revolution
2. Capital, Market, plenty of Raw Materials
3. The scientific revolution in England prepared the way for new inventions to be applied to industry.
4. Handicraft industry
5. Population grew
6. England had a long, irregular coastline with many rivers and natural harbors
New Inventions
Spinning Jenny Steam engine(improved by James Watt)
, flying shuttle , water frame Power Loom
Stream locomotive—Stephenson
Fulton----Stream Ship
Influence
For British Produce large quality of low-priced goods in a more efficient manners.
Many cities into being .
Population increased .
Become the “factory of the world”
For world 1.A factory system was established.
2.To make the capitalism spread all over the world
3.To make machine production and modern industry (factory system) gradually
replaced the handicraft workshop
4.To accelerate colonization of the weaker countries
The Second Industrial Revolution
Invention electric motor Telephone(bell) New energy Plane(Wright brothers)1903
Faraday---electromagnetic induction
trolleybus
1885， Karl Benz, car
Nobel-King of Explosive
influence New industry ; Monopolies; To form capitalist world system; Productivity; Imbalance of economic and political development
Atomic Energy; 2.Space Technology; .Bioengineering(cloning)
WW
The First World War
Incident that touches off a war
The Sarajevo Murder
In June 1914 ,the archduke Franz Ferdinand went on an official visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia . There ,on June 28,1914 ,he and his wife were shot dead. The assassin, Gavrilo Prinzip , was a nineteen years old.
Allied nations Germany 、 Austria-Hungary 、 Osman、Bulgaria
the Entente countries Britain、France 、 Russia 、 Serbia、Belgium、Italy、Japan the Paris Peace Conference
? Time---1919
? Place---- Versailles
? Attendants----- 27 victorious countries including China
? Aim--- meeting to divide the spoils and to redivide the old colonies
? Result----Versailles Treaty,1919
? Continuation---- 1921 Washington Conference , to consolidate the imperialist
powers’
domination of the Far East and the Pacific Region
The Versailles- Washington System
WW2
Time : Sep. 1st 1939~Sep. 2nd 1945
Place : European , Asia , Africa , North America , the Near East , the Pacific , the Atlantic , Mediterranean
Military strength of War party :over 61 million ( the Allies ) , over 12 million ( the Axis )
Result : the Allies won the war
Axis and Allies The Axis : Germany , Italy , Japan , Hungary , Bulgaria , Romania
The Allies : America , the U.K , China , the Soviet Union , Canada , Australia ,
Poland , Holland , Free France
三大元凶 The Emperor Hirohito Adolf. Hitler Benito.Mussolini
个国US- Franklin Roosevelt UK-- Winston Churchill China-- Chiang Kai-shek
Soviet Union –Stalin
Causes
The root cause :uneven economic and political development
The historical cause : the Treaty of Versailles
The direct cause: economic crisis
Other cause :The policy of appeasement
Influence The World War II
caused many people’s death and brought suffering to human beings .On the other side , it caused huge loss of property .During this war , many people lost their families and suffered a lot . We should cherish peace , we should try our best to keep the world peaceful
Mesopotamia 美索不达米亚
Cuneiform 楔形文字
Pictograms 象形文字
Epic of Gilgamesh 吉尔伽美什史诗
Mesopotamia is the Greek for “land between the rivers.” It was here, in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, that the first civilization began.
code of Hammurab
Homer's Epic
哲学家
Socrates(470-399B.C.)
The unexamined life is not worth living.
Plato(429-347B.C.)
He wrote The Republic about an ideal state
The Academy
Aristotle(384-322B.C.)
Analyzing and classifying things based on thorough research and investiga tion
Taught Alexander the Great
Law of the twelve tables CORPUS JURIS CIVILIS
Roman law is a very important contribution made by the Romans. It had been so well developed that it later became the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries, including most countries of Europe and South America.
Renaissance文艺复兴
Dante Petrarch Boccaccio
Mona Lisa---Da Vinci
Shakespeare Four Great comedies-- A Midsummer Night’s Dream The Merchant of Venice
As you Like it Twelfth Night
Tragedies---Hamlet King Lear Macbeth Othello
The image of Henry V
examples ① Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted that the earth was not the center of the universe； ② The passionate Petrarch produced sonnets that influenced Shakespeare and many others； ③ Boccaccio(薄伽丘) wrote tales of eternal charm: The Decameron；
④ Marco Polo (马可波罗) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China；
⑤ Michelangelo（米开朗琪罗），Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)，Raphael (拉斐尔)，and
Titian (提香) created paintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the world． Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.---- man did not only have the right to enjoy life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.
Influences:
These Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in Europe. The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one． English Renaissance:
This was England’s Golden Age in literature. There appeared many English literary giants such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Johnson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne.