福师《素描》离线作业一

1. 素描的分类？

素描通过艺术表现形式可分为以下几个类型：

古典主义素描： 强调理性的表达。画面严谨，对透视学、解剖学等方面进行了精确的理论研究，总结出一整套素描表现语言，其中许多方法至今仍在使用。这一时期是艺术蓬勃发展的时期，许多大师的作品对后来的艺术发展有着巨大的影响力。

现实主义素描：以生活作为创作源泉，崇尚自然，体验和表现现实生活中的形象事物，强调作品的真实性。作品体现出画家对现实生活的深刻认识。 表现风格的素描：强调个人主体意识的表达，由再现客观自然转向表现客观自然，注重画面的表现力，使素描的表现形式更加自由且丰富多彩。

抽象素描：不同寻常的艺术形式，构成了对空间新的认识和理解。形象不再是单一的外在形态。这种反传统的表现形式，对后来的艺术发展产生了强烈的推动力。

当代素描：由于艺术领域的多元化发展，人们的审美观念不断丰富，创作的空间也更加自由广阔。艺术形式是艺术家自我表达的一种手段，无论怎样都是艺术家自身体验的结果。

中国的白描，实际上也是一种素描，它主要是运用单色线条来表现中国画家对物象的心理感受，重在形体本身的结构，着重研究由这些结构所造成的物象精神实质，在表现物象时，白描基本上排除从固定的光源出发或条件色出发的西洋素描观察表现法，以笔墨放笔直取，形成了中国画以白描为造型基础的审美特色。 线描是一种最能直写胸臆，抒发情感和体现个性特色的表现方法，它简洁概括而又变化无穷。

高校的素描教学一般是通过临摹优秀素描作品和通过石膏写生（几何形体、石膏人物）；静物写生、头像写生、半身像写生、全身像写生、人体写生等几种

形式来完成的，时间上分为长期素描和短期素描，方法上有临摹、写生、默写、记忆等。素描是美术教学中的一门重要的课程，也是一名绘画工作者修身要学习和使用的一种绘画形式，学习素描艺术要具有顽强的精神，持之一恒的能力。

2. 素描的定义

素描就是单色画。一般采用铅笔等工具，是各种造型艺术对造型能力训练的基础课程。也是一件成熟创作的前期写生或小稿。当然，素描也可以成为一件独立的艺术作品。

3. 素描学习的基本方法？

素描教学可分为再现性和表现性训练。

再现性素描包含造型艺术应具备的一切基本规律，如透视、解剖、光影、空间、质感、量感。形式上有物理形态、数字基础结构关系、几何形式，把透视空间、光影和色阶、质感机理解剖和结构作为表现客观对象的要求。

表现性素描是深入到物休内部分析理解物体，通过节奏感受，形态转换，主观处理，进而上升到一种精神领域，使物体本质得到表现。

在低年级的素描学习中，通过主体对客体的介入在对客观对象分析的基础上，依据对象的客观原则逐步掌握透视、空间、质感、量感、明暗等规律，高年级的素描教学应强调表现性，学生在教师的指导下，善于从客观事物的外部表象中得到感受，然后经过理性分析，判断，唤起作画的情感，从而表现和提示客观事物包含的深刻内容和内在本质，把一般人们看不到的东西表现出来。

在素描训练时应逐步学会主动参与和取舍，面对模特时要有情感的投入和心灵的感应，不要简单地模拟和重复表现客观对象，应有感而发，以情取势，以神写形，用心灵去体验，感受对象特征和内在的心理活动，具体的强化艺术形象，抓住对象内在的韵律予以表现，赋予对象新的生命力。

在素描的学习中，对技法的掌握是相对容易做到的，因为技法在画面上是

具体的、可视的，通过实践可以掌握。而作为深层的思维活动，观察能力和审美感受是抽象的、不可见的，是不易具体传授的，只有通过一些特殊手段的训练才能使个人的感受能力得以提高。当然，在高年级的素描教学之中也不能因强调了表现性而忽视了对客观对象外在形体的塑造，对人物基本形体的了解和塑造是最基本的、也是最直接的表现形式。只有在充分了解了对象的基本形体后，才能在所认识的基础上进行夸张、变形，将自己的感受投射到作品中，这是从外到内的，从感性认识到理性认识的升华过程。

素描的学习训练应与现实的生活紧密相连。让学生的目光从画室转向大千世界，把课堂中的素描教学感受与外面的世界联系起来，让学生感受现实世界鲜活的生命力，从而跳出以往经验式的概念，寻找物象本身的特性。这样可以提高学生感受可视世界的兴趣，发掘生活的意义。教师要给学生提供大量的生活实践空间，逐步让他们把课堂作业与课外作业相联系，进而产生创作意向，使素描体现出自身的价值和意义。

当今的绘画艺术呈现出多元化趋势，对艺术风格和形式上的探索更加活跃多样，我国素描教学从理论上到实践都有待于同学们去进一步的发展和完善。

4、构图的基本原理？

（1 、关于均衡与对称

均衡与对称是构图的基础，主要作用是使画面具有稳定性。均衡与对称本不是一个概念，但两者具有内在的同一性 —— 稳定。稳定感是人类在长期观察自然中形成的一种视觉习惯和审美观念。因此，凡符合这种审美观念的造型艺术才能产生美感，违背这个原则的，看起来就不舒服。均衡与对称都不是平均，它是一种合乎逻辑的比例关系。平均虽是稳定的，但缺少变化，没有变化就没有美感，所以构图最忌讳的就是平均分配画面。对称的稳定感特别强，对称能使画面有庄严，肃穆，和谐的感觉。比如，我国古代的建筑就是对称的典范，但对称与均衡比较而言，均衡的变化比对称要大得多。因此，对称虽是构图的重要原则，但在

实际运用中机会比较少，运用多了就有千篇一律的感觉。

在构图中最讲究的是 “ 品 ” 字形和三七律。品字形构图和三七律构图的方式常被人们称为黄金构图法，也有叫做为永恒的三角构图法，这些都是指均衡而言。 什么是 “ 品 ” 字形构图？就是在画面上同时出现三个物体的时候，不能把它们等距离放在一条线上，而应使其呈现三角形状，像个品字。只要留意，这种三角在自然界中是无处不在的。大山就是由无数的三角形构成，上下交错，井然有序，犹如一个巨大的品字状或三角形，具有强烈的排列韵味。

什么是 “ 三七律 ” 构图？就是画面的比例分配三七开。若是竖画面，上面占三分，下面占七分，或上面占七分，下面占三分；若是横构图画面，右面占三分，左面占七分，或是右面占七分，左面占三分。在中国画界中这种三七开构图的布局被称为是最佳的构图布局比例关系。所谓最佳，并不是单一，或唯一，在特殊情况下，根据题材的需要，也是可以打破的，二八律或四六律也可以使用。本来艺术就讲究的是有法而无定法。总之，就是为了整个画面而考虑，去应用。 （2 、关于对比

对比的巧妙，不仅能增强艺术感染力，更能鲜明的反映和升华主题。 对比构图，是为了突出主题强化主题，对比有各种各样，千变万化，但是把它们同类相并，可以得出：

一是形状的对比。如：大和小，高和矮，老和少，胖和瘦，粗和细。 二是色彩的对比。如：深与浅，冷与暖，明与暗，黑与白。

三是灰与灰的对比。如：深与浅，明与暗等。

在一副作品中，可以运用单一的对比，也可同时运用各种对比，对比的方法是比较容易掌握的，但要注意不能死搬硬套，牵强附会，更不能喧宾夺主。

（3 、视点构图

是为了将观众的注意力吸引到画面的中心点上。视点是透视学上的名称，也叫灭点。 要把视点说清楚，还得从视平线，地平线，水平线这三条线上说起。视平线就是与眼睛平行的一条线。我们站在任何一个地方向远方望去，在天地相

结或水天相连的地方有一条明显的线，这条线正好与眼睛平行，这就是视平线。这条线随眼睛的高低而变化，人站的高，这条线随着升高，看的也就越远，欲穷千里目，更上一层楼就是这个道理。反之，人站的低，视平线也就低看到的地方也就近了，小了。 按照透视学的原理，在视平线以上的物体，如：高山，建筑等，近高远低，近大远小；在视平线以下的物体，如：大地、海洋、道路等，近低远高，近宽远窄，向上伸延左右两侧的物体。这样，以人的眼睛所视方向为轴心，上下左右向着一个方向伸延，最后聚集在一起，集中到一点，消失在视平线上，这就是视点的由来。

5、结构素描？

结构素描又称“形体素描”。这种素描的特点是以线条为主要表现手段，不施明暗，没有光影变化，而强调突出物象的结构特征。 以理解和表达物体自身的结构本质为目的，结构素描的观察常和测量与推理结合起来，透视原理的运用自始至终贯穿在观察的过程中，而不仅仅注重于直观的方式。这种表现方法相对比较理性，可以忽视对象的光影、质感、体量和明暗等外在因素。

第二篇：福建师范大学网络教育学院 大学英语1作业1

大学英语（1）第一次网络作业

(三次网络作业的平均成绩占期末考试成绩30%，请大家在认真复习好《大学英语》课本第一册第1-2单元的课文、词汇与短语后完成如下作业；作业一经批改评分，将不能修改；此次作业完成后应交到“在线作业”一栏本次作业界面中；作业必须按最后一页答卷表格格式作答，不要以附件形式缴交)

一. 阅读：

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The world’s population continues to grow. There now are about 4 billion of us on earth. That could reach 6 billion by the end of the century and 11 billion in a further 75 years. Experts have long been concerned about such a growth. Where will we find the food, water, jobs, houses, school and health care for all these people?

A major new study shows that the situation may be changing.

A large and rapid drop in the world’s birth rate has taken place during the past 10 years. Families generally are smaller now than they were a few years ago. It is happening in both developing and industrial nations.

Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this. More men and women are waiting longer to get married and are using birth control devices and methods to prevent or delay pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobs away from home instead of having children. And more governments, especially in developing nations, now support family planning programs to reduce population grow.

China is one of the nations that have made great progress in reducing its population growth. China has already cut its rate of population growth by about half since 1970.

Each Chinese family is now urged to have no more than one child. And the hope is to reach a zero population growth with the total number of births equaling the total number of deaths by the year 2000.

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Several nations in Europe already have fewer births than deaths. Experts said that these nations could face a serious shortage of workers in the future. And the persons who are working could face much higher taxes to help support the growing number of retired people.

1. The world’s population could reach ____________.

a. 6 billion in 75 years

b. 11 billion in 2075

c. 11 billion by the end of this century

d. 600 million in 15 years

2. Which of the following is true?

a. The world’s birth rate is higher than ten years ago. b. There has been a slower population growth in the past ten years.

c. Families are as large as before.

d. Birth control has been well practiced in all nations.

3. By the year 2000, the number of births and the number of deaths in China will _______.

a. be greatly different

b. drop a great deal

c. be equal

d. become much larger

4. According to the essay, China’s population control ________.

a. is not quite successful

b. should be considered a big success

c. is far from being successful

d. is a complete failure

5. It may happen in the future that the people who are working in Europe will have to pay much higher taxes because___________.

a. more and more children will be born

b. the number of retired people will become ever larger 2

c. fewer and fewer children will be born

d. they will be making a lot of money

( 2 )

I arrived in the United States on February 6,1966, but I remember my first day here very clearly. My friend was waiting for me when my plane landed at Kennedy Airport at three o’clock in the afternoon. The weather was very cold and it was snowing, but I was too excited to mind. From the airport, my friend and I took a taxi to my hotel. On the way, I saw the skyline of Manhattan for the first time and I stared in astonishment at the famous skyscrapers and their man-made beauty. My friend helped me unpack at the hotel and them left me because he had to go back to work. He promised to return the next day.

Shortly after my friend had left, I went to a restaurant near the hotel to get something to eat. Because I couldn’t speak a word of English, I couldn’t tell the waiter what I wanted. I was very upset and started to make some gestures, but the waiter didn’t understand me. Finally, I ordered the same thing the man at the next table was eating. After dinner, I started to walk along Broadway until I came to Times Square with its movie theatres, neon lights, and huge crowds of people. I did not feel tired, so I continued to walk around the city. I wanted to see everything on my first day. I knew it was impossible, but I wanted to try.

When I returned to the hotel, I was exhausted, but I couldn’t sleep because I kept hearing the fire and police sirens during the night. I lay awake and thought about New York. It was a very big and interesting city with many tall buildings and big cars, and full of noise and busy people. I also decided right then that I had to learn to speak English.

6. On the way to his hotel, the writer _____________.

a. was silent all the time

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b. kept talking to his friend

c. showed his friend something he brought with him

d. looked out of the window with great interest

7. He did not have what he really wanted, because _________.

a. he only made some gestures

b. he did not order at all

c. the waiter was unwilling to serve

d. he could not make himself understood

8. The waiter ______________.

a. knew what he would order

b. finally understood what he said

c. served the same thing the man at the next table was having d. took the order through his gestures

9. After dinner, he _______________.

a. walked back to the hotel right away

b. went to the movies

c. did some shopping on Broadway

d. had a walking tour about the city

10. That night he could not sleep, because ______________.

a. he did not know what to do the next day

b. he was not tired at all

c. he was thinking about his great city

d. he kept hearing the fire and police sirens

二. 介词填空: （按课本课文内容填入适当的介词）

11. Successful language learners are learners _____ a purpose.

12. Successful language learners are independent learners.

They do not depend _____ the book or the teacher.

13. It is just like a 24-hour library, which enables us to

search ____ the right information we need by simply typing in some key words.

14. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order

to communicate ____ these people and to learn from them. 4

15. ____ the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.

（提示：答案必须填入下面的答卷表格内，只要复制粘贴提交答卷即可，请不要用附件形式提交）

大学英语（1）第一次网络作业答卷纸

姓名：李新利 学号：113Z3HB001 专业：物流管理 所在教学中心：保定学院

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