连词：because/as/since/for

副词：therefore/so/hence/thus/accordingly

名词： cause（也是动词）reason/factor

result/consequence

其他表达：

so that/as a result/result in/lead to/be responsible for+结果

because of/result from/originate in/due to/owing to /on account of/by reason of/give rise to/thanks to/arise from+原因

除此之外，以下也可以

help do sth.

in order to

A encourage B

…., and….

in that

if/unless

slow

并列关系

and , as well as, also, not only...but also, too, alternatively, neither……nor, either……or,

递进关系

? also, then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore,

moreover, what is more; apart from.

转折关系

but, yet,however, nonetheless, nevertheless. on the

other hand, unfortunately,contrarily, on the contrary,

by contrast,contrary to,adversely

让步关系

although, though, even though, even if, even, nevertheless, despite, in spite of; regardless of; anyway, anyhow （无论如何，不管怎样） ? 对比： in/by contrast, on contrary （to）, conversely,unlike,

rather than, more...than

对比类比关系

? 类比：like, similar to, similarly, the same as(with), as...as, just

as(like)，likewise, equally, in the same way,

推理题、修辞目的题

解释说明关系（例证法）

? for example, for instance, such as, like, including, to

illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, （列举）

that is to say,which非限定性从句， in another word, typically ，of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them), more

specifically speaking, namely, （进一步说明）

第二篇：托福阅读错题总结

托福阅读错题总结：

改变计划——从第一套开始做！

TPO24：细节题做完之后，通读文章，了解全文的结构和主要内容层次 一、Lake Water

2、词汇题gains：这里是增量的概念所以应该是increase，而不是存量的概念savings

8、比较细节题：弄清A比B还是B比A， Lake Erie体积小，选择表述相反但正确。

11、解释现象题：定位前后句，前面一句是：Climatic change影响很大，后面一句是：Theslowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences，由further可以推知Theslowing down of water renewal也是前面现象的原因

14、概括多选题：太细节的不选，没有提到的不选，选项一般是文章几个层次的内容。 同一部分的内容不可能选两个答案。

二、Breathing During Sleep 7、注意题目中的限定during NREM，和文章中的比较转折（往后看）

13、归类题：要理解文章的主要内容，对各部分的内容都要熟悉

三、Moving into Pueblos

1、词汇题：traumatic，外力的，受迫的

3、理解推断题：要理解原文想要表达的意思，原来更加自由

5、细节题：定位对应段的内容，同义句的替换

14、概括多选题：表述过于绝对的选项是不正确的

TPO23：定位，理解，替换（分析定位句，转换含义），不要多想（文中没提到的绝对不选）

一、Urban Climates 11、词汇题：modified（改进的——changed）中性的改变，increased修饰不合理。 定位原句：Wind movements are also modified in cities because buildings increase the friction on air flowing around them. This friction tends to slow the speed of winds。

13、插入句子题：Another possibility is for the heat island to be stretched along the course of major rivers, since large waterways typically have a warming effect on the air directly above them.

原文环境：■The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors.■For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. ■When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃ warmer than the side streets. ■

通过标红的词，以及并列的语义：许多原因，例如XX，另一个XX，判断插入第三处。

14、多选题：分析文章的主要内容：城市热的一个现象——这个热是怎么造成的——形成热岛效应及其特征——城市表面空气造成的其他现象

此题中其他三个选项都是文中没有提到的！

二、Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture

2、句子同意转述题：Importing the grain, （which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves）, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.

主干：Importing the grainkept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.虽然由and 连接，但其实是因果关系句！

Thus 一词体现出了因果关系！B. Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer

goods.符合原句的意思！

4、According to的细节题，一定是文中提到过的，不需要延伸或推理。

原文：The high prices encouraged the peasants to improve their animal husbandry techniques; for example, they began feeding their animals indoors in order to raise the milk yield of their cows.

正确答案：Different ways of caring for dairy-producing animals（原文信息的概括）

7、信息概括多选题：一定要是原文中的内容，相同含义的替换

原文：In order to increase production on existing land, the peasants made more use of crop rotation and, in particular, began to apply animal waste to the soil regularly, rather than leaving the fertilization process up to the grazing livestock.

第一点：They planted different crops in different sections of the farm each year.（轮作） 第二点：They increased the use of fertilizers to supply more nutrients to plants.（施肥）

8、代词指代题：so that they were able to lease the reclamation to farmers as early as 1612 Be able to lease（出租）的主语 they 应该是人，merchants

9、细节题：The richest merchants in Amsterdam contributed money to reclaim a good 7,100 hectares of land.这是why land-reclamation projects in the first half of the seventeenth century proceeded rapidly的原因

10、词汇题：legendary传说的，传奇的——famous 有名的

14、内容概括多选题：差异化的生产、土地开垦、专业化的农业生产减缓了危机 其余内容都是错误的或者没有提到过的。

三、Rock Art of the Australia Aborigines

5、词汇题：revised修订的，改变的——changed 用中性词，不要带有主观的感情色彩

6、句意理解题：The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia, which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.

答案：Because motifs primarily associated with the Panaramitee region are common in the oldest sites the term Panaramitee style has become the general term for rock art of this type. 因为在这个地方发现的art有相同的图像，研究者以这个地方给它贴了一个标签。 干扰选项一般都是和原句结构一致的，但是改动了局部使得含义不同。

8、排除内容题：文章中定位The engravings consisted of simple animal drawings.没有提到 别的段落的内容一定不能作为答案

10、原文信息的提取和理解：suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art, in which a geometric style gave way to a simple figurative style (outlines of figures and animals), followed by a range of complex figurative styles that, （unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition——介词插入成分，不是后面的主语）tended to much greater regional diversity.——信息必须是文中的，重要的是句子的结构和理解

问题：the complex figurative style differs from the geometric style in that the complex figurative stylevaries significantly from region to region

11、细节定位题：上面的原文中第一部分划线内容：The geometric style of Australian rock art was replaced by（gave way to） increasingly complex figurative styles

12、in order to题：And has not twentieth-century art shown that naturalism does not necessarily follow abstraction in some kind of predetermine sequence?

由has not twentieth-century art shown可知，that后面的内容是反例！

13、插入句子题：While a great deal of information exists, the answers to these questions are not yet definitive.这是一句概括性的句子，应该放在第二段的末尾（这些问题没有解决），

第三段开始具体的讲问题。

14、主要内容题：时间确定但是解释有争论-从几何到代表图案的转变不一定代表含义从简单到复杂-早起的art简单后期的负责（包含图像和动物）