初中英语语法总结（一）——名词
名 词
在中考单项选择试题中，除了时态，名词的考查频率也较高。一般考查以下几点：
一、 可数名词与不可数名词
在可数名词与不可数名词上一般出现这样几类，（1）分辨是哪一类名词，并根据结论做选择。
（2）可数名词复数的不规则变化。（3）不可数名词的量化表达。所以，考生首先要能够明确哪些是可数名词，哪些是不可数名词。其次，还要知道可数名词的复数的变化规则。可数名词的变化规则一般是在单词后面加-s 或-es，如：
1desk---desks bed---beds piano---pianos
hat---hats bag---bags photo---photos
2bus---buses box---boxes
watch---watches brush---brushes
3tomato---tomatoes potato---potatoes
hero---heroes Negro---Negroes
4 leaf---leaves knife---knives
5baby---babies family---families
另外，还要记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式，如：
Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japanese
Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen
Russian---Russians American---Americans
German --- Germans
child---children foot---feet
man---men woman---women
tooth---teeth goose --- geese
deer---deer sheep---sheep
还要掌握不可数名词的量化表达有： a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of 另外，大家应注意：单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化：单数集合名词如class, police, family, school, group, team等。尽管形式上是单数，意义上都是复数，因此，一般要与复数谓语动词连用，例如：
Class Five have a foreign friend.
五班有一位外国朋友。（这里的五班指五班的同学的。）
His family are good to me. 他的家人对我很好。（很显然，这里的family指家庭成员。）当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时， 意义上则是单数，因此，要与单数谓语动词连用。例如， Our school team often plays well in our city.
我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。（这里的team 指整个队，但意义上仍为单数，故谓语动词用plays.
二、 名词所有格
名词所有格有两种形式：一是加’s，一种是用of来表示。一般情况下，指某人的某物用’s表示，而指某物的什么用of 短语来表示。另外，要注意凡是以s结尾的名词或规则名词的复数，不能直接加’s，而应该加-’即可。例如，boys’ clothes girls’ dresses。 不过，注意例外情况，例如， the boss’s handwriting，其中the boss’s 的-’s不可省略。因为在英语中，如果以-s 或-ss 结尾的名词不是复数复数形式，那么其名词所有格仍加-‘s。
那么你会说“琼斯的小汽车”吗？对，Jones’s car。
下面我们来做一部分习题。
1. June 1st is ___ Day.
A. Child’s B. Childs’ C. Childrens’ D. Children’s
答案：D
2. I need ___ paper, Mum. I want to write ___ letter to my English teacher.
A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any
答案：B
3. There are two ___ and three ___ on the table.
A. knifes, forks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks
答案：D
4. We have got a lot of___ today.
A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to do
D. book to read
答案：B
5. We could see __ children and hear ___ noise in the park.
A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many
答案：C
6. Will you pass me ___?
A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks
D. some chalks
答案：A
7. ___ has been invited to the dancing party.
A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers
D. Friends of her
答案：B
下面请大家自己练习一下。
1. September 10th is ___ Day.
A. the Teacher B. Teachers’ C. Teacher D. Teacher’s
答案：B
2. ---Can I help you, sir?
---I’d like to have 100___. I want the students to draw pictures on them.
A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. paper
答案：B
3. ---Would you like ___ milk, please?
---No, thank you. I still have some.
A. some more B. an C. a little of D. all
答案：A
4. ___ the old woman is in!
A. What good health B. How a good health C. What a good health D. How good health 答案：A
① What + a(n) + 形容词 + 单数名词 + 主语 + 谓语！
② What + 形容词 + 复数名词 + 主语 + 谓语！
③ What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语！
④ How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语！
⑤ How + 形容词 + a(n) + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语！ ⑥ How + 主语 + 谓语！
5. I’m going to help ___ with ___ English.
A. a friend of Nancy, hers B. a friend of Nancy’s, her
C. a friend of Nancy’s, hers D. a friend of Nancy, her 答案：B
6. The two desks here are ___. You may use the desk over there.
A. Mary and Jane B. Marys and Janes C. Mary and Jane’s
D. Mary’s and Jane’s
答案：D
第二篇：初中英语语法总结(三)--代词
初中英语语法总结（三）——代词
【代词】
人称代词，物主代词，反身代词
类别
主格宾格形容词性 物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数 we us our ours ourselves第二人称单数 you you your yours yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称单数 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itself复数 they them their theirs themselves
1．人称代词
人称代词it的特殊用法：一般it指“它”，但在表示天气、时间、距离等时，用it来代替，此时的it并不译为“它”。
当三个人称代词(单数)同时出现时，其先后顺序为you，he，I。而复数一般采用we，you，they顺序。
2．物主代词
物主代词的用法：
形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词。
名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。
3．反身代词
1)反身代词的构成分两种：第一、二人称反身代词在形容词：性物主代词后加上self或selves，第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves．
2)反身代词的用法：一种是作宾语，由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。
如：I enjoyed myself at the party．另一种是作名词或代词的同位语；用来加强语气。如：I can do it myself．
3)初中阶段由反身代词构成的常用词组有：enjoy oneself，help oneself to，learn by oneself，teach oneself，(all)by oneself，leave...by oneself，lose oneself in等，在运用反身代词时，应注意它在数、性别上与哪一个保持一致。试比较：
“Help yourselves to some fish，Tom and Mike．”与I can’t leave the girl by herself．
指示代词
指示代词的特殊用法：
(1)为了避免重复，可用that，those代替前面提到过的名词，但是this，these不可以。
(2)this，that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
不定代词
主要不定代词的用法：
(1)one的用法
A. one作为代词可以指人，也可以指物。
B. one，ones (one的复数形式) 可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词，以避免重复。
C. one的前面可用this，that，the，which等词来修饰。
D. 常有a+形容词+one这一形式。
it和one的用法区别：it用来指特定的东西，而one则用于替代不特定的东西。
(2)some和any的用法区别
A. some，any可与单、复数可数名词和不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句，any一般用于否定句，疑问句和条件句中。
B. some，any与—thing，—body，—one构成的合成词的用法与some，any一样。
C.在疑问句中，一般不用some，只有当问句表示一种邀请或者请求，或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。
D. some在否定句中表示半否定，any表示全否定。
E．some用于单数可数名词前，表示“某个”而不是“一些”。
(3)other，another的用法
数
种类单数复数泛指another=an otherother (boys)others特指the otherthe other (boys) the others功能作主语、宾语、定语作定语作主语、宾语
A. another＝another"另一个”，泛指众多者中的另一个，在原有基础上自然增加的另一个。一般后面接单数名词，前面不能加定冠词。有时another可以用在复数名词前表示“又”“再”，如：
I want to have another two cakes．我想再吃两个蛋糕。
B．the other表示两个中的另一个，常与one连用。常见形式是“one．．．the other．．．”。
C. other+复数名词＝others
D. the other+复数名词＝the others
(4) a11、both的用法
both表示“两者都……”，而a11表示“三个或三个以上的人或物都……”。
a11、both在句中放在be动词，情态动词及助动词之后，放在实义动词之前。
(5) each和every的用法
A. each用来指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个。every则指两个以上的人或物中的一个。
B. 从含义和语法功能上看，each是“单个”的意思，侧重个体，在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语。而every是“每一个”之意，侧重全体、整体、共性。在句中只能作定语，也就是说它后面必须跟着名词。而由every构成的合成词后面绝不能跟名词。
(6)either，neither，both的用法
either：指两者中的任意一个。作主语谓语用单数。
neither：指两者都不，全否定。作主语谓语用单数。
both：指两者都。作主语谓语用复数。
(7)many和much
many只能和复数可数名词连用。
much只能和不可数名词连用。
注意：
a lot of／lots of / plenty of＝much／many
a large／great number of＝many
a great／good deal of＝much
(8)few，a few，little，a little
few，little表示否定含义，“很少”“几乎没有”；a few，a little表示肯定含义，有一些”。few，a few用在可数名词前，little，a little用在不可数名词前。
【代词】
[例1] 用所给词的适当形式填空。
1）This isn’t _______ (I) book, it must be _______ (you).
2）Is there any milk in the bottle?
Yes, there is ______ (little).
分析 第1小题第一空要用形容词性物主代词my，用于修饰名词book，第二空则要用名词性物主代词yours，相当于your book。第2小题应用a little表示肯定：“有一点儿”。
[例2] There are many trees on________ of the road.
A. both side B. each sides C. both sides D. every side
分析 此题主要考查不定代词both, each和every的用法。both为“两者”（都）”，作定语时，其后接复数名词；作主语时，要用复数谓语动词。either为“两者中间的任何一个（的）”，作定语时，后接单数可数名词；作主语时，要用单数谓语动词。every意为“每个（的）”，作定语，只用于三者或三者以上。又因马路road（rive，street等）只有两侧，所以正确答案只能是C。
[例3] 1) “Help ______ to some mooncakes”, Han Meimei said to the twins.
A. you B. oneself C. yourself D. yourselves
2) —Put on your clothes when you go out.
—Thank you. Mum. I can look after______.
A. me B.I C. ourselves D. myself
分析 这是一组考查反身代词用法的试题。反身代词在句中可作宾语、表语和同位语，不能单独使用、不能替代主格代词，但可用在主格代词后以加强语气。还常用于某些短语中，如：by oneself独自，enjoy oneself 玩得愉快，teach oneself 自学，help oneself to…随便吃（用）……等。因此上二题答案均为D。
例4] （广东省，2003）There is with my computer. It doesn’ t work.
A. nothing wrong B. anything wrong C. wrong something D. something wrong
分析 本题考查形容词与不定代词的位置关系，形容词修饰不定代词应放在不定代词之后，而anything用于否定句和疑问句，由It doesn’ t work知选D。
答案：D
解后反思 考虑词的使用范围并结合语境是解决本题的关键。
单项选择
1. ______ the twins enjoyed ______ at the party yesterday.
A. Both; them B. Both; themselves C. Neither; them D. All; themselves
2. —Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a cup of tea?
—______, thanks. I'd like just a cup of water.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
3. —Would you like ______ milk in your tea?
—Yes, just ______.
A. any; little B. some; a little C. much; a few D. a little; some
4. There is______ to do this evening.
A. much nothing B. many nothing C. nothing much D. nothing many
5. The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forget ______.
A. anything else B. something else C. nothing else D. everything else
6. —Is this your shoe?
—Yes, it is. But where is______?
A. the others B. another C. other one D. the other one
7. What I want to say is ______English is a very useful language.
A. it B. this C. that D. those
8. They have an English lesson ______ day, Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
A. each other B. every other C. some others D. another more
9. We found______ very important to learn a foreign language well.
A. this B. that C. it D. it's
10. —______ is Lily like?
—Oh, she's tall and thin.
A. How B. Who C. Which D. What
11. —Would you like milk or orange?
—_______ I prefer water.
A. Each B. Neither C. Either D. Both
12 .—Oh, there is someone in the room.
—______ must be my mother.
A. There B. She C. This D. It
13. Betty and John have come back, but _______ students in the class aren't here yet.
A. the other B. others C. another D. the others
14. ______ of us has read the story.
A. Some B. Both C. All D. None
15. —Which of her parents is a doctor?
—________.
A. Any B. Either C. Both D. All
16. I have bought a new watch because my old ______ doesn't work.
A. it B. one C. that D. this
17. —Is this dictionary _______ or _______?
—It's mine.
A. your; hers B. your; her C. your; her D. yours; hers
18. There is ______ water in my glass. Will you please give me ______.
A. little; some B. few; any C. few; some D. little; any
19. —______pencil-box is this, Patrick?
—It’s ______
A. Whose; mine B. Who’s; mine C. Whose; my D. Who’s; my
20. —The pen is _______. She wrote _______ name with it _______.
A. hers; her; herself B. her; hers; her
C. her; hers; herself D. her; herself; hers
1.B 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.B 8.B 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. D 13.A 14.D 15.C 16.B 17. D 18.A 19.A 20.A