高中英语试讲

时间:2024.4.13

一、Don't trouble troubles till trouble troubles you! (不要自找麻烦,除非麻烦来找你) 找麻烦的几种说法:

① Look for trouble

② Make trouble

③ Borrow trouble

④ Ask for trouble

⑤ Stir up(激起,唤起、引起) trouble

⑥ Keep your nose clean 不做坏事,不找麻烦

二、Never / Don't trouble troubles till trouble troubles you!的详细分析:

1、四个trouble词性依次是vt, n,n,vt。

2、句型是祈使句。

(1)祈使句的分类:

祈使句表请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等。祈使句分为第二人称祈使句及第—、三人称祈使句两大类。

① 第二人称祈使句通常用来向听话者发出命令,提出要求或建议。这种祈使句的主语you通常不表示出来,而是以动词原形开头。如:Don’t worry. 但如果说话时有多人在场,就得把主语表示出来,或加呼语,以便指明是向谁提出请求或发出命令。如:Parents with children go the front! ! 有时将主语表示出来是为了加强语气或表示“不高兴”、“厌烦”、“鄙视”等情绪。如:Don’t you be late again! 你可别再迟到了! You get out of here! 你给我滚出去!

② 第一、三人称祈使句是以第一人称和第三人称代词或者名词等作为祈使的对象,这类祈使句通常以let为引导词表建议。如:Let’s go home!祈使句除用谓语动词表示外,还可用名词、副词、动词短语等表示。如:Help! Patience!等

(2)祈使句的强调形式和否定形式

① 祈使句的强调形式是在前面加Do,例如Do be careful.

② 祈使句的否定形式是在整个结构之前加don’t或never。

(3)祈使句的反意疑问句

① 祈使句的反意疑问部分为肯定形式,要用shall,will。如:Pass me the book,will you? ② Let’s表示第一人称的祈使句,反意疑问句为“Shall we?”。如:Let’s go for a walk,shall we?

③ Let me和Let us 表示第二人称的祈使句,反意疑问句为“will you?”。如:Let us go for a walk,will you?

④ 其它行为动词引起的祈使句,无论其陈述部分是否定还是肯定的祈使句,多用“will you?”,表一种客气的语气。如:

Listen to me,will you?

Don’t tell anyone about it,will you?

但在肯定的祈使句后有时也用“won’t you?”表“提醒对方注意”或表“邀请”。如: Have a cup of coffee,won’t you?

Come in and take a seat,won’t you/will you?

(4)祈使句用于重要句型中

① “祈使句+and+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述肯定的条件。

② “祈使句+or(else)+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述否定的条件,or(else)表示“否则;要不然”。试比较:

Hurry up and you’ll catch the train. (=If you hurry up,you’ll catch the train.)

Hurry up,or you’ll miss the train.(=If you don’t hurry up,you’ll miss the train.)

(5)祈使句由直接引语变成间接引语

当祈使句由直接引语变成间接引语时,其常用结构为“ask/request/tell/order sb(not)to do sth”。如:

“Speak loudly,please!” the teacher said to me.(=The teacher asked me to speak loudly.) “Don’t smoke in the meeting room!” he said to Tom.(=He told Tom not to smoke in the meeting room.)

三、英语中的七种句式(五种基本句式和两种特殊的句式)

(1)主+谓(S+V)

其中S是主语subject,V是不及物动词intrasitive verb

例如:Somebody acts.

We arrived .

(2)主+谓+宾(S+V+O)

其中V是及物动词trasitive verb,O是宾语object

(3)主+谓+宾+宾补(S+V+O+OC)

例如:We name him Tom.

We elected her our monitor.

(4)主+谓+宾+形容词(S+V+O+Adj)

例如:The boy set the bird free.

We find the work hard to do.

(5)主+系+表(S+LV+N)

其中L是系动词linking verb, N是名词n。

(6)主+系+形容词(S+LV+Adj)

其中形容词表示主语的性质属性等。例如,

I am a teacher.

The car looks new.

The flower smells good.

(7)主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+O)

其中间接宾语只能是人,直接宾语只能是物。

例如I give you the book.

四、英语中的四种句型

(1)简单句simple sentence

只含有一个主谓结构并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子或分句叫做简单句。在简单句中主语和谓语是句子的主干,是句子的核心。如上面的7种即是。

(2)并列句compound sentence

并列句是由并列连词and, or ,for ,but等连接的两个或多个简单句。且长度相近,结构相似,缺一不可。

(3)复合句complex sentence(重点) (4)并列复合句

复合句指的是含有两个或更多的主谓结构的句子,其中有一个(或更多)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分,如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句都属于复合句。例如:

一、状语从句:

状语从句 Adverbial Clause,从句用作状语称为状语从句。根据用途,状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、让步、结果、目的等状语从句。

I. 时间状语从句

时间状语从句表示时间,常用的关联词有when, until, as, after, before, once, since, as long as, whenever等等。

例: 1) When you cross a main road, you must be careful.

2) He went out to play football after he had finished his homework.

3) Wait until you are called.

4) I can't recognize you. You are so changed since last we met.

5) He didn't go to school until he was eleven.

You can use my house as long as you are careful.

He is so terrible once he is drunk.

I listen to the radio while I walk every evening.

II. 地点状语从句

地点状语从句表示地点,常用的关联词有where, wherever, anywhere等。

例如:1) Put it where you found it.

2) Sit down wherever you like.

3) Anywhere she goes, he goes too.

III. 原因状语从句

原因状语从句表示原因或理由,常用的关联词有because, as, since, in case等。

1) I eat ice-cream so much because I like sweet food.

2) As I didn't know the way, I asked a policeman.

3) Since you won't help me, I'll ask someone else.

I'll take my raincoat in case it rains. (in case it rains = because it may rain)我将带上雨衣,以防下雨。

IV. 条件状语从句

条件状语从句表示真实的或现实的条件,引导从句所用的关联词有if, unless, suppose, in case(that), in the event (that), as (so) long as等等。

1) If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.

2)You'll be late, unless you hurry.

3) Suppose we are late, what will he say? (suppose从句必须放在主句之前) 我们如果迟到了,他会说什么?

4) In the event that our team wins, there will be a party.

5) In case it rains, do not expect me. 如果下雨,就不要等我了。

6) He will do anything as(so) long as it is interesting. 只要好玩,他什么都愿意做。 V. 方式状语从句

方式状语从句表示动作的方式,回答How的问题,常用关联词as, as if, as though, the way(that), in the way(that)等引导,一般置于主语之后。

Do as I say. I did just as you told me. 照我说的去做。我就是照你说的去做的。 He acts as if/as though he is the owner. 他行为举止好象是这儿的主人似的。

They did it in a way that I had never seen before. 他们以我从没见过的方式行事。

I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to. 我从未被允许用自己想用的方式唱歌。

VI. 让步状语从句

让步状语从句表示“虽然、尽管、即使”等概念,使句子具有对比的因素。常用的关联词有although, though, even if, even though, not that(=although?not)等,置于主语之前或后。

1) Although you feel very ill right now, this is still a common disease.

2) Though he has lived for years in London, he writes in French.

3) We intend to go U.S., even if air fares are expensive.

4) Even though fruits are good, you can't live with fruits only.

5) I'm OK now, not that I slept (although I did not sleep) very well last night.

VII. 结果状语从句

结果状语从句表示结果, 常由连词so?that, such(a/an)?that, so that, such that等引导,置于主语之后。

She was so frightened about the dog that she cried.

The news worried him so much that he didn't sleep at all for the whole night.

He is such a wonderful joker that you can't help laughing.

They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.

We arrived early, so that we got good seats.

The weather was such that I couldn't go out.

VIII. 目的状语从句

目的状语从句表示目的,回答what for或 for what purpose的问题,常用关联词so that, in order that等引导,一般置于主语之后。目的状语从句中的谓语动词常由“情态动词+动词原形”构成。

Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship sinks.

They wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand it.

We carved their names on the stone in order that people should always remember them.

They risk their lives so that/in order that they may support their kids.

二、定语从句

定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。

关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。

关系副词有:when, where, why

1. 关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下: Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, ),例如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.

请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)

The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.

你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)

2. 关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用.例如:

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

2)that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略.例如:

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.

他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.

他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方

3. 判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。

方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

4. 限制性和非限制性定语从句

1) 掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:

This is the house which we bought last month.

这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)

2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.

查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.

我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。

3) 要用第三人称单数,例如:

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

5. 介词+关系词

1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2)that前不能有介词。

3) 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。

This is the house in which I lived two years ago.

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

6. as, which 非限定性定语从句

且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:

(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which。

7. 先行词和关系词二合一

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)

2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)

8. what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever

1)what = the thing which; whatever = anything

2) who= the person that ; whoever= anyone who

3) that 和 what

当that引导定语从句时 ,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何

成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句, 用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。

9. 关系代词that 的用法

1)不用that的情况

a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。

b) 介词后不能用。

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。

b) 用that,不用which。

三、名词性从句:

在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语与同位语的句子分别叫做主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句, 这些统称为名词性从句。

(一)主语从句

在复合句中用作主语的从句叫主语从句。

A 为了强调主语从句的内容,可将从句置于句首

B 大部分主语从句都可以用it作形式主语

为了保持句子平衡,主语从句常用it作形式主语,将主语从句后置。用it作形式主语的主语从句结构有如下几种:

1、It is + 名词 + that从句

2、It is + 形容词 + that从句

3、It + 动词 + that从句

4、It is + 过去分词 + that从句

用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多,有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有: It is said that... 据说??

It is reported that... 据报导??

It is well known that... 众所周知??

It is announced that... 据宣布??

It is believed that... 人们相信??

It is thought that... 人们认为??

It is understood that... 自不待言??

It must be pointed out that... 必须指出??

It must be admitted that... 必须承认??

(二)宾语从句

宾语从句 The Object Clause,在复合句中作主句的宾语,它属于名词性从句。它可以作主句谓语动词的宾语,也可以作介词的宾语。宾语从句以从句的句式来决定连接词。

宾语从句有四步曲

连接词: (也叫引导词)

语序: 从句的词序用陈述语序(主+ 谓)

时态: 主句的时态如果是过去时,从句的时态应以过去时为基础作相应的变化。

人称: 要根据句中的意义作相应的变化

连接词(引导词)

从属连词 that ,if ,whether

连接代词 who, whom, whose, which, what

连接副词 when ,where ,how ,why

1.如果陈述句作从句,连接词用that,在口语和非正式语体中常可省略that 。

2.特殊疑问句作从句,就用原来的特殊疑问词

3.一般疑问句作从句,连词用if或whether 在选择疑问句只用whether,记住这一结构:whether ? or not 。

(三)表语从句

表语从句放在连系动词之后,充当复合句中的表语。

A 可接表语从句的连系动词

可接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。

B as, as if / though引导的表语从句

C because, why引导的表语从句

what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时,后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导,不宜用because。

D 使用虚拟语气的表语从句

在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句,谓语动词需用"should+动词原形"表示,should可省略。常见的词有:advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea等。

(四)同位语从句

由that引导,但也可以由whether以及连接代词和连接副词引导。

A 同位语从句一般跟在名词的后面

同位语从句一般跟在名词fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule等后面。

B 使用虚拟语气的同位语从句

在一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后的同位语从句中,谓语动词用"should + 动词原形",should可省略。

五、英语中的词组(phrase)

① 动词不定式;

② 动名词;动名词的逻辑主语是主句的主语,即要保持一致。例如My reading the book disturbs her.

③ 分词短语,包括过去分词和现在分词;例如There is a man knocking the door.和 The 本句中produced既表示过去又表示被动。

六、英语中的修辞手法

① Simile(明喻)

句子中有like ,as等词汇,且是两个不同事物之间的比较。

② Metaphor(暗喻)

句子中没有like ,as等词汇,是潜在比较。

③ Personification(拟人)

赋予某事物以人的特征或特点

④ Metonymy(借代)

不直接说出某事物,而是用另一事物指代,

例如::“中南海”代指中国政府;

I like Shakespeare(实际是喜欢莎士比亚的书籍)。

Gray hair(代指老人) should be respected.

⑤ Euphemism(委婉语)

例如:die说成pass away, leave us, one’s heart stop beating等等

⑥ Overstatement &Understatement(夸张或贬低)

She feels that he is the luckiest man in the world.

⑦ Transferred Epithet(移就)

例如:(1)richful food移就为richful life

(2)a busy man移就为a busy day

(3)Lazy time移就为in his quite laziness ,he......

(4)A respectful elder移就为a respectful distance

⑧ Oxymoron(矛盾修辞法)

两个矛盾的词汇放在一起可以产生意想不到的效果,例如虽败犹荣、冷嘲热讽。 例如a victorious defeat.

a tearful smile

⑨ Alliteration(押头韵)

两个首字母一样、读音相似的词汇放在一起

例如:add fuel to flame(火上浇油)

As thick as thieves

七、初级英语学习方法(English learning method)

语言学习需要一定的技巧和方法,英语学习的主要方法如下:

(1)简单原则。由简单到复杂,循序渐进,即提高效率,又增加自信。

(2)量的原则。量变产生质变,英语水平的提高是由听说读写量的基础上质变的。

(3)重复原则。精华部分应该精读、多读。

(4)模仿原则。比如在学习语音时,要大量地重复练习音标、单词发音,朗读句子和文章。而在练习过程中,尽量模仿"音标发音和单词发音,同时模仿句子的音调和节奏。模仿对学好语音至关重要。如果你要学习英语口语模仿亦很重要。在学口语时,要尽量模仿你已经读过的东西和已经听过的东西。对于模仿原则,可以选择英文电影学习,因为英文电影有真实语境、生活的方方面面,用看电影学英语工具:能飞英语学习软件。

(5)兴趣原则。 "兴趣是最好的老师",学习英语首先要有兴趣并努力发展这一兴趣。如果你对英语没有兴趣,那就不会有持续的干劲和动力,英语学习将很难坚持下去。带着强烈的欲望去读英语,听英语,说英语,写英语。你就会主动地找人去练英语,找一切可以提高你英语的机会去提高你的英语水平。不知不觉中你的英语就会提高。

① 多方位多角度来学英语。要经常读报、听广播、看外语电影、听外语讲座、读课本和别人交谈等方式来学英语。

② 敢于开口说英语,不要怕犯错误。人人都会犯错,这是在所难免的,只要敢说,就

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