中美食品广告对比研究

时间:2024.4.28

最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文,都是近期写作

初中英语词汇教学中对策研究

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A Comparative Study of Oedipus Complex in Sons and Lovers and Thunderstorm 商务谈判中话语的顺应性研究

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An Analysis of Memoirs of a Geisha from the Perspective of Existentialist Feminism 英语电影片名汉译研究

中英社交礼仪差异的比较与分析

网络英语对汉语词汇的影响研究

《大衣》中定语从句的翻译策略

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用本我,自我,超我的弗洛伊德理论来解析《红字》

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The Positive Impact of English Movies on Oral English

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论《好人难寻》中的哥特特征

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模糊语在英语广告中的语义分析

唯美主义与心理失衡的关系——以《道连葛雷的画像》中人物分析为例 爱伦坡《泄密的心》的恐怖效果

从《悲悼三部曲》看尤金?奥尼尔对古希腊悲剧的继承性超越

国际商务谈判中的中西文化冲突

浅谈《认真的重要性》里现实主义和唯美主义的冲突

从历届美国总统访华演说探讨其对中国所传递的价值观

A Comparison of the English Color Terms

从《红楼梦》及其译本看中英非赞同表达的异同

The Symbolic Meanings of Colors in Chinese and Western Cultures 宗教禁欲下的爱情-论霍桑的宗教观与道德观在《红字》中的体现 中英文名词性后缀的比较及其对翻译的启示

《芭芭拉少校》中的现实主义

外语学习焦虑与口语成绩的相关性研究

(日语系毕业论文)关于食品比喻表现的中日对照研究

浅析《喜福会》中的母女冲突与融合

浅析广告英语中的隐喻

从《瓦尔登湖》看“天人合一”与梭罗超验思想

《榆树下的欲望》和《雷雨》中悲剧性的差异

文化差异对英汉翻译的影响

《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的个人主义

英语经济新闻标题翻译在模因传播中的分析

《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征主义解读

华兹华斯和弗罗斯特自然观的比较

《紫色》中“家”的解读

从黑人女性主义解读《宠儿》中塞丝的觉醒

论《序曲》反映的威廉?华兹华斯的辩证想象观

论《拉合尔茶馆的陌生人》中昌盖茨“美国梦”的转变

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从大众对汽车的选择看美国社会价值观的变化

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商务英语翻译中的隐喻研究

初中英语词汇教学法研究综述

中式菜肴名称的语言特点及其英译

A Feminist Reading of Virginia Woolf and A Room of One’s Own

六种颜色词语的英汉互译探索

《老人与海》中海明威的生死哲学

哈利·波特系列成功的原因

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论英语教学中的非智力因素

从《简爱》看夏洛蒂?勃朗特的女性意识

东西方生命观的交融--《春江花月夜》与《再回湖畔》的比较研究

礼貌用语中的语用失误

《鲁宾逊漂流记》与《桃花源记》中乌托邦思想之比较

《呼啸山庄》和《远离尘嚣》中女主人公的女性意识的对比

体态语在英语课堂教学中的运用研究

论圣经诗篇的修辞特点

弗吉尼亚?伍尔夫《海浪》的叙事技巧分析

中美篮球背后的青年文化

汉英翻译中的中式英语的成因及对策


第二篇:从文化价值角度比较中美食品和饮品广告中的非言语行为


东北师范大学

硕士学位论文

从文化价值角度比较中美食品和饮品广告中的非言语行为

姓名:李金娜

申请学位级别:硕士

专业:外国语言学与应用语言学

指导教师:李立欣

20090601

摘要

作为交际的一个组成部分,非言语交际是重要的,却又往往被人们所忽视。一方面,非言语交际是文化的一部分,来源于文化,受文化的制约;另一个方面,从某种程度上来说,它又反映了文化及其价值的深刻内涵。在跨文化交流中,言语的交流是可以通过语言学习而逐渐习得的,但对于深深扎根在文化之中的非言语行为的学习就必须依赖于对一种文化及其价值的深入理解。

广告无处不在。它在吸引人们购买商品的同时,也在无形之中向人们传递着一种价值观念。作为广告的一个分支,食品和饮品广告能够更好地体现出一个国家的文化及其价值。因此,从文化价值角度对中美食品和饮品广告中非言语交际的异同进行探讨,可以使我们更好地理解并分析不同文化及文化价值之间的差异,从而为更好地理解他国的文化奠定一定的基础。

本文根据Hofstede、Malandro和其他的学者对于文化价值和非言语行为的研究,从非言语交际的三个方面,即身体动作、衣着和外貌以及标识,对中美180例食品和饮品广告中的非言语行为进行对比和分析,目的是通过对非言语交流的研究探索出非言语行为与文化价值之间的相互作用。围绕着这个目标,本文提出了两个研究问题和三个研究假设,探讨文化价值对非言语行为的影响并由此明确东西方文化的异同。

通过对样品广告进行数据分析和内容分析得出:一,虽然中美两国在经济文化领域的合作越来越多,但两国文化上的同化现象却不是十分明显,即作为一个民族或国家的灵魂,文化价值不会被另一种文化价值所取代;二,中美食品和饮品广告中非言语交际异同可较为清楚地反应出两个文化价值的异同,即非言语行为可在一定程度上反应出一个国家的文化及价值。因此,从非言语交际角度考虑,两国文化价值上的差异之处要远远多于其相似之处。关键字:文化价值:非言语交际:食品和饮品广告

Abstract

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独创性声明

本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果,也不包含为获得东Jt',N范大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。

学位论文作者签名:垡竺幽史学位论文作者签名:勉墨Et期:

学位论文版权使用授权书

本学位论文作者完全了解东北师范大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,即:东北师范大学有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交学位论文的复印件和磁盘,允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权东北师范大学可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或其它复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。

指导教师签名:奎至盥学位论文作者签名:物产期:趔互.。厂.和日(保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书)日期:壶:!旦.

学位论文作者毕业后去向:

工作单位:

通讯地址:电话:——邮编:——

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

ChapterIIntroduction

ThispaperaimstoCalTyout

comparativestudy

ofnonverbalcommunicationsin

AmericanandChinesefoodanddrinkadvertisementsfromtheculturalvalueperspective.Itdefinestherelationshipsbetweennonverbalcommunications

or

behaviorsandcultural

values,

andexplainshowvalueconceptisreflectedthroughnonverbalbymeansofanalyzingthefoodanddrinkadvertisementsinthe

communications

or

behaviors

twocountries.111edifferences

andsimilarities

ofnonverbal

are

communications

greatly

infoodanddrinkadvertisementsrevealthat

values

are

someculturalvalues

sharedamong

nationswhilesomecultural

cross-cultural

heldby

one

nationexclusively,which

Caninfluencethe

business

Asreflect

communicationsbetweenpeoplefromthetwodifferentcountries

communications,especially

or

cultures.

necessityineverydaylife,foodanddrink

valueof

to

Can

easysomeculturalmessagesthat

certain.

country

oror

nation.Foodand

consumers,will

drinkadvertisement,as

toolof

exhibitingtheproducts

themass

definitelymilToracountry’S

culture

anditspeople’Svalue

or

concept.啊1eprocessofmarketing

andpromoting

or

food

andbeveragein

anothercountry

of

regionwidelythroughadvertisements,willmorevaluesbymeansofverbalandnonverbal

lessinvolvethespread

differentcultural

communications.Thereby

helpfultoachievethe

selectingfood

anddrinkadvertisementsastheresearchsampleswillbe

researchpurposeofthispaper.

Inthereignofmassmedia,the

advertisements

withaudio

and

picturesseemto

bethe

mainstream

differences

ofthe

communications

of

advertising,whichinvolvetwo

nonverbal

typesof

communications,that

noticedirectly

is,verbal

and

verbal

communications

communications.PeopleCan

more

likely

thesimilaritiesandin

cross-cultural

easily

and

communications,whiletheyaremorecommunications

widespreadof

toneglectthedifferencesinnonverbal

thataresupportedbylessresearch

papers

tosomedegree.However,withthe

advertisements

will

not

to

communications

analysisofthe

inmodernsociety,acomparative

benefit

study

other

innonverbalcross-cultural

only

theadvertisersbut

also

communicatorswhoneed

understand

AmericanandChinesecultures

in

bymeansof

food

closedrink

nonverbal

communications

become

Americanand

Chinese

and

advertisements.

In

general,advertisements

kindofculturalphenomenon,whichencompasses

suchethnic,culturalandhistoricalfactorsasvalues,belief,philosophy

andthoughts.1he

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

informationinadvertisements“controlpeople’Sideas,andleadtheirmodesandprinciplesin

thoughtsandacts”(Tse,1989:2).Advertisementsareconsideredasaneffectiveapproach

to

motivateconsumersandsellproducts.Actually,thereciprocitybetween

cultureisskin-deep.Sorevolutionin

advertisements

and

advertisementscarriestheactualculturalfunction

ofmotivatingthe

people’S

valueconceptandphilosophicalideas,whichisnottheoriginal

intentionofadvertisements,butan

revolution

objective

resultthat

Can

notbe

ignored.Thiskindof

said

that

is

silent,gradualandpowerful.

regardednotonlyas

Fromthispoint,itCanbe

asa

any

advertisementCanbe

culture

businessactivity,butalso

mediaor

carrierof

and

therelevantvalueconcept,whenittransmitsthemessageofsomeproducts

or

throughverbal

nonverbalcommunications.

Nonverbalinnerworldof

communications,rootedincultureandhistory,givehumanbeings,and

andthe

alsoplays

realexpressiontothe

animportant

roleinthe

transmission

ofthe

advertisements

behaviorsin

spread

or

ofthe

advertisers’culturalvalues,thatis,thenonverbal

advertisements

oftheconcerned

commercialswill

be

fmlexhibitionofculturalvalues

posters

serveas

or

orientations

people.Magazines,newspapersand

themain

carrierofnon-audioadvertisements,andthosekindsofmediaarealsoeffectivewaystoexert

aor

great

influence.ontheaudiencestosomeextent.When

peopleacceptthese

or

advertisements.

the

core

theirwaysoftransmission,t11eybegintoaccept

or

acquiretheculture

part,

value,ofit.

Therefore,nonverbalc.ommtmicationsintheadvertisementsbecomethefocusofthispaper,fortheyarelike

conception

mirror,whichreflectsthenationalto

promotethe

on

or

ethniccultures

food

andand

valuedrink

besides

tool

sales

ofproducts.Since

advertisementsCanhave

Chineseculture

greatinfluence

morepeoplecomparatively,andAmericanand

of

Canberegardedastherepresentatives

chosenfrom

westernandeastern

cultures

respectively,OUrresearchsamplesaretotally

AmericanandChinesefoodand

China,a

drinkadvertisements.Itisworthnoticingthatthe

nationVerSUS

U.S.and

developedand

capitalist

developingandsocialist

nation,apparently,own

on

differentvaluesandcustoms,the

whichdecidetherepresentativemeaningsofthisanalysis

two

differentcultures.In

addition,勰worldeconomyandatthesametimeculture

developsfast,internationalbusinessactivitiesincreasegreatly;conflictsdrawmoreattentionsincross.culturalcommunications.

tostudy

Thereby

itisofsome

significance

thenonverbalcommunicationsin

Americanand

Chinesefoodanddrinkadvertisementsfromtheculturalvaluesperspective.

Itishopedthatthisstudywillidentifytheculturalvaluesoftwo

majordifferences

andsimilaritiesinthemain

throughnonverbal

countries

conveyedinfood

will

to

anddrinkadvertisements

behaviors

or

communications,which

both

partiesas

behelpfultofoodand

cross-cultural

drinkadvertisersand

producersof

well

as

communicationsamong

people

internationally.Inaddition,duetotherapiddevelopmentofthemassmedia,thedifferences

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

betweeneotmtriesinvariousfieldsseemtobereducing伊adllally,andsomenonverbalbehaviorsnowhavesimilarorsharedmeaningsinsomecontextsbetweenthetwocountries,whichwillbringsomedifficultiestotheanalysis,sothispapertriestofindsomeobviousandclearexamplestodealwiththese

toconsumersofbothcountries

foodanddrinkorproblems.Finally,itisalsohopedthatthisstudywillhelphaveabetterunderstandingofnonverbalcommunicationsin

activities.otheradvertisementsfromtheperspectiveofdifferentculturesandvalueoutconcepts,whichmayhelppeoplecarryproperconsumption

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

ChapterIILiteratureReview

Therationaleofthisthesismainly

andconsistsculturaloftheoriesconcerningnonverbalnonverbalcommunications,valuedimensionsstudy.Thetheorieson

communicationsalemainlyfromLorettaA.MalandroandLarryL.Baker’Stheories(1982)

onandthecomparativeresearchesnonverbalcommunicatiOIlSbetweeneastern

onandwesterncountries(Brosnahan,1983);the

andBond,1theoriesvaluesarebasedonValueDimensions(Hofstede983)aswellasValueInventory(KluckhohmandStrodtbecL1961);andthe

studyiscomposedofsomepreviousresearchesontheoreticalbase。ofculturalthe

relationshipsbetweellculturalandadvertising(ChengandSchwartzereta1.,1994).

2.1PreviousResearches

Intwo—persononNonverbalCommunicationsonlytakeabout35communications,themessagesconveyedthoughverbalpercentofthetotalmessage,whiletherest65percentisconveyedbymovements,gestureandthedistanceandothernonverbalbehaviors(Birdwhistell,1970)Nonverbalcommunications,

regionjustlikesverbalcommunications,vary

group,evenpeoplenotonlyamongnationsbutalsobetweenandregion,groupandandpeople.Andthenonverbalsignalsownstrong

ones,whichwillexpressthethoughtssensitivityinthecontexts,justliketheverbal

feelingsexactlyinsomeandcontexts(Brosnahan,1983).

Thehistoryofnonverbalcommunications

oncoulddatebacktothe1900s,thepublicationofKretschmer’SPhysiqueandCharacter,whichresearchesonindicatedtheformalcommencementoftheKinesics.Theresearchesnonverbalcommunicationsmainlystemmed

fromtheSecondWorldWar,anddevelopedrapidlyinthe1960swhenthestudiesbegangoingthroughtobody’Sgesturesandmovements.Fromthe19808,theresearchonthisfieldstartedattractingmanyscholars’attentiongradually.

TheresearchesonnonverbalcommunicationsintherecentyearsCanbedividedinto

usethreebranches,thatis,proxemicsbyHall(1957)studiespeople’Sofspaceinpublic

placesaswellasthevariouscomfortabledistancesbetweeninterlocutors;kinesicsbyBirdwhistell(1970),inwhich。aseriesofsignstorecordthebodymovementaregiven,studiesthe-systematicuseofnonlinguisticbodymotionssuchasfacialexpressions,gesturesandposturesascomponentsinspeechsituations;paralinguistic

toneisthestudyofparalanguage,aofvoice,speechrate,pausekindofaudiblegestures,whichcontainsandvolumeand4

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

hesitation,accompaniesmeanings.

or

modifiesthephonemesof

allutterance

andcommunicates

2.1.1TheDef'mitiOIlSofNonverbalCommunicationNonverbalcommunicationis

processbywhichinformation,thoughts,knowledge

or

emotions

are

exchangedandtransmittedamongindividualsbynonverbalbehaviors,for

or

example,boaymovementsandgesturesotherthanlanguageinspoken,writtenforms.

othercoded

Withthedevelopment

thedefinitionsofnonverbal

Nonverbal

ofresearches

on

nonverbal

communications,many

scholarsstated

communications嬲following.

not

SO

communicatiOnsare

obvious

as

theverbalforms,nevertheless,

ofthe

nonverbalcommunicatiOIISaffectotheractivities

persons’behaviorsandtheconsequences

chat

greatly,because

people’S

voice,gesture,actions,spatialdistanceand

touchwill

containsomecommoninformationintransmission(MalandroandBarker,1982).

Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinisgeneratedbyboththe

source

communic撕onpotential

sett堍that

iS

andtheenvironment

andthathas

messagevaluefor

the

sourceor

receiver(Samovar

andPorter,2004).Samovarand

Porter’Sdefinition

somewhat

long,butitnotonlymarksthe

boundaries.of

nonverbal

communication,but

also

reflectshowtheprocess

actuallyworks(Oou,2005).

Shijie(1995),nonverbalcommunication

referstoallthestimuli

AccordingtoGuanproducedby

humanbeingandthesurroundingenvironmentinthecommtmicationcontext,

whichexcludesthestimulifromspeech,andthesethe

are

stimuliownspotentialvalue

inmessage

to

communicators,oritcouldbe

usedforBesidesthose

saidthatthenonverbal

language.

communicationis

allsigns,which

communicating,beyondthe

definitions,E.T.Hall(1959)and

Judee

K.Burgoan(1996)providethe

communication

is

explanationsforthenonverbalbehaviors

referredtoandthe

aS

respectively,thatis,‘'Nonverbal

meta-communication,paralinguistic,second-ordermessages,thesilent

language,allthose

hiddendimensionof

communication'’;‘。Nonverbal

communication

is

messagesthatpeopleexchangebeyondthewordsthemselves.”(豫eSilentLanguage,p.107)

In

thewordsofHu

Wenzhong(1999),all

communicative

activities

without

the

participationof

languagecouldbecalled

nonverbalcommunication,whichincludeseye

contact,gesture,posture,smile,facialexpression,dressing,sUence,bodycontact,voice,tone

andSO

on.

Itseemsthat,fromtheaboveillustration,nonverbal

communicationCanbeconsidered

any

as

silent

communication

sound.

ora

kindofcommunicationmovementswithout

participationof

thewordsand

2.1.2TheClassificationsandFunctionsofNonverbalCommunication

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

mearliestclassification

language,actionlanguageand

wasproposedbyRueschandKees(1956),according

tothe

basicelementsofnonverbalcommunica:tions,whicharemainlythreeforms,thatis,sign

objectlanguage.

Afterthat,M.Knapp(1978)gotmoreclassificationsbydoingsomerelevantresearches.

Thereare

sevL:”ll

types:bodymotion

and

kinesicsbehavior,physicalcharacteristics,touching

factors.

an

behavior,paralanguage,proxemics,artifactsandenvironmental

research

Condon(1975)thoughtthatnonverbalcommunicationWas

interdisciplinaryacademic

and

covereda、聃de

range.NonverbalcommunicationWas

non-subjective

field.

Thenhe

classifiednonverbalcommunicationinto24kindsaccording

to

thecommunication

contents,whichhadalreadygotpeople’S

posture,dressand

attention.They

and

aregesture,facialexpression,

andhair

style,walkinggesture,physicaldistance,touch,eye

things,signs,art

contact,outdoor

indoor

design,decorationdecorativeforms,build,smell,

paralanguage,color,logo,the

coordinationofspeechandaction,taste,temperature,cosmetics

andsilence.

andmake?up,varioussignals,attitudetotime,aswellasstop

Fromtheaboveillustrations,wethoroughanalysis

on

can

getthatCondonhasmoresystematicand

content

to

nonverbal

communication,however,just

included,and

to

asCondensaid,the

excludedareusuallymuchcle.arerthanwhichisthe

sanle

variousscholars’opinions

exclusiveitemare

not

completelysamesomeextent(Conden,1975).

Onthefunctionsofnonverbai

communications,somescholars

can

havedifferent

opinions

based

on

theirresearchesandanalyses,butit

be

seen

thatnonverbal

communications

havethesimilarfunctionsinthecommunication

InNonverbal

on

thewhole.

out

Behaviors,MalandroandBarker(1982)pointed

at

thattherewerethree

functionsofnonverbaicommunication

least:complementingverbalmessage,replacing

verbalmessageandemphasizingverbalmessage.

According

language

toYun

Guibin(2007),nonverbal

communications

usually

accompany

andsupplementtheverbalmessage.Except

havethe

that,atthesametime,nonverbai

communications

resisting.

Li

followingfunctions:replacing,contradicting,modifying,and

Jiequn(2002)proposedfourfunctionsinher

book:strengtheningfunction,referring

function,attenuatingfunctionthe

andcomplementingfunction.DouWbiliIl(2005)summarized

functionsas

follows:replacing,regulating,conveying,modifying,repeating,

complementingandcontradictingfunction.nlefunctionsofnonverbalbesummarizedasfollows(seeTable1).

Table1

Functi。n

Explanation

communications

call

FunctionsofNonverbalCommunication

Replacing

Replacingverbalcommunicati。ns,aswiththeuseofgesture

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

Regulating

Regulating

andmanaging

communications

byusing

someformof

nonverbalbehaviors

Conveying

Conveyingemotionsandattitudestowardstheinterlocutors

Modifying

RepeatingComplementingContradicting

Modifying

verbal

communications

Usingnonverbalmessagestorepeatpointpeopletrytomake

Supplementingtherestmessageofthewords

Sendingsignalsoppositefromtheliteralmeaningscontainedintheverbal

messages

2.1.3TheDifferencesbetweenVerbalandNonverbalCommunication¥

According

to

theanalysisbYMalandroand

Baker(1982),thereare

fivemaindifferences

to

existingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunications.First,verbal

adheretothegrammatical

communicationsneed

thoseaspects,a

rules,and

or

haverigidstructure,whilenonverbal

onon

communications

correct

have

got

no

formalrules

modes,orrigidstructures.Based

alwaysneedsthestudies

analysis

on

nonverbal

communications

are

thesurrounding

situations

comprehensively.Second,there

whilenonverbal

one

somefixedandspecialsignsinverbalcommunications,

has

no

suchsigns.Tosomeextent,innonverbal

toexpress

communications,

althoughtheremeaning.

communicationsaccompanythetalkingactivities,thatis,whenthe

talkstops,verbalcommunicationsalsofinish.111erefore,verbalcommunicatiOIlSare

continuous,whichisoppositetothenonverbalcommunications.Fourth,verbalcommunicationsdependacquisition,forlanguageisacquiredafterisborn.删1epartofnonverbalcommunicationsisinborn,forexample,cryandsmile.Atlast,fromthe

hasverbalandnonverbalcommunication,hesheneo-physiologyperspective,when

verbal

not

on

one

one

or

uses

砌,

are

manysimilarsignsmeanings,noteveryactionhasitsfixed

differentbrainhemispheres.啊1eright

hemisphere

ofthebraindealswiththenonverbal

stimuli.

2.2PreviousResearches

on

ValueTheories

IntheresearchofinterculruralcommunicatiOIlS,scholarsallthinkthatvalueis

very

important

question,whichCanalsobecalledasthe

core

oftheinterculturalcommunications.

Asmentionednonverbal

above,thispapers’aimis

to

identifythedistinctivevaluesrevealedby

communicatiOnsintwocountries,SOinthissectionwewillfocusontwomodelsof

culturalstudyandthevalueorientationswhicharemainlyfromtheinventoryofGeert

Hofstede

andMichaelHarris

Bond

andthebasicvaluesofFKluckhohmandF.Strodtbeck.

Culturalvaluesaretherelativelyenduringbeliefsthatsocietypossesses

toserveas

standards

forguidingitsmembers’attitude

andbehaviorstoward

culturalapprovalinthe

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

society(Rokeach,1973).CulturalvaluesinonecountryareofIenviewedastheguidanceontheindividual’Sthoughtsandacts.Asformsofsocialbehavior,individual’Sconsumptionbehaviorsandcommunicationstylesarealsostronglyaffectedbytheculture,whichthe

onlydoculunxlvaluesplay

alsoindividualbelongsato饵all&Hall,1989).Underthistheory,not

influencetheindividual’Sgreatroleinaffectingtheindividual’Spurchasingideasvaluesstronglyandconsumptionbehaviors,butthesecommunicationstyles,including

comprehensionandperceptionofadvertisingmessage(arensandBovee,1994).Therefore,individualsexposedto

toanadvertisingmessageaccordantwiththeirculturalvaluesarelikelycomprehenditbetterandpossiblyempathizewithit.Inturn,thiscomprehensionand

topersuasion,suchempathycouldleadas,thedecisiontopurchasetheadvertisedproducts

030ddewyn,SoehiandPicard,1986;ZhangandGeld,1996).Thus,thoseadvertisements

advertisedembodyingsuchappeals

products,eventhewillmakepeoplehaveloyalapositiveattitudetowardsthecompany,andbecometheconsumersofthisenterprise.

2.2.1Hofstede.Bond’SValueDimensions

Intheinterculturalstudies,Hofstede’Svaluedimensions,whichincludeindividualismVS.collectivism,powerdistance,uncertaintyavoidanceandmasculinityVS.Femininity,usedtobethemostauthorizedandcomprehensivemodel

producedaofculturalvalues,andhisresearchalsoclearand

notthoroughillustrationofwha.tiSvaluedineachculture.Exceptthat,thistOenhancehisresearchWas

researchinvolvedinChina,andotherorientalcountries.Inorderfindings,M.BondmadeaninvestigationtotheChinesevaluesattheUniversityofHongKong,whichbecamethecomplementtothetheoryofHofStede.

2.2.1.1IndividuaIismversusC0lleefivism

aCulturesdifferwithrespecttothefavorextendedtoindividualautonomy,alongbipolar

tocontinuumbetweenindividualismandcollectivism(Hofstede,1983).Individualismrefers

theextenttowhichasocietyisalooselyknitsocialframeworkinwhichpeoplealesupposedtoonlytakecareofthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamilies,whilecollectivismemphasizescommoninterests,conformity,cooperationandinterdependence.Table2summarizesthedifferentattitudesandbehaviorsbetweenindividualist’S

betweencultureandcollectivist’Sculture.Table2.ContrastsIndividualismandCollectivism

CollectivistsAttitudes

Behaviors

SelfandIndividualistsEachpersonisseparatefrom

inEachpersonispartofchildrenlearnagroup;others;children1earntothink

8tothinkinterms

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

termsof‘‘I’’

Identity

Identityisbased

on

“W_e”

theindividual

Identityisbasednetwork

on

thesocial

Communication

SocialV砒lies

Lowcontext

Hi曲context

Maintain

harmony

and

avoid

Speakyourmindandtellthetruth

confxontations

Decision-making

Personalfreedomismore

Equalityismoreimportantthan

personalfreedomFulfill

importantthanequality

Group

Membership

FoHowuniversal

rules;the

process

is

obligations

to

in-group

ale

decision-making

members;important

relationships

important

Conformity

Theindividual

belongstomany

The

individualbelongstofew

groupsbuthisattachmenttothem

isrelativelyweak

Behavior

groupsbutfeelsstronglyattached

to

them

greatly

toward

Group

influence

has

on

relativelythe

littleof

Group

influencesthe

in-group

andbehavior

behaviorofmembers

out-groupmembersRelationshipsgroupmembers

with

groupmembers

Relatively

little

differencein-group

in

Bigdifference

betweenin-group

behavior

towardsandand

out-groupbehaviors

out-groupmembers

Competition

Lessintimate

with

in-groups

and

Moreintimatewithin-groupsand

morehostiletoout-groups

tesshostiletoout-groups

Cooperation

Occurswithingroups私well

aS

Cooperate

with

membersof

betweengroups

Valuemeetingnewpeople;meet

in-groupsbutnot、历也members

ofout-groups

Strangers

Formal

and

distantwith

strangers

themeaSily

Self-reliance

Itis

pleasuretodo

as

muchby

Peopledepend

on

eachotherbut

yourselfaspossible

should

not

burden

in-group

membersunnecessarily

TypicalRelationship

Short-term,

voluntary,lessLong?term,

involuntary,

more

Pattern

intensiverelationshipsintensiverelationships

Action,2001,P.232-233)

(LineUDavis,DoingCulture:Cross-CulturalCommunicationin

2.2.1.2otherValueDimensions

AccordingtoHofstede,powerdistanceindicatestheextenttowhich

societyacceptsthe

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

factthatpowerininstitutionsandorganizationsisdistributedunequallyamongindividuals.

IIlhigh

powerdistancecultures,positionin

ale

hierarchyisconsidered

contrast,inlowpower

to

benaturaland

cultures,

important,and

people

unequal

by

nature.In

distance

peoplearebelievedto

be

equalby

nature.Highpower-distance

cultures

favor

iscomfortablewithminilnunlinequality

considerableinequalitywhilelowpower-distance(Hofstede,1983).

UncertaintyAvoidancemeanstheambiguoussituationandtries

andrefusingtotoleratethis

to

extent

towhich

society

feelsthreatened

by

avoidthembyprovidingrules,believinginabsolutetruths

thisaspect,Dou

deviance.In

W宅ilin(2005)givestheexplanations

is

on

dimension,thatis,whenuncertaintyavoidanceindex

as

hi曲,people

tend

to

make

lotof

rules,SOthattheymayhave

little

uncertainty

as

possible,andpeoplemayemphasize

to

uniformityanddislikedeviance;whileuncertaintyavoidanceindexislow,peopletend

accept

differences

andfeelmorerelaxedaboutthemselves,and也ey

are

controlled,

easy-going,quietanddonotshow

emotions.

inlowuncertaintyavoidanceculturestend

the

to

According

acceptthe

to

Samovar(2000),people

inherentinlifeand

uncertainty

totolerate

unusual.They

thereshould

sense

prizeinitiative,are

more

willingtotakerisks,alemoreflexible,andthinkthatbeasfewrules弱

islessritual

possible

andtheybelievemoteingeneralists

andcommonandthere

behaviorand

conflict

andcompetitionare

not

threatening.Inoppositeway,high

uncertainty

avoidanceculturestrytoavoid

uncertainty

and

ambiguity

byprovidingstabilityfortheir

members,establishingmoreformalrules,nottoleratingdeviantideasand

behaviors,seeking

which

consensus,andbelievingin+absolutetruths

Masculinityandfemininity

masculine

valuesin

ora

andtheattainmentofexpertise.

donot

meanmenandwomen,butthedegree

extent

to

femininetraitsprevail.Masculinityreferstothe

societytendtowardsassertiveness

towhichthedominant

and

acquisitionofthings

andawayfrom

concernfor

people

andthequality

of

life.Masculinitycomesfrommasculineandimplies

femininitycomes

from

feminine

andstresses

offensivenessandassertiveness,while

maturating,earingattentiontopeople’Sfeelingsandneeds(Dou,2005).Theactingoutof

genderrolestake

influencescommunication.Inmasculinecultures,mendomost

rolein

oftalking

and

anactive

decision-making.Menaretaughttobedomineering

andassertiveand

women

nurturing(Samovar,2000).

countries,especially

Chinathatisinfluencedby

Bondstudiedthevaluesintheoriental

thegreatancientphilosopherConfuciusincultureandvalueconcept,addedthefifth

dimension,Bond’Sshort-termversus

Hofstede’Swords,onthe

long-term

one

valueorientation,totheirvaluetheory.In

long-term

side

findsvaluesorientedtowardsthefuture,like

one

thri姆(saving)andpersistence;onthe

short-termsidefindsvaluesratheroriented

towardsthepastandpresent,likerespectfortraditionandfulfillingsocialobligations.

10

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

2.2.2l(1uckhohnandStrodtbeck’SValueOrientations

Earlyinthe1930s,AmericananthropologistsFlorenceKlucldaohnandFredStrodtbeck(1961)didsomeresearches

identifiedfiveonorthevariationsofvalueorientations.Onthestudies,theyorientationsfivecategoriesofbeliefsandbehaviors(Don,2005).Andfollowingtableistheexhibitionoforientation

Table3andtherelevantbasicvalue(seeTable31.FiveⅧtieOrientations

BasicvalueOrientation

HumannatureBasicallyevilMixture

evilofgoodandBasicallygood

Relationshipto

natureNaturecontrolshumanHarmonywimnatttreHumans

FuturecontrolnatureSenseoftime

ActivityPastPresentareBeing-whoyouGrowing-becomingDoing-whatyou’re

doing

SocialHierarchyGroup。Individual

relationships

(LinellDavis,DoingCulture:Cross-CulturalCommunicationinAction,2001,P.188。)2.2.3EdwardHall’SHigh—andLow-contextOrientation

Asananthropologist,EdwardHall(1959)distinguishesamong

contextculturesonthebasisoftheroleofincommunication.And

ahismaincontributionisthetheoryofhigh?andculturaldimensionthatrangesfromlow-contexttheory,whichputcontextashi曲tolow.

Thefollowingtableistheexplanationofthesetwokindsofculturalvalues:

High-context

EstablishsocialtrustLow-contextfirstGetdowntobusinessfirst

ValueexpertiseValuePersonalrelationsandgoodwillandperformance

contractAgreementbyrelationsandgoodwill

NegotiationsslowAgreementbyspecific,legalisticNegotiationsasefficientas

Kinicki,OrganizationBehavior,2001,p.216)possible(RobertKreitnerandAngelo

2.2.4ConfucianWorkDynamism

referstoeightvaluefactors:ordering,relationship,Confucianworkdynamismdimension

thrift,persistence,shamesense,facingprotecting,personalsteadiness,respectfortradition,andreciprocation.

TheChineseCultureConnection(ccc),agroupofresearchersorganizedbyMichael

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

BondattheChineseUniversityofHongKongin1987,did

research,aimingespeciallyat

theChineseculture.Theyfoundthatfourdimensionsofculturalvariability:confucianworkdynamism,integration,human-heartednessandmoraldiscipline.ThreeofthesearecorrelatedwiththoseinHofstede’Sorientations:integrationisrelatedmoraldiscipline

to

collectivism-individualism;

withmasculinity-femininity.

with

power

distance;andhuman-heartedness

111eonlydimensionthatdoesnotrelate

withany

ofHofstede’Stheoriesisconfusionwork

dynamism.

Onthedynamicsideofthis

dimension,wefredvalueorientedtothefuture,such

as

thrift.

Ontheotherend,wefindvaluesorientedtothepastandthepresent,suchas

reciprocation,

faceandtradition.AndinmosttraditionalChineseeyes’,theface—savingiskeyandsensitivefactorin

communication,andthe

conceptoffaceismuchmorepervasiveinChineseculture

thanitisintheUnitedStates.

2.3Researches

on

the

Relationshipsbetween

CulturalValueand

NonverbalCommunications

Afterreading

certainnumberofpapers

value

andworks,itisfound

thattheresearches

not

on

the

relationshipsbetweencultural

thorough.Soas

toget

and

nonverbal

communicationsare

systemicand

thelinkbetweenthe

well-knownscholars.

two

areas,thispapergeneralizessomediscussions

andopinionsofmany

Longbeforethebirthof

language,there

isthenonverbal

communications

usedbythe

eye

SO

peopleinthe?originalkampong.Peopleatthattime

usedtoutilizethe

body,facialand

or

movements

toexpress

theirfeelings---love

or

hatred,happy

or

sad,interested

in

boredand

on.SincethepublishofDarwin’STheExpressionoftheEmotion

ManandAnimals(1872),

and

signalsfrom

singlemessageWasfrom

culturalsoil.

theresearchersobservedandrecorded

whicht11ey

down

millions

ofnonverbalhints

found

thatmorethan

halfoftheinfluencemadeby

thenonverbalforms.Nonverbal

communicationsplantinandgrowupfromthe

and

specialnonverbal

Everyculturalgrouphasitsownnonverbal

mode.That

verbal

alsomeansthatthesame

behaviorindifferentculturesshould

thereare

givedifferentmeaningsandgetvarious

understandings.In

addition,when

conflictsbetweenandnonverbalbehaviors,

one

peopletend

instinctive

toaccept

thelatterone,becausepeoplebelievethenonverbal

easily.Ifthecontentofverbal

on

ismorenatural,

could

andcannotbecamouflaged

communications

becomeambiguous

communications

becauseofthedecoration

thespeeches,toneandgranlnlar,nonverbal

willbe

moreexacttoshowtheinneractivitiesofthe

one

communicators.Andat

matchthenonverbal

thesametime,intheperspectiveofefficiency,theprevious

cannot

one(YangPing,1995).So

aS

EdwardT.Hall

pointed

12

out,“oneofthemosthighlyelaborated

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

formsofinteractionsisspeech,whichisreinforcedby

toneofvoiceand

gesture”饵all,1959:

p.39).

Itcouldbesaidthatnonverbal

communication

iscultural-specific.AccordingtoSamovar

(1985),nonverbalmodesarecategorizedintotwobasicways:first,culturetendstodetermine

or

thespecificnonverbalbehaviorswhichrepresent

state

symbolizespecificnotions,feelings

or

ofthecommunicators;second,culturedetermineswhenitisappropriate

variousfeelings

or

todisplayor

communicate

internalstates,whichisparticularlyevidentinthedisplayof

emotion.IIlFast’S(1975)opinion,non-verbalbehaviorscomefromthreeways:oneisinheriting,whichmeansthatthe

behaviors

aretransmittedfbomgeneration

or

to

generationby

language

genes;thesecondwayiscalledacquisitionlearning,justlike

to

the

second

acquisition,whichisthemostculturaldominant;thelastwayisimitatethebodymovement

andgesturesofotherpersons,whichisinvolvedinmanyinterculturalfactors.

source

Inthepresentworld,itseemsthatthetheoryofFastcouldexplainthe

of

nonverbalbehaviors

morereasonably.Thenonverbaladvertisementsinthemagazines,

notonlyexhibitacertain

newspapers,postersandbrochures

nativeknow

cultureandvalueconceptofthe

to

people,but

alsobecome

channelforpeoplefromdifferentcountriesandcultures

andunderstandeachotherbetter.

趾l

inall,nonverbal

behaviors

comefromand。expressculture,and

are

becomingthe

by

important

nonverbal

partofculture.Atthe

sanle

time,advertisementsembodyandaredominated

advertisements

as

culture.Therefore,taking

certaintypeofthe

example

to

analyzethe

behaviors

oftwo

countries

fromcultural

perspectiveandto

be

getthedifferences

and

similaritiesofculturalvaluesinthese

’rhesmallertheworld

twonationswill

greathelpforculturalacquisition.

becomes,themore

conflictstherewillexistinvariousand

differentcultures.When

internationalmarketing

nativeculturalvalues

company,especially

multi-national

enterprise,promotesan

activity,whattheyconfrontaretheconflictsandcrashesbetweentheandothercountries’.Thevalueconccptandbehaviorsofdifferent

exactideaof

cultural

background

makethesecompaniesandtheirtargetconstlmersfeelitmoreandmore

thecontent

complexandthornytogetthe

and

formof

advertisements

from

anothercountry.

Therelationship

between

culture,especiallyculturalvalue,andadvertisements,to

toeach

use

some

extent,just

likesthemixture.Theymeltintoeachother

or

andspread

comerofthelife.

Peoplereceiveacceptthevalueunconsciouslyandgradually,and

thisvaluetodirect

theirlife.Eachpartoftheadvertisementsalwaystriestoconveyandcopysomeculturalthoughtandphilosophyintheirknowledgeable,technicalarea,andshowandreflectthedeepculturalprecipitatesofthisnation.

2.4PreviousResearches

on

Cross—culturalValueandAdvertisings

13

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

2.4.1Cheng’SResearchCheng

on

CulturalValuesinAdvertisements

ofresearches

on

on

Hong(1994)hadaseries

theculturalvaluesreflectedinChinese

advertisements.Bydoingresearchesabout570Chinesemagazineadvertisementsfromthe

1980sto1990s,hefoundthatmodernity,technologyanddualityarethe

predominant

value

factorsintheChinesemagazineadvertisementsduringtheSchwartzermade

ten

years.In1996,Chengand

contentanalysis

ofmorethan

thousand

Chinese

core

andAmerican

television

commercialsfrom

1993.Theyidentifiedtheeightkindsof

valuefactors,thatis,family,

technology,tradition,enjoyment,collectivism,economy,modernity,and

both

Chinese

and

the

U.S.television

youth,dominated

Chinese

advertisements.Comparingwiththe

advertisements,enjoyment,individualism,economy

in

the

andbeautyarethemainvaluesexisting

American

advertisements.Inaddition,thecomparisonofthedominantvalueshowed

thatbothmodernityandtraditionwereusedsignificantlymoreintheChineseadvertisements.111atmeanstheChinesecommercials

resort

more

to

commercialstend

symboliccultural

values,while

American

to

usebomthe

symbolic

Model

andutilitarianvalues.Table4is

theframeworkof

Cheng’Sresearchmodel.

Table4Cheng’S

CulturalV甜ue

ofCodingCulturalValuesinAds

OperationandExplanation

Toemphasizethatpeoplewillbemorebeautiful,attractiveandelegant

or

Beauty

handsomebyusingtheproducts.

Colleetivism

ToTo

emphasizetherelationshipbetweenindividualandhis/herreference

istheessentialpartofthewhole.

are

group,andindividual

Convenience

emphasizethattheproducts

easytoget

and

to

use,forall

kindsof

people.

Courtesy

To

use

somewal'nl,friendlyandsincerelywords

toexpress

theseller’S

politeness

andfriendliness

totheconsumersintheads.

to

Economy

TO

emphasizethattheproductsarecheap,affordableandworthy

the

00nsl肛nerS.

Efficiency

Toemphasizethattheproductsownspecialhelptheirconsumersreachsomegoals.

or

greatpower

or

functionto

Family

Toemphasize

thelove

between

familymembersandtheusefulnessto

everydaylifeofthewholefamily,forinstance,thelove

between

couples,

brothersandsisters,andgrandparents

Health

etc.

Toemphasize

active,healthy

thatbyadvisinguSingthisproduct,takers

willbe

more

and

strong.

theuserofthisproduct

Individualism

To

emphasizethat

toothers.

focus

on

self-reliance,Or

willbe

special

14

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

Magic

Toemphasizethemagicutilityoftheproduct,forexample,makeyoustrongandyoung.

Modernity

Neatness

Toemphasizethattheproductistotallynew,fashionable.

To

emphasizethecleannessintheproductionprocess.

QualityToemphasizethehi曲quality

or

andtechnologyoftheproductbymentioning

thehigh-levelawards

Respective

awardsfromgovernmentalorganizations.

or

ToToTo

expresstherespecttotheelderpeoplebyusingsomeoldagemodels

askfortheelder’Sadvice.

Safety

SocialStatus

emphasizetheproducts’sanitationandsafeness.emphasizethattheproductCan

or

willimprovethe

users’social

status

of

andprestige,suchas,nobility,fashionandprideaccompanyingtheusing

thisproduct.

Space

ToToTo

emphasizethedistancebetweenoneindividualandothersinasceneora

room.

Tradition

emphasizetherespect

topast

or

experience,tradition

or

customs,andthe

long

Uniqueness

andremarkablehistorysomelegendsabouttheproduct.

emphasizehowuniquetheproductis.

user’s

Youth

Toemphasizetheworshiptheyouth,bydescribingthethe

sanle

lifestyle,at

time,emphasizingthewishtomakepeopleyounger.

paperwiththe

The

above

table

providesthis

basicmodelfortheresearch

on

value.10adednonverbalcommunicationsinAmericanandChineseadvertisements.

2.4.2OtherResearchesIn

Oil

Advertisements

anotherresearch

on

theChinesemagazineadvertisements,McIntyreandWeiin1998

on

didtheirresearchesbasedtheanalysesofChengandSchweitzer’S

not

framework.They

included

removedsomevalueelementsthattheythought

relevant

toeasterncultureand

somevalueelementsfromotherorientalcultmalstudiesofvalue,andmostofwhichfocused

on

theJapaneseadvertisings.As

result,theirfinalcodingsystemcontained29typesof

SO

values,includingcollectivism,family,individualism,modernity,healthandexamining

on.After

totalof1150magazineadvertisements,theycoulddetect

across

noticeabletrendof

into1975—1985,

thedistributionofculturalvalues

1986-1989,1990—1992reflectedthe

thefour

timeperiods,categorized

and

1993-1995.Andthatstudysupportedtheideathatvalues

advertisings

changeinculturalthroughadvertisingappeals.

core

value

on

Eachcultureisdistinctinitspatterningofvalue.Identifyingandlocatingthe

ineachcultureis

particularlyimportanttaskfor

15

comparativestudyofcultures.Based

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

theirresearchin1994,PanetallistedsixkeydifferencesbetweenChinese

cultures.ThesedualisticcontrastssummarizethedistinctquantitiesdifferencesandtheU.S.twobetweencultures.SuchdifferencesarecorrelatedwiththetheoriesofHofstedeandKluckhohntosomeextent;andontheotherhand,thetheorybyPanetalprovidesamoreconcretereferenceframeworkforthecomparativestudiesofChineseandAmericanculturalvalues.Now,thesixkeydifferences

First,thearelistedasfollows:stressesonactiveAmericanculturemasteryintheperson-naturerelationship,whiletraditionalChinesecultureemphasizespassiveacceptanceoffatebyseekingharmony、航t11nature;second.theUSculturetendstobeconcemedwithexternalexperiencesandthe

andfeeling.

onworldofthings,whileChineseculturefocusesoninnerexperiencesofmeaningThird,theUScultureischaracterizedbyanopenviewoftheworld,concentrating

andmovement,whileChinesecultureistypifiedbyachangeclosedworldview,prizingstabilityandharmony.Fourth,theUScultureplacesprimaryfaithinrationalismandisorientedtowardthefuture,whiletheChineseonetestsonkinshiptiesandtraditionwithahistoricalorientation.Fifth,theUSculturefocusesonthehorizontaldimensionsofinterpersonalrelationship,while

onthatofChinaplacesmoreweightverticalinterpersonalrelationships.Finally,the

oneUScultureemphasizestheindividualpersonality,whilethetraditionalChinese

heavilyaweightsperson’Sresponsibilitytohisfamily,elanandstate.

reflectedintheIn2001,C.A.LincheckedculturalvaluesAmericanandChinese

isthatadvertisings,through

Chinesedoingtheanalysisonabout400TVadvertisements.Herfindingsoftenthandoesthesamplesutilizesthefollowingculturalvaluesmore

sevenAmericanorones:first,thesoft-sellappealinproductcategories;second,thevenerationelderly

traditionappealinsixproductcategories;third,theoneness诵mnatureappeal

oneintwoproductscategorizes;andfourth,thegroup

category.Inopposite,theUSsamplesuseconsensusandstatusappealseachinproductthefollowingculturalvaluesmorefrequently:first,

orthehard-sellappealinsixproductcategories;second,thetime—orientedandindividual

independenceappealseachinfiveproductcategories;andthird,theproductmeritappealinthreeproductcategories.Those

alefmdingsindicatethattheportrayaloftraditionalChineseculturalvalueremainsrelativelystable.Nevertheless,tinychangesinculturalvalueandadvertingstrategiesvisible.Especially,theyouthormodernityappealthatreflectsthe

westernizationaswellasthemodernizationtrendinChinaseemsasprominentlyshowedinChinesecommercialsasintheAmericanones.

2.5TheRelationshipbetweenAdvertisementsandCulturalValuesInZhangJiaping’S(2006)opinion,aclassicadvertisementshouldowntheconnotationwiththeculture,eventhevalue,andalladvertisement

16shouldalsobeakindofexpressionof

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

theencyclopediaofthewholeworld,whichshowsanation’spolitics,economyandculture.

andschoolsareAlthough

functioningastheinstitutions,forexample,family,church,military,courtsvaluetransmissioninstitutions,amongtheseinstitutions,accordingtoPolly

isone(1983),advertising

Theoftheinstitutionsthatearlyoutthefunctionofvaluetransmission.

rolereasonsforhisargumentsare舔following:first,unlikeotherinstitutions,such嬲,family,church,military,cA)urtsandschools,advertisingistheonlyinstitutionthatplays

aamajorinthemassmedia;second,itistheonlyinstitutionwith

scientistsworkingcontinuallytocadreofappliedbehavioralaenhancetheeffectivenessofitsinfluence;third,itisuniqueinstitutioninthatitpossessesnowell-organizedandacceptedprerogativesforitsculturalrole

anmakingallofitsculturalinfluenceethicallysuspect;fourth,whilemostinstitutionsplay

inherentlyeonservativerole,preservingroleofadvertisingistoprecipitateandprotectinglong-establishedreceivedvalues,theaschangeofbehaviorsandstandardsforbehaviorswell17

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

ChapterIIIMethodology

3.1Research

QuestionsandHypotheses

Whenthis

research

researchisdesigned,twoquestionsandthreehypothesesareputforward.111e

areas

questions

following:

Researchquestionl:Will

two

countries’culturalvaluehaveSomeinfluence

on

the

differencesandsimilaritiesinthenonverbalcommunicatiOIlS.

Researchquestion2:Cansomenonverbalbehaviorscarrythecounterpartvaluesintwo

cultures.

mU.S.andChina

ale

different

notonly

inthedevelopmentofcultureandvalue,but

alsointhedevelopmentofeconomy.Sincethe

Second.WorldWar,theeconomyin

ne

U.S.

hasbeguntosoar,businessactivitiesincreasedgreatly,SOdidtheadvertisings.Aspot,111eU.S.has

melting

populationfromvarious

races

andcountries,Sothere

are

differentvalue

systems,whichcrashesintheadvertisements.Gradually,theseconflictsandcrasheshave

been

adjustedand

American

arbitrated.Andsomerepresentativeadvertisementsemergedandshowed

value.InChina,thesituationismore

kindof

complex.In1979,Chinaadopted

afterthen.

OpenPolicyandEconomicReform.And

advertisementsunderwent’greatchange

Ouranalysiswillnotinvolvethesamplespickedoutbefore1979.田1ereasons

are

statedas

following:first,thoseadvertisements’goalswere

not

toencouragepeople

topurchaseornot

consume;second,at

third,due

reflected

to

thattime,theconsumption

areaon

on

the“luxury'’goodswereadvocated;

not

theconfmed

ofproductsandtheiradvertisings,thevaluecould

onlytakethe

be

adequately.Based

to2007.

above

reasons,inthisthesis,we

advertisements

from1979

AlthoughtheadvertisingsinChinaare

Chinese

not

maturewhencomparedwiththe

Americans’.,

and

Jhally1910

advertisementshavetheirowncharacteristics

anddevelopmentprocess

and

styles.Leiss,Kline

(1990)dividedtheevolution

ofAmericanadvertisingfromthe

theadvertisementsfocused

to1980intofoursteps:productinformation,productimage,personalityandlifetheypointedoutthatonlyinthefirststep,the

contentof

style.And

on

the

to

meritsandusagesoftheproduct,whiletheotherthreestepspaidmoreandmoreattentionthesymbolicmeaningsandvalues.Therefore,thisanalysis,whichisbased

on

foodanddrink

advertisements,willbefoodanddrinkads.

goodwaytoanalyze

andcomparethedifferent

1R

culturesembodiedin

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

Based

on

theearlyfindingsofthisresearch,threehypothesesareproposed

to

makethis

researchprocessmolesensibleandexplicit.

Assumption1:ComparedwithAmericanadS.theadvertisementsinChinatendthenationalconditions

or

toshow

thehistoricculturalvalue

Assumption

similarities

or

2:Becauseofeconomic

andculturalglobalization,therewillbemole

kindofassimilationinculturalvalues

3:Therewill

betweenthetwo

countries..

Assumption

possibilityof

bekindofdiminutioninculturalvaluedifferences

or

the

fmalcombinationoftwocountries’culturalvalues

duetoculturalassimilation.

3.2Research

Methods

out

Amongtheresearchmethodsthatareoftenusedtocarry

analysisanddata

similarstudies,content

analysisareadopted

inthisresearch.Thisresearchdrawsitsconclusion

fromthequalitativeandquantitativeanalysisofthefindingsobtainedfromfoodanddrinkads.

,nlequantitativeresultsofThecontent

data

analysis

call

maketheanalysismorescientificandreliable.

analysis

is

adopted

atthesanletimeduetoits

advantagesofgivingclearer

content

qualitativeresults,thatis,first,accordingtoanalysisapproachtraditionally

AI—OlayanandKarande(2000),the

to

focuses

on

advertisingcontentidentifywhichcultural

similaritiesanddifferencesaremanifestedinadvertising

contentacross

differentmedia

or

countries;second,content

behaviorsofthead.vertisers

analysisis

an

appropriatemethodforexaminingthe

not

advertising

or

messagesandthemodeofmessagepresentation,but

or

forthecharacteristics,opinions

audiences(Kassarjian,1977).

methods,the

ethnographic

As

forotherresearch

approachusuallyfocuses

they

select

onor

multinational

specialized

advertisementstoinvestigate

strategiesto

why

or

howstandardized

advertising

advertisetheir

productsindifferent

Belk

countries(Shao,

Zhou

1999),andsuchmethodsassurvey,interview,andexperiment,as

and

pointed

out,

aremorefrequentlyusedtoexaminehowlocalconsumersinterpretandrespondtotheadvertisingsthatcontainglobal

makethisresearchmorepapers.

or

local

characters.Sincetheotherresearchmethods

even

will

complicatedand

harder

to

moveon,t11eyare

not

usedinthis

3.3SamplesCollection

Inthisstudy,wetake180

advertisementsfrom

two

countries’advertisings嬲research

postersandmagazines

on

samplesrandomly,andmostsamplesareelectronicsamplesfromtheIntemet,andthe

pictureswith

rest

samples

are

originallyinpaperform

andthentransformedinto

photo

camerabythewriterofthispaper.

19

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

Itneedstobenoticedthat,first,theadsamplesinthisresearchmustcountriesrespectively,andtheirexpectedaudiencesalsomustbethe

befromthenative

native

speakers,thereby

the

multi—national

sources

corporations’advertisementsdoneinothercountrieswillbeexcluded;ofadsamples

over

ale

second,the

someofficialwebsites,orsomemagazinesandposters

somelocalfoodanddrinkadvertisements

whichCanbeboughtall

not

the

country,so

will

beexamined

as

here;third,duetothedifferencesinlivingstandardandlifestyle,such

Call

elements

not

forms,typesandnumbersoftherepresentativefoodanddrinkadvertisements

be

wellcontrolledandkindof

adjustment

hastomadesometimesinordertomakethis

researchlesscomplicated;fourth,onlyseveraltypesoffoodanddrinkadvertisements

within

specific

number

ofyearsaredealtwi也inthisresearch

because

ofthefasteconomic

progressineachyear,therebythesampleanalyseswillbecomparativelyconstantandmore

scientific.

Besides,intheabovesamples,thefoodanddrinkadvertisementspreparedforspecific

promotioncampaigns,forexample,thefoodanddrinkadvertisementsforMid-autumnFestivalandChristmas,ale

excluded.msamplesinthisresearchwill,tosomeextent,reveal

countries.Moreover,We

shallignoretheseasonalelements

on

thecommonsituationsinthetwoinfood

and

drinkads,becausetheseasonaldisparityhaslittleeffecttheinterpretationof

culturalvaluesinfood

anddrinkads.

anindependent

unitinthis

are

Eachsampleistreatedasanalysis,andtheadsamplesfrom

not

thesamebrandofproductandthesameperiodoftimetheanalysis

includedinthisresearch,and

wiUnotbedisturbed

bysome

redundant

information.

3.4Instruments

Thecodingmodel

design

usedindatacollection

andanalysisismainlybased

ofCheng’S

on

Hofstede’SValueDimension(1983)andthe

originally

framework

on

researchwhichWas

established

on

thestudiesbyPollayandMuellerintheculturalvaluetypes

wellassomeresearches

et

expressedbyChu

advertisementsas

cultural

value(Bondetal,1987,

and

Ju,1993;1973,Srikandath,1991,Tse

al,1989,Xu,1990).Table

5isthecoding

modelusedinthisresearch.

AdventureBeauty

Table5CodingModelinThisResearch

Body

Gesture

Movements

Facial(%)

Expression

Clo也es

AppearanceLogo

Touch

(呦(呦

(%)

(%)(%)

Collectivism

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

Competition

Economy

Efficiency

Enjoyment

Family

Health

Individualism

Leisure

Modernity

Nature

Obesity

Avoidance

Politeness

Popular

Quality

Respect

Safeties

Sexuality

Socialstatus

Technology

T】砸ition

Unique

Wealthy

Wisdom

Youth

Ⅳ=Value

Based

reliableonfactor,N=NonverbalBehaviors)Cheng’SFramework,weputsomenewfactorsintomakeOuranalysismoreandreasonable.Andthefactorsaddedinale:adventure,competition,enjoyment,

appealsofindependence,family,nature,obesity

popuhfityandavoidanceandwisdom.Hereinto,theuniquenessCanbeincludedintheindividualism—collectivismdimension;the

coversdimensionofpowerdistancetheappealsofsocial

tostatusandindependence;theanduncertaintyavoidancedimensionCanbeappliedexplaintheappealsofmodernity

coverswisdom;andthedimensionofmasculinity-femininitytheappealsofcompetition,

wealthandattractiveness.Anewappealsofeconomy,socialstatusofthedimensionoftheConfucianworkdynamismincludestheandStrodtbeck’Svalueorientationonenessandtradition.KluckhohnrelationshipofhumantonatureCanbeusedtoexplaintheappealsof

21with

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

nature,modernityandtechnology;finally,timeorientation

traditionandyouthand

SOon.

covers

theappealsoftechnology,

Inthismodel,thedependentvariableisthe

differenceofthenonverbalbehaviors

existinginthef.00danddrinkadvertisementsofthetwocountries,andtheindependentvariableisthedifferencesintheculturalvaluestypes

betweentheU.S.and

also

China.Besidestha:t,the

as

and

sources

offood

anddrinkadvertisementsCanbe

seen

twocontrollable

variationstohelpwiththisresearch.

The

analysis

isdone

on

the180samplesfromthe

two

countries.According

to

Srikandath

(1991),inthecodingprocess,the

mainlyfromthefirst

or

coderstrytofindouttheleadingvaluesineachsample

deepimpressionofthe

or

sample

on

thecoders

asa

whole

or

bysome

keyfactors,thatis,theintendedmessages

culturalvaluescarriedbythe

calculatethe

sampleads.

ofthe

In

addition,Microsoft

Excel

is

usedto

numberandfrequencyof

value—loadednonverbalbehaviorsineach

quantitativeanalysis

Call

country’S

food

and

drink

ads.Thefindings

explainsomepartofthequestionsandhypotheses

ofthisresearch,

whiletheotherpartofthisresearchspecificsamples.For

Can

onlybesupportedbythequalitativeanalysisof

example,some

further

valuefactorswhichhave

greater

influence

on

the

nonverbal

behaviors.乃e

content

analysis

on

thevaluefactorsinnonverbal

behaviors

Can

explainanddescribethe

similaritiesanddifferencesofculturalvaluesinnonverbal

communic撕Ons.

In

contentanalysis,weneedtodescribe

thepurpose,timeandformofeachsample,and

tothevalue

thencomparethenonverbalfactorsintheabovemodel

to

behaviors

in

one

samplewithanotheraccordingand

distinguishthedifferencesandsimilaritiesofthesesamples.At

etal

thesametime,boththevaluedimensionsofHofstedetheframeworkofChengHong

(1994)will

T0

beusedtodothecontentanalysis.

ofthesameperiod

ale

bespecific,representativesamplescomparedfirst,andthen

compared

and

with

allsamplesofthisresearch.Threegroupsofrepresentativesamplesarechosen

eachgroupcontainstwo

or

analyzed,and

foursamplesofthesametypefromthetwo

countriesrespectively.Detailedcontent

analysiswill

bedonein

ChapterFour.

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

ChapterIVFindingsandDiscussions

Althoughtherearemanyformsofnonverbalcommunicationsinvolvedinfoodanddrinkadvertisements,forexample,bodymovements,eyecontact,touch,smell,paralanguage,spatialandtemporallanguageetc.,thisresearch

picturesofnonverbalcoversonlythestaticandichnographicandsuchnonverbal

clothingandcommunicationsinfoodanddrinkadvertisementsbehaviorsasbodvmovementsareanalyzedinthisresearch.Inaddition,the

appearancesofthecommunicators

belonginfoodanddrinkads。whicharealsoimportantformsofornonverbalcommunications,callreflecttheattitudesasvalueorientationsofthenationtowell.Moreover,thelogosofthecompanies.asformsof

nonverbalcommunicatiOILS,cannotonlyexhibittheircorporationcultures,butalsohelppeopleidentifythecultures.andtheculturalvaluesofthecountriestowhichthosecompanieswhichthecommunicatorsbelong.

Inthischapter,theresultsofthisresearchareshowninT{lble6andTable7first,and

out.thendataanalysisandfindingsarepresemedbeforethefRrtherdiscussioniscarried

4.1Findings

ThiSonDataAnalysisfromthecomparisonandcontrastofnonverbalcommunicationsinsamplestofindoutthedifferencesandsimilaritiesfromtheperspectiveofculturalvaluesofthetwocountries,andthentotheinterpretationandexplanationforthedifferencesandanalysisgoessimilaritieswiththehelpofthetheoriesinculturalstudy.

Dependentvariablesincludebodymovements,appearance(excludingclothesinthisresearch)clothing,logosorimages.Theywillbevariousanddifferentduetotheculturalvalues

fiveloadedintothoseformsofnonverbalcommunications.Independentvariablesincludespecific,28factorsinthisadjusteddimensionsandorientationsingeneral,tobemore

111eresultsanalysis,whicharecomparativelyconstantfactorsofculturalvaluesinthisresearch.andfindingsofthisresearchCanbeshownintheFollowingtwotables(Table6andTablen,thefrequencyandnumberofnonverbalcommunicationusedinfoodanddrinkadsamplesaremoredifferentinfacialexpression,clothesand

andChinesecultures.AndthedenominatoristhetotalappearancebetweenAmeriCallchosenamountofads,whicharerandomly,thatis180.whilethenumeratoramount

tables,weoftheusefrequencyofacertainnonverbalbehavior.Therefore,fromfollowingtwo

behaviorwhichiscallseethat,inChineseads,thenonverbalrestareclothes(131.1),facialexpression(114.2),touch(90.6),logos(88.3)andappearance(76.4)listedaccordingthetotalfrequency.、ⅣhiletotheadsoftheU…Sthenonverbalbehaviorusedmostfrequemlyisusedmostfrequentlyisthegesture(179.0),thentheappearance(221.4),andtherestaregesture(195.0),facialexpression(171.8),touch(81.1)clothes(75)andlogos(15.5).Fromthesedata,itcanbejudgedthatthesetwocultureshavesomedifferences(fromappearance,clothesandlogos)andsimilarities(gesture,facialexpression).23

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

AdventureBeauty

BodyGesture

Movements

FacialExpression

Touch

Clothes

Appearance

Logo

(%)

0O31.116.20018.91.40.25.419.3O00

(%)

0024.313.4O007.3018.100O0

(%)

2.48.60O0O0O.1O021.914.9O0

(%)

(呦

O3.11.1O.300O0.20.100.3018.30

(%)

O17.9000023.50.90.2022.600O

24.400OOO2.5OO0.30010.1

CollectivismCompetitionEconomy

E伍ciencyEnjoyment

Family

Health

Individualism

Leisure

Modernity

Nature

Obesity

AvoidancePolkenessPopular

14.80015.3O5.711.2029.5OO00

12.6OO13.8O1.1O00OOOO

32.90012.4003.80O00OO

02.400006.7O47.413.32.8010.6

00.8

1.500013.800015.4O8.6

1.7O002.7039.816.50O3.4

.。

Quality

RespectSafetiesSexualitySocialstatusTechnologyTraditionUnique

WealthyWisdom

Youth

AdventureBeauty

BodyMovements

Gesture

Touch

FacialExpression

Clothes

AppearanceLogo

(%)(%)(%)s

(%)

O4.1022.7O

(%)

0000O

(%)

019.5012.8O

5.722.10OO

O57.910.20O

00OO0

CollectivismCompetition

Economy

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

EfficiencyEnjoyment

Family

Health

0.226.3013.537.317.5OO11.8

O022.3019.7O00O

O46.200035.80O1.2

0001.4016.2000

00O.913.80O034.933.6

O00000

Individualism

Leisure

Modernity

NatureObesity

Avoidance

PolitenessPopular

012.58.309.322.86.401.80O0.50

0OOOO39.1O0O00OO

0O32.6O15.21.5O000008.2

can

00OOO000

09.20022.802.700O0.2

0O1.6OOO0O4.2?19.700O

Quality

RespectSafeties

Sexuality

SocialstatusTechnologyTraditionUnique

10.9

0O012.7

be

seen

WealthyWisdom?

O35.2

场uth

valuefactors

Fromtheabovetwotables,it

are

that,inChineseads,themostobviousthree

tradition(116.7),politeness(61.1)andenjoyment(56.5),whileintheadsof

theU.S.theyarebeauty(103.6),enjoyment(72.5)andsexuality(63.4).So,itCanbeknown

thatinChina,traditionisusuallyattachedtothenonverbalcommunications;whileinAmerica,it

is

beauty.However,enjoymentsinboth

countries

ale

attached

to

thenonverbal

communications,whichshowsomesimilaritiesinthetwoculturalvalues.ItcailbefoundthatinChina,theIeadingvaluefactorsmorefrequentlyloadedintononverbalcommunicationsalefamily,tradition,youthandmodernity,whileinAmerica,thoseale

economy,healthandyouth.Inaddition,fromtheperspectiveofrawmaterials.productionprocessandproducttypes,thefoodanddrinkinChinaismoretraditionalthanthatof

enjoyment,individualism,

Chinesefood

America,which

adsemphasize

call

alSOexplainwhynonverbal

communicationsin

our

and

drink

analysis,thereisalsoaninteresting

phenomenon,wefindthat,ononehand,Americanstendtoemphasizetheeconomy,e伍ciencyandaspectsint11eirfoodanddrinkadS,ontheotherhand.theyhatetheobesitythatthiskindoffoodanddrinkbringstothem.Andthiscontradictionisseldomseen

moretraditionalvalue.From

enjoyment

inChina.

Youthistheonlythe

common

value

factor,which

is

shared

bytwo

countries’nonverbal

communicationsinfoodand

reason

drink

isthattheaudiences

advertisements.Accordingtotheobservationsandanalysis,andconsumersofmostproductsaremainlyyoungpeople

cannot

today.And也einfluenceofidolsintwocountries

Fromthe

be

ignored

as

well.

above

statistics,itcouldbeknownthat,comparedwithAmeriCansamples,

avoidance,

Chinesesamplestendtocarrycollectivism,hi曲power

distance,low

uncertainty

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

andlowmasculinityinnonvcrbalcommunication

OnConfucianwork

dynamism,it

ls

obviousthatChinesepaymoleattentionontraditionandcustom,althou出Americansare出sointerestedintheirhistoryTotherelationshipbetweenhumanandnatureandtimeorientation,

dietwo

countriesaresimilartogreatextent

Thesubtle

situation

can

ofthe

relationships

between

cnltttralvatucand

IlOnVerbal

communications

beexplainedfalrtherbymoredetailedcontentanalysisinthefollowing

partsofthischapter.

4.2Findings

4.2.1

on

ContentAnalysis

BodyMovementswithCollecfivismvs.IndividualismDimension

researchBodymovements,whosetechnicaltermIskinesics,coveralargearea

moreconcernswi山morecommonlyusedbodymovements。suchas,postureⅥ1吐1impliedgesturefacialexpressionandtouch

ms

The出僚renccs

andsimilaritiesofbodymovements

vs

8re

stronglylnfluencegbyculturalfactorsunder

colieedvismindividualism

dimension

4.2.1.1PostureswithImpliedGestures

Posture,diewaypeopleholdtheirbodieswhentheysit,stand

or

or

walk,cansendpositive

to

negativenonverbalmessages.Whencommunicating,peopletend

orienttheirbodies

And

towardothersbyassumingsignsof

certainStarrlCe

as

or

posture

or

Posturalhintsconstituteveryeffective

person’sinllerstate

well

aS

his

herbehavioralexpec乜tionsofothers

posture

oftencommunicatesinformationaboutpeople’ssocial

feelingsofsubmissiveness,anddesiresto

status,religiouspractices,

maintainsocialdistance,tomentiononlyseveral

areas(Dou,2002)

SomeposturesinthesamplesofthisresearchhavetheflmctionofimpliedFigure1

gestures(see

and

Figure2、

【暑

H畲

Figure?1

bot【leoftea

on

黪,1警麓

Figure‘2

one

Intheabovetwopictures.thefirst

is

an

advertisementfor血ePresidentIceBlack

TeaHere.diemodelputsherarmout,keepsitforward

and

turnsher

palmupwardwith

Interest

itwhich

ca_rl

be

seen

as

posture埘血impliedgesture:“Please.tryit

stronglyrecommend1ttoyou”ThisbehaviorwillarOUSetheaudience

and

produce

feeling

totryit,andevenaccepttheproductimmediately.InChina,itisnormal

or

tosuggest

or

introducesomethinggoodtopeoplearoundtoastranger,forpeopleliketo

sharegood

tothe

feelingandgoodchinkstogether.Thispostureismeamngf_Ill,helpfulandacceptable

audiencesandconsumersForitcarriesmorevaluefactorsincollectivismdimensionwhich

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

c曲befoundinChincsccIll眦

nesecondoneisanearlyadforCocaCola,thebiggestbeveragegroupintheworld,andthisadsampleisalsoconsideredasananworkorashowofanera’scultureandvalueconceptoftheUSInthissample,thereisayoungwo∞tlanfullofyouthflllspirittogetherwithacottrser'whichisthetypicalAmericanview.nmwesternspiritspreadstoeachco/TierofAmericancultureTheyoungwolllallholdSthebottlewiththebottlemouthd证ectIngather.Thehandmovementisgentle,andtheIndexfingerbendsaIialebit,mlofthesedetailstellusthatshelikesandenjoystheproductFromthispeintofview,itcanbeknownthat也erecommendationisconveyedthrou曲therelaxedposturewithself-enjoymentInfact,InAmericanculture,itisforbiddenorrudetosuggestyourfavoritedrinksorfeelingstosomeoneelse,whichc2trlbeseenasakindoftrespasstoonler’sprivacy.Sotheadver缸sememcanworkonlythrougllthismethodPeoplegeeitandthink“alfight,maybeIcan廿vit1ikeher.”ThentheindividualisminAmericanculturecanhiterprettheintendedmessageconveyedinthisposture

Aceordhagtotheconfucianworkdynamism.afemaleshouldc删herselfwithcivliwandself-effacementinpublic.soitisconsideredasrudenessandlevitytoputbotharmsoutanddosomeactions(exceptusingtwohandstodeliveroracceptthingstoshowthere8pem)Therefore,IntheChineseadvertisementthemodel1usttakesonearmoutandkeepsanotheroneinvisibleorputsitdownnextto也ebody.InChin&putthehandorhandsatthehaunchlsselm髂athreateningaction+andwomanwhohasthatpestttrcwillbeconsideredasatennagmlt.orwillbelaughedatordisparaged,andevenbethoughtasilliterateOwingtodifferentvalueconcept.thispostureisnormalinAmericaandwithoutanythreateningmesmgeWomenwiththisposthrewillbeconsideredasbrave,wise,smartandhatelligent,wlthsomekindofself-expressionSothisposturcisshownin山eCoeaCola’sposter,whichalsomatchestllecalturalbackgroundofthenonverbalcommmficationinAmericanadverdsement

巍▲—■_

lqgure一3Irigure-4

InordertomakeoRrresearchmorereliableandsciemificnowanothertwos甜npleswillbeexaminedIntheleftadvertisement.山eChillesegirl’snonvcrbalcommunicationsafetakinguptheinstant1100dlewithchopsticks.andthedirectionofchoDsticksistowardher.ThebowlIteats

AmericanotherarmkeepsholdingtheseelnsthatsheandenjoysthefoodJustliket}le

adverdsementabove.thisisash'atc-gYtoattractconslll/lers’attentiontotheproductbysettingallexampleThrou曲ourdescription,peoplebegintomatchthissituationtoourillustrationofCocaCola’sadverdsementThetwotypesofnoDverbajcommunicationsallrefertoself-enjoymentHowever,thereisadetallweneedtopayanentionto,thatis,thebackgroundoftheFuManDIioInstantNoodleTherearetwoother僻l_sonsasakindof

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

backgroundtothemodeImtwopeoplearealsoeatingnoodleSoletilscomparenliSsensetothed#toneofthisgroupofpictures

Intherightpicture,itisaclassiccreationofCocaCola’ssportsadvertisingseriesTwofootballplayers’movementsareobvioustotellusthattheyarecompetingandfightingforthebalIinamatchFromthisadvertisement.whatwefeelaboutlsthecrash.fightandspeedAIlofthesegiveusafeelingofcompetitionAccordingtoourdescfiption,itiscleartodistinguishbetweenthetwopicturesWehavetosayagainthatthenumberofpeopleandtheseRseofthepicturetellusthedifiefencesbetweenthetwocountries’advertisements,whichare柚1ofposturesandgestureswithculturalvalDesincollectivismversusindividtadismdimension

Accordingthedataanalysis,itcanalsobeseenthatthepostureswithimpliedgesturesareusedwidelyinadsofbothcountries(American1950vsChinese179O、Nevertheless.thesepostureswithimpliedgesturesfocusolldifferentval眦inAmerica,theyconeentrateontheindividudlenjoymentandbeauty;whileinChina.thefocusjsoilthecollectivism

4.2.1.2T0uchollBody

“Touch,orhaptics,referstocommunicatingthrou曲theuSeofbodilycontactwhenusedproperly,touchcancreateafeelingofwarmthandtrusts;whilewhenusedimproperly,touchcanbetraytrustandcmlseannoyance”(Dou、2002.P149)AccordingtotheinvestigationsOBtouchdonebyJohnWileyandSons,Inc,theUintedStateshasalowtouchculture.whileChinahasamediumtoucheultureA1thou曲therearemanykindsoftouchinclassification,forinstance,hugging,shaldng,kissingandpatting,inowresearch,touchhasalimitedmeaning,thatis,weonlyrefertothetouchorcontactin

differencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthetouchinAmericabody,andidenti母the

andCbina

:翟’逻

Figure?5Figure一6

Most圆霹ofpeopleayeallfamiliarwiththeabovetwopiclures:thefirstoneisanadvertisementforStrongLaverPiece.whiletheotherolleisapizzaadvertisementinAmericaTheanalysisinthispartwillexaminethetouchlevelandtheacceptanceleveloftoucb1neachadvertiscmentfromtheperspectiveofculturalvalues

IntheChineseadvertisementasportsstarasthemodelholdsabagandsquatsinfxontofagroupofchiIdrentoshowthefoodhehasinhandorintendstoeatAndthechildrenallstretchouttheirallllsandhandsandstruggleforthatfoodTheygettogetherandstandvery,closely,thatistheyarenexttoeachotherandtoucheachother’sbodynaturally.mspictureisacceptableinChinaeasilyandhappily,becauseitshowsthatthepuerilityofthechildrenandthehappinesstoslruggleforsomethinggoodordeliciousSo,inartadvertisement.thetouchbetweenthechildrenandthepeopleofthesa/Besexare/]oF/nalandcomlnoninChineseculture.whichlndicatestheabsenceofmasculinityvsfemllliniw凼mentionin

28

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

noBverbalcommunlcaftoils

Whihi

Theystand

inthe

one

Americansample.seven

byone.anditcaⅡbescen

Theyhavetheirownfood,donottouchotherpeopleorlookatothers’foodinhand.whichnotonlyshowsthecustomwithIeSStouckbmalsoexhibitstheindividualismrootedhitheir

culturalvaluestosomeextent

Inaddition,inthispictureit

can

lmeandholdtheirbagrespectively.

clearlythatthereisacertaindistancebetweenthem

girlsstandm

be

seen

thattheintimacyexample,putthe

levelembodiedbytouchamonggirlsis

low.They

havesome

use

pesmres,for

cross

handsOllthehaunch,putthebaginfrontofbodymad

hands

onit,or】ustcrossthe

armsinfrontof山cmtoshowtheprivatespaceandthe

othersⅢsisalso

there

are

hc’petokeepcertaindistancewith

all

expressionofindividunlistchituraIvalueBecauseofthehomosexunlity,

alsoseldomintimatesituations

betweensame

sex

persons

Figure’7

Just

as

谢赫

America.There

ale

lthavebeendiscussedabove,touchlevalsare

Figure-8

are

difierentbecauseofdifferentvalue

conceptsindifferentculturesInordertosuppertthe

abovediscussionswith

s口ongeranalysis,

anoth盱twoAmericaⅡadvertisementsfor

BRUrespectively,areneededintimategrown—upsin

grown-upswhich

fromHaagen—DazsandIRU

Andbothofthesamplesshowtheleveloftouchbetween

arcsomesimilaritiesbetweenthesetwoedvertisemcnts:

lovers;secoad.theinvetrelationshipsarebothbetweenaman

andawoman;third,thetouchesarebethintimate

accordingtoAmericanandChinese

standardsInthesetwopicturesltcanbeseenthatthetouchdifierenoesfromanother

first,bo吐lofthemodels

perspective:although

Americais

normal

lowtouch—levelcountrycomparedⅥtllChina,the

the

sarfle

touches

to

between也estimulatethe

acceptableto

are

lovers

are

andacceptable

ThesekindsofadveffisementsSeem

at

consumptiondesiremore

strongly,and

time

ltldentifies山ewithmanis

colmmnergrouPswithnonverbal

behaviorsWoman’s

Intimaterelationship

culturewithlowmasculinityinvalue

dimension

Thesegesturesin

America

砸s

morecommonandhavebecomethestock-in-tradeamongmanyadvertisingproducerstouchisquitedifferentfromthat

hiChineseads.which

ismoreinfluencedbythe

feminini“inv址uedimension

Fromthedataanalysis,itexpressthe

can

be

see

thattwoCORIItries

are

bothreluctant

toiise

touchto

culture,andinAmerica,thissituationseemslessThereAreonly

usingtouchtoshowtheirvalue,whileinChina,thefigurels906percent

4.2.1.3FacialExpression

811percentads

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

Comparedwiththenonverbalcommunicationscamedoutbyotherpartsofthewhaleb0dy,facialexpressionisloadedwithabstract,changeable,blurryandcomplicatedmemungs.AccordingtoLegerBrosnahan,facialexpressionismainlytoexposeattitudesomeperson,thingOTbehavior.Mostfacialexpressions&reinherentinsteadofacquired,sothisnonverbalbehaviorisshowedbyallhumanbeingsandsimilartoallcutturcsintheworldHowever,TomKings(1962)pointedoutthattilefacialexpressionisthemutualTeSultsofinbomquailtyandacquisitionAndduetothedifferentculture.theremustbesomedifferencesinfacialexpressions厂=三=_1

耋蹙二二=iorfeelingto

隶一71{

矍!一一:I“霉F葛蓐Fizure—10

Figure一11

Inthesesamples,thetwogroupsofpicturescallFigure:12beclassifiedways:first,Figure9andllCallformonegroup,becausethemodelsaleallwomen,andFigurel0andl2arethrou曲tWOtheothergroup;second,intermofnationality,Figure9and10areagroup,andtherestarctheothergroup.乃esecoDduiassificatinnwilJbeused£oexgzui//ethefacialexplesalonsfromtheculturalvalueperspective.

Inthesefour

productspictures,peopleallusethelaugh/smiletoexpresstheirfeelingstotheTherefore,thelaughsintheirfacesallexpressakindofjoy,happyandexciting

However,thefemaleandthemaleinthefirstgrouparemorepassionate,andexpressthuiren血usiasmtotheproductmoredirectlyandobviouslyTheⅡmou血sopenwidelyandtheeyebrowsbendlightlytoexpresstheirenjoymentandadmirationtothemeaningproductnlefemalewearsin

however,theasuit,soitcanbeludgedthatsheisinsomeformalsituation,lau足llinherfacelsbiggerthallthatoftheChinesewomanTheAmericanmanintheri曲tFigure10has8typicalAmericanfacialexpressiononhisface,thatis+exaggerated,active,andenthusiasficsmileAndthevalueconceptinAmericanlowcontextcultureallowspeople

societytoexpresstheirfeelingsdirectly'whichcanbeunderstandoracceptedinThecharacteristicsofismoredirectandtheyhopetoletpeopleknowAmericansAmerican

aretheirinnerfeelingand

slncfirethoughts,sototheyencouragethatexpressionandthinkpeopleThesefacialexpressionsusedlnfrank,andfriend,eveneasydealwithfoodanddrink

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

advertisementscartmovepeoplemoreea.sily,andexpresstheenjoymentoftheproductsrfloredirectlyandclearly

IncontrasttoAmedc£mads,thefacialexpressionsoftheseChinesemodelsThiscanarequieter.alsocastback'tothetheoryofconfucianworkdyⅡmnisⅢThelradihonInChina

onblazonsforththepolitenesssmileorlaughs.thatis.donotbearthetectkdonotexpress

thefeeling,attitudeorthoughtstoothersfranklyandsoonThehigh-contextculum:InChinadiscouragesadirectorobviousexpressionofenjoymentinfacialexpressions,andfacialexpressionsmorecontrolledbytheculturalvaluestosomeextent

Itiseomlnonthat.fromabovetable6and7.twocotmk6esareaccustomedaretousefacialexpressiommtheadsandtoexpresstheirvaluesrespectively(1718vs1142),thoughtheChinesetendtohavemoleimplicitfacialexpressioncomparingtothcAmeric£in8

4.22ClothingandAppearance

4.22.1ClothIng

Clothingisakindofethical,historicalandculturalsediment,arideachaestheticsandcustom

that,itiso/1racehasitsownthcclothingandacccssoriesAnthropolo口#DMoms(1974)saidorimpossibleforpeopleto

ahaveclothesoilwithoutsendingoutanysocialsigamlsca/1messagesEachclothescantellstoryofitsWearer,andoRenrevealadeficitmessage

senseIⅡMorris’opinion.thereare廿ireeInnchonsofclothing:comfortandofsecurity,

embarrassment—savIng,andculturalrevelationInculturalrevelationaspect,RSyber¥,andMERoach(1962)summarizedfourconnotationsofclothingiIltheirClothingandHumanBehavior:first.theclothingreflectsthesocial

wearclothesasaretheyofhumanbeIng;second,ifpeopledonotexpectedto,therewillbeanegativeeffectoilthea由us血eⅡttotheirstatusjobs;third,therewillbe

andagoodimpressionwhenpeoplematchtheirclothestothejubs;fourth,withtheeconomicaridsocialslatus,goalthechoiceofclotheswillmakepeopleassociateitambitioatothatperson

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

Figure一15Figure一16

Itisveryeasytogroupthesefourpicturesintotwotypesbecauseofthetypicalclothing,

whichIswombythemodelsIntheads

M0011cakelsatraditionalChinesefood

exclusivelyfortheMid—AutunmDay

andis

usuallyprepared

andproduced

modelinFigure13wearsaredandsilkdress

Fromtheaspectsofcolor,materialandmode.thealothesunveillBculturalandhistoricalmeaningsthatisthestrongmessageofChinesetraditionclothingBecausetheMid—Autumn

Day

1s

one

Tk

of山e

mostimportanttraditionalfestivalsiⅡChina

the

advertisementⅧtll

Chinesefavoritecolor,raatefialandmodewillmorematchChineseaudiences’psychologyanddesireSothisChineseadvertisement

AnotherChinesesampleis

1sa

successful

one

fromeachpointview.

poster矗om

ChangchunrestaurantYaoiiaMeizi

Fromthe

namelt

Call

beludgedthatthisfoodlsakindofspecialloealdishfronlcthaicminorihgroup

cart

inChinaAndethnicminorityculturalvalues

lu

alsobe

seenasa

specialgroupofpeoplewlthitso,wn

1n

ChillaThisethnicminorityiscalledYao.whichliresthesouthwestpart

seen

ofChinaTheyhavetheirowrttypicalfood.clothes.andhairstyle.whichCaD.bepictureinFigure14ThopatteminthecloⅡlesofthegirlistllepropitiousanimalinthatdistrict

fromthe

Chinesedesign

And

peacockis

Sothepatrernoftheskirtofthemodellooks1ikethetail

1n

ofapeacockTheheadwear,braceletsandwaistbandcouldonlyaDpearclothing.whichalsocomposes

thisethnicspecial

partofChincscclothingculture"ibothoa-accessories,for

are

example.theshoulderpoleandbasketthegirltakesonlyinChinaSo山ewholevision

Chinese

cultural

clothing

lsa

allmadeofbamboo,aplantgro,hqalg

typical

Chinesestyleethnic

clothing

both

show

the

valHethe

andIn

Chinese

ln

advertisementswanttoexpress

addition

sense

termsofKIockhohnandStrodtbeck’svalue

Inthissociety',thepastandbelievein

theories,itcanbeJudgedthat,inoftime,Chinaispast-oriented

culturalmemouisrichanddeep,andpeopletendtolookbackattradition.whichjs

glorious

stars

accordant州ththe

description

are

InPepslCola’sadvertisements.theactormadactressbothadvertisementrepresentedbytheclassic

The

first

one

lsa/l

BeakhamaBrifishfootballstar.InthispictureBeckhamwears

Westernclothes:therOLlghandhard1eansandthecowboy’shatThebackground

ls

of止ispicturemodel‘s

also

classic

sense

ofAmericanWestwhichstrengthenstheeffectofthe

wholepicture

lsa

impressionand

ls

makes

themoreattractive

Itshows山atthis

advertisement

past—orientedTheweststyle

legendand

bellefinAmericanmindThe

youthdreamtobe

cowboy,ride

or

horsetopualshevils,atlast,become

Just1ikeChinese

one

halemartThis

looksmoreliketheresult

productionofhistory

theeatture

and

clothin91swelcomedintoday,evenmaybeInthefuture

The1astpicture

1s

also

posterfromPepsiCola

It

scetns

thatthe

ancient

Romeandthe

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

gladiatorbecomeallimportantpartofPepsiCola’sadvertisements.Brave,wisdom,smartandstrongareallwordstodescribeasoliderinthatage,whichalsoisthethoughtsPepsiwantstotransmit

like

to

the

audiences.田1e鲫inthe

an

pictureisthemixtureof

sex

appeal

and

bravery

becauseoftheclothesshehas.Theironclothesgivespeople

COOlandstrong

feeling,just

allpeople

real

gladiatorinancientRome’sabattoir.This

attractstheyouth

lot

because

hopetobebravehero

or

attractiveheroine.

are

BothAmericanadvertisements

partofculture

successful.Theydonotonlyexhibitthemostclassic

andhistory,but

also

knownthatAmericanvalueseems

introjectthetenetandgoalofPepsiCola.Now,itcanbetobepast-orientedtosomeextent.However,itcouldbe

fortheyouth’sfuturelifeandadventure,whichcomesmoreobvious

toattract

foundthatthisbraveryis

necessary

backtofuture—orientationfinally.

Inclothes.thedifferences

are

than

thesimilarities.Chineseadstake

thelong

delightinutilizingsometraditionalthings

history

andgoodqualityoftheproduct,whichcanbeseenfromthefigure(76.4).AlthoughAmericanadsinthecontentanalysistendtoshowthewesternsceneoftheU.S.,mostadstendto

exhibitthemodernityofthebuildingsandlarge

consumersandexhibit

country,forexample,thebackgroundsofmostadsarehi曲

mansions.

AllinaLll,fourpicturesintwogroupsallshowthevalueconcept,whichisimportantand

keyto

product,a

company,allethnic,andevenanation.

4.2.2.2Appearance/Image

imagesinadvertising,likepeopleinfamilyalbums,takepeople

inminiaturetotheentirecivilization,theactualmateriallilfeandinterlockingcollectivefantasies.Someadvertisinghistoriansevenconsideredcharacter,usedin

or

Humanappearances

human

advertisements,as

thisperspective,itextfibitionof

expressionsofnationalcharacter(Goodrum

oror

andDalrymple,1990).From

canbe

seen

thattheappearance

sense

imagecanalsoplay

roleinthe

nation’s

culture.The

to

beauty

kindofinborn

quality.However,different

on

racesor

handsome,elegantorattractive,isa

societieshavevariousiudgesonthebeauty.

or

Recentresearchstatesthatthecharmingleveloftheappearance

have

greatinfluencehis

or

imageofapersoncan

heradvice,persuasionanddirectiontoothers.Inthis

sub.aspect.threedimensionsareinvolvedtocompletethecomparisons,thatis,thecolorofhairandskin。andtheobesity,whichareallmoreobviousinvision.Forexample,accordingtoLegerBrosnahan,comparingwiththeblackandstraighthairandyellowskinofpeoplein

aremorecomplicated.Inhair,theycanbegray,red,brown,blackChina,thoseof

Americans

or

blondin

color,and

straight,wavy

or

otherwaysinshape;in

eyes,they

canbe

blue,purple,thispoint,

brown

oreven

deepblue;inskincolor,thesituationshould

bemore.jumbled.In

thesimilaritiesinChineseappearanceandimagereflectthecollectivism,whilethecomplex

situationintheU.S.showsthediversityandindividualism.

33

,、i,7≯,—-唠

Figure一17

-lgure—19

Thediscussionhasalready

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

Figure20

thehairdifierencesbetweencOUiltries

Now,The

ln

involvad

mainfootiswillbe

Chineseopinion

or

oft

thecomparison

ls

feelingandattitude

tofatness

Tothisaspectthe

attitude

morepositive

InChina,thefatBuddhahassomerelationship

withthelongevity,whichmakesu。ofthetemplateofChineseaesthefics

nlisaesthetics

canonizesfatnessobviouslyandthinksthatfatnessmeans

Chineseexamplesthechildrenin

richandhealthyinbody.Inthe

two

pictures

are

aIlsquabby.Inthefirstpicturet110sefour

redcheckandthe

childrengathertogetherandtheylookalikeallSquabbyfaceandhandhairstyleallgivepeople

an

impressionofhappiness,richnessandluckyhiaddition,the

hairstyiesofthesechildrenareChinesetraditionalfashiotis:apintstrainhtbondingwithred

stringanddirectingupwardandtwobendplaitsinrightandleftsidesofheadwithirlthemiddleofhead

whichis

soiifle

hair

wishforchildrentobehealthyandhappy.

IntheotherChineseposter,theboyhaseyes

bigandroundheadwithtwobigandround

ni5

pictureisacquiredfrom

W叫-wmlt

or

drinkforchildrenAlthoughthetakerspurchasers

are

productioncompanythatmakesfoodand

drinkersoftheseproductsarechildrell.therea】

the”parentsInordertocaterfortheparents’恤oughts.theadverdsers

create

boylikethisChineseparentsallhavethiskindofthought;asquabbychildishappy,active,cleverandhealthy.So,animageofsquabbyboyispopularandacceptableinChina

Araericanshatebeing

old.and

whattheyupholdistokeepyoungforever

ls

1Hs

decides

dlatthevdisltkethcfatbodiesandRime~abdomenbecomepopular

andthinkfalhess

signofwealmessTheshriveledbreast

Thefirstadverdsementutilizesthe

warningofbeingold

postmodemismandjuggledRenbranbdt’s

oilpaintingnlefmcharactersintheoil

paintingandthevisitorwithandatthe

SalTle

bottleofCoke

In

hishandform

sharpcomparisoninvision

Themeaningofthis

time.1talsostressesthehealthyandfitofthemitll

advertisementisobvious

and

clear,andthestrongimpactalsogives

34

eonslllllers

feeling

to

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

keepfitandchoosetheproduct.111emixofartandproductnotonlyreflectspeople’scommonvalueconcept,butalsoshowsthebenefitwhichtheproductbringstotheconsumers.

Justfromthispoint,Americans’attitudetofatness

cana

beunderstoodmoreclearly.

AsanotherColaTycoon,PepsiColapromotedDietPepsiwithlowcalorie.rnlegoalof

thisproductisalsoagainsttheobesity,whichisaterribleproblemconfrontnowadays.硼1efigureofthemodemmodelishotandslender,andaredstringaroundhermiddlespeaksoutthewordinthepicture:‘‘Youdrinkandgetnothing”.Fromthispictureandthewords,itcanbeknownthatpeoplehavethenegativeopiniontofatnessorobesity.Except

abovetwo

Americans

Americanexamples,through

cartoon

theinvestigationsandsummaries,it

canbe

foundthat

areare

thecharacter,even

tall,thinand

characters.inthe

advertisements

notice

allavoid

muscular.So,usingthesemodelswill

beingfatness.They

colLsumel苫thattheproducts

morehealthyandlowinfat.

Fatnessorobesityis

typicalbutcriticnonverbalbehaviorexistingin

toobesity

posteror

advertisement.Andtheattitudecausesthe

difference

betweentheU.S.andChinain

cultureandvalueconceptaSwell.Onthispoint.theChineseBuddhaandwesternJesusarethebestrepresentativestoprovetheillustration.

Theskincolor

clearly.Lookcolor,whichis

Call

alSOreflect

nation’svalue

conceptandaestheticsmoredirectly

and

atFigure1

seenaSa

and

13.Itis

obviousthattheChinesemodelsareallwhiteinskin

China.111ereasoniseasy:Chinais

featureoftherichandnoblein

labor-intensivecountry,and

black.1he

inlast

workersworkingoutsideandinthe

hundredsofyears,mostChinesehavebeenfarmersorsunforhours,sotheskincolortendstobebrown,even

color

are

peoplewithwhite

skin

usually

that

kindofpeoplewhohave

workhardly.Basedonthese,inChina,peoplewithwhite

skincolorbecometheadmirationsofmostpeople.andwhiteskincolorbecomesasymbolofcomfortablelivesanddo

notneedto

therich.Atlast,thewhiteinskincoloralsoinapartofbeautyofthefemale.

IntheU.S.。thesituationismorecomplextoillustrate.BeforetheIndustrialRevolution,

thewhiteskin

colorwas

also

featureofthenoble

or

peopleinhighSOcialstatus

or

some

intellectuals.ThereasonisthesamewiththatofChina.Fromthel920s

workedintheoutdoorjobs.So,theactivities.Only

to1970s.1ess

browncolorwas

or

people

theresultof

number

ofoutdoorleisure

influentialcouldenjoythesun-bathe.Duetothe

foundoncancerin1970s,thisfashiondisappeared.Finally,therearetwostandardsto{udgewhetherabeautyisornot.Tomen,tall,brown,musculararethestandard,whiletowomen,whateverethnicorregionshebelongsto.thewhiteinskincolorisstill也ecolorforbeauty,

people

whowererich

which

canbe

or

seen

fromsomematchesforbeautiesinmany

or

countries

as

well.

nissummarizedthateitherthewhite

people

the

brown

somelightcolorskinsadmiredbytraditional

skinwelcomedatsometimes,thereisonlyonemeaning:itisasample.

to

Atthesametime,people’sfeelingandattitudes

theskincolouralsoreflecttheirvalue

orientations.

Aboveillustrationscan

also

be

provedbythedataintable7thatshows

Americansavoid

theobesitymoreintenselythanChinese.

4.2.3Logo

InInterculturalBusinessCommunications,Douarguedthatsignsthingsto

couldmean

different

peoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds,becausethesamesignmaycreate

differentconnotationsorimplicationswhentheyareputindifferentculturesettings.Therefore,itisnecessarytoidentifytheroleofthisfactorsplayontheadvertisements,and

35

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

therelationshipbetweenvalueorientationandproduct’s1090

Inthisfield.thesamplediscussedshouldbeconsideredas也elogoorbrandpictureofaccrtamproductAnditwillbeexaminedfromcolor,shape.numberandpanerninvolvedIntheadvertisementsPeoplewillhaverespondt0colorfromemotion缸andphysicalperspectivesynchronouslyBesidesthecormation,coloralsoaffectspeople’sfeelingsandattitudesto¥onloproductsSotherearemanyrelatioilshipsbetweencolorandaudiences’acceptancetotheproductColor,shape,numberandpauemasakindofrepresenttoaproductcanalsobethoughtasacompositionofculture

Figure一21Figure-22

UneedaBiscuits’trademarklsatypica]representativeofthecorporationwhotookthereligionsymbolsasaⅡademarkIntheexample.tllepaaemlsawhitecirclewitbaredunderlay.Onthetopofthewhitecircle,thereisaByzantinesCross,andthedesignerputthecompany’snamehithecircleBythisway,thetcadcmarkofNationalBiscuitCompailyhadagreatimpressiontopeopleAtthattime,Juda]smhasbecomethethirdlargestreligionintheUSandthetrademarkmadethedisciplesconnecttheirbelieftothemarkAsaresult.thevlearnedthismarkbytheirheartandboughtandacceptedtheproductunconsciously.Ontheotherside.the11'ademarknotonlyisasignoftheproductandthecomplybutalsomeansakindofcultureThatlsbecausereligionltselfIsapartofculture

2headvertisementsofMcDona]d‘sarenotonlyabridgetoIinkMcDona]dsandltscongtlmersbut址soaneriectivewaytomoldltsproductimageandrichen1tsbrandmeaningIt1stheadverlisementsthatattractthecoiisuiners’attentionOiltheproductsTheyellowarchlstbelogoofMcDonaid‘s.andlsalsothe“core”oftheadverrisementsSomeAmericanmediaevaluatedMcDonaid’sthehistoryofMcDoilaid’slsahistoryof血eUSA.ahistoryofthedevelopmentofIndustryandBusiness,ahistoryofinnovationandahistoTyofchangingsocialvalueconceptMcDonald’shasbeentherepresentativeofAmericanculture、andomnipresentMcDona]d’syellowarchhasalsobeen“theworldlanguage一.whichisoneofthemostbeautifu【sceneryofthewholeworldThe】ogoMlsthe1hitialletterofMcDonaid‘sItJustlikesanarchtohome,toshare,tofriendandtoeverythingwonderfLllm1i&Thecoloryellowgivespeopleafeelingofhappy,joy.warrflandactiveinvision,whichisthesa/nefeelinggivenbyMcDonald’sproductsIneverydaylifeitcanbeseenthattheleltereveLywherePeoplegettheproducts;meanwhile,theyhavethelogoOnthisaspect,thelogo1nfluencesthecultureandpeople’svalHeconceptAndlthasbeenanotherlogooftheUSgradually16

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

NowweneedtolookattwofamousChinesehigos

Figure一23Figure-24

Thefirstoneisfr0131BeOingRoastedDuckQuanJuDe.andtheother1s盘omGoBelieveThelogoofBeiiingRoaskdDuckIscomposedofChinesecharactersButthesecondwordisakindofvariationofitsnollillenonne1ackofapartisalsoakindofcharacteristicsBeiiin2RoastadDucklsahistoricalmadtraditionalfoodofChinalthasbecometherepresentativeofChinesefoodSotheutil叫ionofChineseeharactersstressesthefeelinginhistoryandcultureMeanwhile,peoplearcinterestedintheChinesecharactersandculturewhent}leyareenioyingthespecialframtheancientofientalcountry.Blacksteleshowssobriety,toleranceandmystery,whilegoldencharactersmeankingshipandsovereignThecombinationofthetwojustbringsformBeijingRoastedDuck’sstatus:thekinginfood1nChina

AnotherⅡaditionalandfamousfoodinChinashouldbeGoBelievebeginningfromQingDynasty.Thel090ofGoBelieveistwoyeIlowcurves.whichnearlyforrnaⅡirregularcircle,jlistlikeaBaozi孔esamewithBeijingRoastedDuck,thelogo’scolorisalsoyellow.Inaddition、1tlssaidthattherearetotallyei曲tkindsofstuff'ragand18pleatsonthesurfaceofBaoziThenumberofstuffingandpleathavesonlemeaningsaswellInChm&t11epronunciationofnumbereightisdlesaTIlewiththeword“makeapile”Thereforebotllnumbersgivepeopleafeelingofauspiciousnessandlucb,whichisalsoaspecialpartoftiffsChinesethod

AccordingtoaboveillustrationssomeconclusionscanbedrawnasfoIlowingThelogoinAmericanadvertisementshastwocharacteristies:firsttheyaresomepicturesorpattemswhichhavesomerelationshipsⅥththeGodorJesusorsomepeop]einthenation’shistoD'.Bydoingthis,thebelieverswillbuytheproductsandmemorizethelogomoreeasilyanddeeplySecondtheATneficansusuallyIisesomeora/1initiul】ene“ofthenameoftheircompaniesasthebrandTheUSisacottrltry,emphasizingandprNsingefficiencyTherefore.bydoingthis,thelogoiseasytoremember.Atthesametime,whenimportingtheproducttoanothercountry.thesimplelogoalsohasitsownadvantageToChineselogo,theytendtouseChina‘suniqueandspecialcharacteristics,andtrytheirbesttoshowthehistoticalmeaningandvalueTherefore.mostlogosarewrittenbyusingthebrushpenwhichlsalsoafeatureofChinesecallureFromthecolorperspective,twocountries’advertisemetusalltendtorisesorllelightandactivecolors,whichgiveconsumersagreatfeelingonseeingtheselogos

Fromdataanalysis,theChhieseadsuse1/lorelogos,whicharemiectedtraditioimlandculturalfactorswiththefigureare883WhJleint}10seofAn】ericanthefigurelsonly252

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

4.3Summaries

Fromthedescriptionsanddata,itcanbeknownthatthedifferencesandsimilaritiesofnonverbalcommunicationsintwocountries’foodanddrinkadvertisementsDOreflectthedifferencesdifferences

clothes.

Beforeoriental

or

and

are

similaritiesin

carrythecounterpartvalues

twoculturalvalues.andsomenonverbalbehaviorsCANNOTintwocultures.Moreobviousnonverbalbehaviorstoshowthe

concentrateon

gesture,clothesandlogos,whilethesimilarities

smileand

into

answeringthoseassumptions,these

valuefactorsneedto

beclassified

westernvaluegroup.Asforthesharedvalueelement,youthwillbeexcluded.In

termsofthetheoriesinliteraturereview,collectivism,politeness,family,nature,quality,

respect,safety,tradition,unique,wisdom

the

restfactors

could

beclassified

toChinesevalue

system,while

be

accordingto

westernvaluesystem.Andtheassumptions

thedataofthesetwogroups.

belong

to

willanswered

First,comparingwithAmerican’S,thefoodand

drink

advertisementsin

ChinaDOtend

express

toshowChinesenationalconditionandhistoricvalue.Thatisbecausemostpeoplegreatpridetothelongethnichistory.Andthepreference

onlyattractChineseconsumers,butalSOprovethe

totradition

meansthat

thisvaluenot

data

havealreadyintrojectedChinesereality.Andthe

respectalso

conclusionaswell.Exceptfortradition,politeness,familyand

main

itemssupportingthe

assumption.?

Indeed,economicandculturalconnectionsamongcountriesaffectmanyaspectsofa

nation’Spolitics.economyandculturetosomeextent.Nevertheless,withtheanalysisand

data,itseems

influence

on

thatonlyinmodem

Chinese

andhealthpoin:t,AmeriCanculturalvaluehavegreat

value.Onotheraspects,Chineseadvertisingsandadvertisersinsiston

to

theuniqueandspecialculturalvalueandhistoryofChina.TotheU.S.,thesituationissimilar.Therefore.theanswer

AssumptionTwois:though‘'the

theother

economicandculturalglobalization

thereisLITTLEeffect

on

countries’cultural

value.thatiS.eachcountryshowsits

greatrespecttothenation’Soriginalculture.historyandvalueallthetime.

Basedon也eanswertoTwo.itCanbeknownthatculturalvalueandhistoryCanbeseenasacountry’Sroot,soulandsupportingpillar.1herespecttoanation’Sculture

Assumption

andhistoryisthemostbasicrequirementtotheunderstanding

nation’Scitizens.Therefore.catchingand

successful

secret

nation’Sculturalvaluearetheof

an

intercultural

of

advertisement.The

culturalvalueof

answertoAssumptionThreeis:No.therewillNOTbeanydiminution

Inthis

dataand

anyacountry.Neitherisculturaltotalassimilationamongcountries.

chapter,contentanddataanalysesareusedtoidentifyandcontrastthenonverbal

drink

communicationsinthestaticfoodand

contentanalyses

advertisementsfromtheU.S.andChina.nle

nonverbal

demonstratethatsomecommunicationsdoreflectthe

culturalvalueof

on

country,andinopposite,acountry’S

people’Sbehaviorsandactionsaswell.

culturalvaluehavessomeinfluence

38

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

ChapterVConclusion

5.1ASummaryofThisResearch

ThiSthesishasstudiedtherelationshJpbetweennonverbalcommumcationsmthetwocountries’advertisementsandculturalvaluesoftheU.S.andChina.Basedonontheresearchesnonverbalbehaviorsby

byHofstedeMalanclro,BakerandBrosnahanaswellasthetheoriesonvaluesandKluckhohmandF.Strodtbeck,thisthesisfocusesonhownonverbal

anddrinkadvertisementsreflectculturalvaluesbehaviors

nonverbalinfoodandhowculturalvaluesinfluencenonverbalcommunicationsandbringforththedifferencesandsimilaritiesdiscussedtocommunications.,nleresearchquestionsandthreehypothesesarebymeansofdataanalysisandcontentanalysisonafewgroupsofadvertisementsfromtheU.S.andChina,andthedifferencesandsimilaritiesinbodymovements,clothesandappearances,andlogosallearlythevaluefactorssharedbythetwoculturesortypicallyownedbyodeculture.

.Basedontheanalysisonfoodanddrinkadvertisementsandposterscollectedfrom

websites。magazines,booksandnewspapers,thisthesishasansweredallresearchquestiOIlSandthreeresearchassumptions;moreover,thecollecteddataandanalysesstronglysupportthediscussiOIlSandrevealtheinterrelationshipsbetweennonverbalcommunicationsandculturalvaluefactors.ThiSresearchalsoprovesthatHofstede’StheoryandCheng’Sresearcht}ameworkhavesomelimitations,forexample,somenewvalueorientationsshouldbeaddedintothetheoreticalframeworkinresearchonChineseculturalelementsinnonverbalcommunications,whichplayanimportantandkeyroleininterculturalcommunications.

Studiesonnonverbalcommunicationsaremultidimensional.butthethesis’focusisontheculturalperspectiveofnonverbalcommunications.ThroughthedataobtainedfromsampleadvertisementsandtheanalysesonthecontentofsomeAmericanandChinesefoodanddrinkadvertisements,itCallbesummarizedthatfirst,nonverbalrevealacommunicationsnation’Sculturalvalue;second,theculturalvalueofacountryaffectstheexpressionandunderstandingofnonverbaleommunications;third,thedifferencesarestillveryobviousbetweentwocountries’nonverbalbecauseoftheinfluenceofculturalvalues.communications

ThiSstudydoesnottouch

excludestheuponcontinuouschangingofthenonverbalcommunicationsandanalyses,somedeductionscanbemadeasfollow:1)thedifferencesandsimilaritiesofnonverbalcommunicationsexistingintwocountries’foodanddrinkadvertisementsmoreclearlyreflectthedifferencesandsimilaritiesininfluencewords.Fromthefindingstwoculturalvalues;2’)comparingwith

ChinatendmoretoshowtheAmericanfoodanddrinkads,theadvertisementsinnationalconditionandhistoricvalue;3、

althoughtherearemoreandmoreeconomicandculturalcooperationamongcountries,theculturalassimilationisnotobviousorratherweak;4)asanation’Ssoul,theculturalvaluewill

bereplacedbyanotherone,thoughtherewillbesomekindofcultural

ortheamountsofthedifferencesinculturalvaluesareassimilation.Therefore,theornotvanishnumber

morethanthatofthesimilaritiesexistinginnonverbalcommunications.39

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

Therelationshipbetweennonverbalcommunicationsand

toculturalvaluearedelicate,andsomeaspectsareimplicitandtoocomplicatedsummarizecomprehensively.

5.2Researchlimitations

111SpiteofaJlthoseeffortshavebeendone,therearestillsomeobviouslimitationsinthisstudy.

Firstly,inthe

contentmustbesomesubjectivedi§turbanceinthedescriptionofanalysis.Thatisbecausetheunderstandingofapictureoranonverbalbehaviormayanalysis,there

personbedifferentwhenalooksatthepicturewithdifferentattitudesoremotions.

Secondly,thefoodanddrinkadvertisementscollectedforthisresearchcmmotbecomprehensiveandthetypesoffoodanddrinkadvertisementsinvolvedintheanalysisarelimited.Meanwhile,somelesspopularadvertisementsareexcluded,forexample,someChineseadvertisementsbefore1979.

啊1i】rdly,culturalvalueisanabstractdefinition,andtheabove.mentioneddimensionsintheresearchframeworkarenotcomprehensiveanddetailedenough,whichwillalsoaffecttheresearchandthefindingstosomeextent.

5.3Significancetofutureresearch

111ecommunicationandcollaborationsinpolitics.economycountriesarefrequentandwide—ranged.111enonverbalpeople’Smemorymechanismforalongtime.therebynonverbalcommunicationswillremainlongertimeinone’Smindthanverbalones.andhavegreatinfluenceonaperson’SthoughtstoandculturefieldamongcommunicationsCaninfluenceanother

onperson.TlliSnonverbalcommunicationspointisimportantinbusinesscommunications.rnlerefore.theanalysis

.andtheculturalvaluerevealedhasthefollowingthreesignlficances.

meetingorFirst.theanalysiswillbringsomeeconomicsignificance.Asuccessfulnegotiation,communications.Abetterunderstandingofthedifferencesandthesimilaritiesofnonverbalcommunicationsbetweentwocountriesandtheculturalvalueswillonlyleavegoodfirst

thewayforfutureinimpressionthecommunicators,butalSOhelpcompanynotapresentationdoesnotjustdependonwhatpeoplesaybutnonverbaltoapaveSuccess

internationalbusinessactivities.whichmeanssomeeconomicbenefitsinlongrun.

Second,theanalysiswillhelpimprovethecommunicationsbetweentwocountries,particularlybetweentheU.SandChina.Abetterunderstandingofeachother,notonlyinbusinessareabutalsoinreallife.willimprovethetwocountries’relationshipandfacilitatethedevelopmentofAmericaandChinaineachfield.

11血.d.noticingthechangeinvalueorientationsandpayingattentiontocultureassimilationisanothersignificanceoftheanalysis.Keepinganation’Stradition,cultureandvaluesarethebasicrequirementforthenationtosurvive.Therefore,keepiIlgandpassingdowncultttralvaluesarethe

Inresponsibilitiesofeachgeneration.insightfulfindingsinspiteofsomeunavoidablelimitations.whichprovidethefutureresearcherswithmeaningfulreferenceinthestudyofnonverbalfromtheculturalvalueperspective.conclusion,thisresearchbringsforthsomecommunications

东北师范大学硕士学位论文

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东北师范大学硕士学位论文

Acknowledgement

1wouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudeandappreciationtomysupervisorAssociateProfessorLiLixin.Iamdeeplyindebtedtomysupervisorforherremarkablepatienceandinsigh僦advice,cautiousguidanceandheart-warmingencouragement.

1wouldalsoliketotakethisopportunitytothankmyparents,especiallymymother,fortheirendlessloveandsupport.

1wanttoextendmythankful

understandingsandhelps.tomyfriends:LiShuang,YangZhe,fortheirgreathelpoffinding,collectingmaterialsoffoodadvertisements,andSunChuan,MaYiqiaofortheir

MythanksalsogotoalltheprofessorsandteachersintheSchoolofForeign

coursesLanguages,onNortheastNormalUniversity,whoseandinstructionsgavemeapantoscopicview

linguisticswhichbenefitsmeinthethesiswritingandlaterresearch.

烈lthepeoplewhohavehelpedmeduringthecompletionofthisdissertationdeservermyheartfeltthanks.43

从文化价值角度比较中美食品和饮品广告中的非言语行为

从文化价值角度比较中美食品和饮品广告中的非言语行为

作者:

学位授予单位:李金娜东北师范大学

相似文献(1条)

1.学位论文 肖玮 系统功能语法视角下的房地产广告语篇分析 2007

我们畅游在广告的海洋里.我们生活中广告已无孔不入,并且以报纸,杂志,电视,电台,以及因特网等多种形式传播.实际上广告已成为现代社会不可或缺的一部分,反映和影响着社会的经济发展,百姓生活和人们的文化价值观.我们发现对各种形式的广告,如服装广告,食品广告,以及汽车广告等都有研究,但鲜有对房地产广告的研究.虑及房地产业的繁荣发展以及房地产广告对房地产发展所起的重要作用,本研究聚焦于房地产广告. 在系统功能语法三个元功能子系统理论框架内,本论文运用从英语国家一些有影响的房地产网站随机选取的30篇房地产广告作为语料.运用语料检索工具LATAntConc 3.2中的Concordance(检索)和Word List(生成词表)两项功能对广告语篇进行定量分析,以研究广告语篇的文体特征.然后对个案进行定性分析,以验证广告语篇的文体特征.为使分析更加全面,对广告语篇的分析还加入词汇和人称系统,强调房地产广告语篇的词汇特征,并和Leech(1966)对英语广告用词的研究进行比较.经过分析,本论文取得如下发现:

1.意念功能:

(a)及物性:物质过程主导房地产广告,其次是关系过程和心理过程.存在过程很少使用.

(b)语态:主动语态多;一般在表达房地产方位及设计等场合下使用被动语态.

(c)词汇:发现某些高频词反映了房地产广告的词汇特征. Large在房地产广告语篇中用的比Big频率高,而在一般广告语篇中后者是个高频词.

2.人际功能:

(a)语气系统:陈述语气使用频率最高,其次是祈使语气.

(b)情态:Can和will最常用,且can表示许可而will表示承诺.

(c)人称:第二人称you和your最常用,其次为第一和第三人称.

3.语篇功能:

(a)主位结构:无标记主位多,而标记主位多以表方位的介词短语形式出现.大部分句子以房地产或其配套设施为主位,而以介绍房地产或其配套设施的详细情况为述位.

(b)主位推进模式:房地产广告语篇的推进模式为派生主位模式,即房地产为宏观主位.每一段落自身又有从宏观主位派生而来的段落主位.每一段落内部主位推进模式为线性主位模式.

另外作者还指出了本研究的局限,对后续研究提出了建议.

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