代词
代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。
一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、
"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:
数 单数 复数
格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格
第一人称 I me we us
第二人称 you you you you
he him they them
第三人称 she her they them
it it they them
如:He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。
It's me. 是我。
二、 物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表。
数 单数 复数
人称 第一 第二 第三 第一 第二 第三
人称 人称 人称 人称 人称 人称
形容词性 my your his/her its our your/their
物主代词
名词性物主代词 mine yours his/hers its ours yours/theirs
如: I like his car.
我喜欢他的小汽车。
Our school is here,and theirs is there.
我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。
三、 指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。
如: That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。
四、 表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为"反身代词"。
如: She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。
五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。
如: They love each other. 他们彼此相爱。
六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语, 但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如:
--- Do you have a car? --你有一辆小汽车吗?
--- Yes,I have one. --是的,我有一辆。
--- I don't know any of them. 他们,我一个也不认识。
七、 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)
如:Tell me who he is. 告诉我他是谁。
八、 关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。
如: He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人
1.I don’t like this coat,could you please show me ______?
A. other B. another C. the other D. others
2.There are many people in the park,some are playing cards,some aredancing,and ____are taking a walk in it.
A. other peoples B. the others C. others D. the other people
3.I have two uncles,one is a doctor and _____ is a teacher.
A. the other B. another C. other D. another one
4.Some students hope to enter the best universities while _____ simply wants to learn skills.
A. the others B. others C. another D. the other
5.“Do you like these pants sir?” “No,please show me ______.”
A. another B. some ones C. some others D. the other
6.I have two TV set,but _____ of them is in good condition.
A. both B. none C. neither D. every
7.Walking along the streets,you can see many beautiful flowers on _____ side of the street.
A. every B. all C. both D. either
8._____ of my parents is poor-educated,they both left school when they were 13.
A. Both B. All C. Either D. Neither
9._____of us answered the phone,for we were all in the yard.
A. Either B. Neither C. All D. None
10.——How many monkeys are there in the cage left? —— _____.
A. None B. No one C. Nothing D. not some
11.Some students hope to enter the best universities while _____ simply want to learn skills.
A. the others B. others C. another D. the other
考试真题:
12.I invited Joe and Linda to dinner,but _____of them came. (20xx北京)
A. neither B. either C. none D. both
13.I had to buy ____these books because I didn‘t know which one was the best.
A. both B. none C. neither D. all (20xx上海)
14.I have done much of the work. Could you please finish ____in two days?
A. the rest B. the other C. another D. the others
15.Both teams were in hard training; _____was willing to lose the game. (20xx上海)
A. either B. neither C. another D. the other
答案:
1-5. B C A B C 6-10. C D C D A 11-15. B A D A (work不可数) B分享给你的朋友吧:i贴吧 新浪微博腾讯微博QQ空间人人网豆瓣MSN
一、用适当的人称代词填空:
1. __________ is my aunt. We often visit __________.
2. China is a developing country. _________ lies in the east of Asia.
3. Professor Wang sets ________ a good example. We must learn from ________.
4. What day is __________ today? — __________ is Thursday.
5. How far is the thunder ? — __________ is three kilometers away.
6. I own a blue bike. The red one doesn’t belong to __________.
7. These new houses are so nice. __________ are very expensive.
8. __________ say that those old houses will be rebuilt.
9. Is __________ the milkman at the door? — Yes, that’s __________.
10. The fishermen caught a lot of fish, didn’t __________?
11. Ling Ling is a girl. ____ studies in a primary school. Her brother lives with ____ and helps ____ to prepare the lessons.
12. The ship is lying at anchor (停泊) . ____ comes from Shanghai.
13. This photo of your mother is very much like her. I like ____.
14. Mike is my classmate. ____ is good at physics .
15. Kate wants a glass of milk. Will you pass it to ____ ?
16. What’s the weather like today ? ____ is cloudy.
二、用形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词填空
1. I ate all ____ sandwiches yesterday. Can I have one of ____ ?
2. Tell Tom not to forget ____ book. And you mustn’t forget ____ .
3. George has lost ____ pen. Ask Mary if(是否)she will lend him ____ .
4.. Jack has a dog and so have I. ____ dog and ____ had a fight (打架).
5. The teacher wants you to return that book of ____
6. Mr. and Mrs. Green and a friend of ____ are coming to see us.
7. Mary wants to know if(是否) you’ve seen a pair of gloves of ____ .
8. We are going to Paris to stay with a French friend of ____ .
三、用适当的人称代词和物主代词填空
A. 从括号内选择正确的代词填空
1. Your football clothes are on the desk. Please put _________(they,them,their,theirs) away.
2. (We,Us,Our,Ours)_________ English teacher is Mrs. Green. We all like _________(she,her,hers).
3. (I,Me,My,Mine)_________ can’t get my kite. Could you help _________(I,me,my,mine)?
4. Tom can’t get down from the tree. Can you help _________(he,him,his)?
5. Her kite is broken. Can _________(you,your,yours) mend it?
6. We can’t find our bikes. Can you help _________(we,us,our,ours)?
7. These are _________(he,him,his) planes. The white ones are _________(I,me,mine).
五、根据句意用适当的人称代词、物主代词填空:
1. Mary works in a book store. likes work very much.
2. John and I are in the same school. go to school together.
3. Everybody likes that sport, do ?
4. She is a friend of . We got to know each other two years ago.
5. Her sister makes all own dresses.
6. I have many friends. Some of are good at English.
7. May I use bike? is broken.
8. Everybody is here except Ann and ________ friend Jane. ________ are in the library now.
第二篇:初中英语介词总结
介词
考点1、表示时间的介词
表示时间的介词有at, in, after, until, before, during.
1. at多用于表示具体的钟点时刻前,如:at seven, at a quarter to one; 也用于固定搭配中,如: at noon, at night。
2. in 表示一段时间,用于年、月、世纪、四季或泛指的一天的上午、下午、晚上等。如: in the twenty-five century 在21世纪,in autumn 在秋天,in the morning 在早上;还可用于表示“从现在起,多长时间以后或多久之后”的短语。
3. on 主要用在星期几,具体某一天或某一天的早、中、晚或节日前。如:
on Mid-autumn day 在中秋节
on June 1st 在6月1日
4. since, from和for
(1) since指从某时一直延续至今,后接时间点,只要用完成时。如:
He has lived here since 1993. 从1993年开始他一直住这里。
(2) from说明开始的时间,谓语可用过去、现在、将来的某种失态。如:
From now on, I will learn English in the morning. 从今以后,我将在早晨学英语。
(3) for指动作延续贯穿整个过程,后接时间段,主句用完成时。如:
I have studied English for six years. 我已经学英语六年了。
5. (1)after表示以过去为起点的某一段时间之后,用于过去时。如:
They finished the work after two years. 我们两年后完成了这项工作。
(2)after 与时间点连用表示将来某个时间之后,如:
I’ll ring you up after two o’clock. 我会在两点后打电话给你。
6. “by + 时间点”表示“到……以前为止”,如果by 后跟一个过去的时间点应用过去完成时。如:
We had learned 1,000 English words by the end of last term. 到上个学期末,我们已经学了1000个英语单词。
7. “during + 时间段”与延续性动词连用表示某期间的动作。如:
He lives with us during these years. 这些年他跟我们一起住。
8. until 用于否定句中,意为“直到……才”,其前的谓语动词多用瞬间性动词;用在肯定句中,意为“直到……为止”,其前的谓语动词须用延续性动词。如:
I don’t leave until my mother came home. 直到我妈妈回家我才离开。
I waited for my mother until she came home. 我等妈妈直到她回家。
9. before 和 after 表示时间,分别意为“在……之前”和“在……之后”,如:
Please bring your homework before ten o’clock. 请于十点前把你们的作业带来。
考点2、表示方位、方向的介词
1. 表示方位的in,on,to
in表示在某一地区之内的某方位(属于该范围);to 表示在某一地区之外的某方位(不属于该范围);on 表示与某地的毗邻关系。如:
Fujian is in the southeast of China. 福建省位于中国的东南部。
China is to the west of Japan. 中国位于日本的西部。
2. over,above 和 on 的用法
(1) over 指在……的正上方,表示垂直在上。
(2) above 指在上方,属于斜上方。如:
Raise your arms above your head. 把你的手臂举过你的头。
(3) on 指在上面,表示两物体接触。如:
There is a cup on the table. 桌子上有一个杯子。
3. at,in 和on的用法区别
(1) at 表示较小的地点。如:
at the bus stop , at home
(2) in 表示较大的地方。如:
in China , in the world
(3) on 表示在一个平面上。如:
on the farm
4. in front of , in the front of
(1) in front of 表示“在……之前”(范围外)。如:
There are some trees in front of the classroom.
(2) in the front of 表示“在……的前部”(范围内)
(3) before 所表示的位置关系和 in front of相同,表示“在……前”,“在……面前”。如:
He sits before me.
5. below , under
below 表示“在下方或位置低于……”,不一定有垂直在下之意;under 表示“在……正下方”。如:
There are many bikes below under the trees. 树下有许多自行车。
The coat reaches below the knees. 这件外套到了膝盖一下。
6. across , through , over , past
across 和 through 都用于表示“穿过;越过”。Across意为 “从……表面穿过”,或指沿某一条线的方向而进行的动作,表示乘船过海或过河时用across;through 含有“从……中间穿过”之意;over 多指在空间范围上“超过”;而past指“经过”。如:
He can swim across the river. 他能游过这条河。
She had to push her way through the crowd to get to her son. 她不得不从人群中挤过去以赶上她的儿子。
The plane flew over a line of mountain in the southeast. 这架飞机飞越东南山区线。
They walked past a tall tree. 他们走过一棵高达的树。
7. among 和between的区别
among和between 都有“在……之间”的意思。一般用between表示两者之间,用among
表示三者或三者以上之间。
要注意的是:between也可以用于两个以上的事物之间,主要指在两只之间。如Understanding between nations is very important. 国与国之间的相互理解很重要。如果列举三个或三个以上的人或物而又用了and 时,通常用between而不用among。谈论事物的差别时多用between;divide,share后的状语是几个并列的单数名词时用between;如果后面饿状语是复数名词时,可用between,也可用among。
考点3、表示方式、方法、手段的介词
in,with, by表示“用”时的区别
in 主要表示“用语言、声音、原材料等”;with表示“用具体有形的东西”;by表示“用……手段或方式”,后常接动名词。如:
Can you sing this song in English?
I write my homework with a pen.
The girl made money by selling flowers.
考点4、表示“动词+介词”和“动词+副词”两种结构
英语中动词短语有两类:“动词+介词”和“动词+副词”。前者宾语只可放在介词后;后者当宾语为名词时可放在副词之前或之后,当宾语为代词时要放在动词和副词之间。
属于“动词+介词”型的短语有 look after, look like, look at, arrive at, get to, listen to, talk with, agree to, agree with, point at, hear from 等。
属于“动词+副词”型的短语有 put on, take off, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up, put away, write down, knock in, look up, try on等。
考点5、其他介词的用法
1. but, besides 和 except 的区别
but 表示“除……之外”,常与有否定意义的词连用,当but前有动词do时,
but后接动词原形;except表示“除……之外”(不再有),指从整体中排除except所带的人或物,前面常有all, every, any, no及其他复合词,但在否定句中,except没有排斥性;besides表示“除……之外”(还有),它的意义是在原来的基础上加上besides除外的人或物,其前常有other, another, other, any other, a few等词。
2. to 和at表行为对象时的区别
at同某些动词连用,表示攻击的目标,含有某种程度的恶意;to只表示方向,
无恶意。如:laugh at sb. , go to Shanghai等。
3. of 和in用于最高级结构中的区别
若主语和比较范围一致,一般用of,后接数词或可数名词复数;若主语属于
比较的一部分用in,in后一般是可数名词的单数。
4. with,for,at与in表示“原因”时的用法区别
with用来表示原因理由时,主要是指从“手段”的含义而来,由于这一原因
而造成某人精神上或身体上的某种状况,常接在表示感情、动作或身体状况等的动词后;for表示原因理由时,主要接表示感情的抽象名词,如喜、怒、哀、乐、悲、恐、惧等;at用来指感情上的原因或理由时,常接在表示“看到、听到、收到;喜怒、吃惊”等动词或形容词之后。如:be amazed at 对……感到惊愕,be pleased/delighted at 因……感到高兴,be astonished at 对……而感到震惊,be surprised at 对……而感到吃惊, be angry at something 对某事感到生气;in常用于表示“高兴、自豪、兴趣”之类的词或习语中。
5. as for 和 as to的异同
当as for 和 as to 作“至于”、“就……而论”讲时,两者可以通用,常位于
句首。而as to除了上述含义外,还有“关于”的含义,相当于about,可以位于句中,其后可以跟名词、代词或宾语从句。
6. for,to,towards的区别
(1) for 常用在leave,start后,表示运动的方向或目的。如:
They’ll leave for Beijing to attend the meeting.
(2) to 接在go,come,return,move等词之后,表示目的地。如:
When did you return to Guangzhou after the holiday?
(3) towards “朝,向”,只说明运动的方向,没有“到达”的意思。
7. with与without的区别
with意为“和、对、附带、带有”,常用搭配有:with the help of…,play with,
talk with。
without 意为“没有”,常用搭配有:without help, without breakfast
8. of sb. 与 for sb. 的区别
of sb. “对于(某人)”,用于It is +adj. + of sb. to do sth. 句型中,形容词
为clever, kind, nice等描述人物性格特征的词,of后的人物与形容词有主表关系。
for sb.“对于(某人)”,用于It is +adj. + for sb. to do sth. 句型中,形容词为easy, important 等不描述人物性格特征的词,for sb 后的人物与形容词没有主表关系。