附件
华中农业大学学术不端行为处罚细则
第二篇：华中农业大学本科毕业论文撰写规范(暂行)
华中农业大学本科毕业论文撰写规范（暂行）
农教务[2003]11号，20xx年3月修订
本科毕业论文（设计说明书）是学生在教师的指导下经过调查研究、科学实验或工程设计，对所取得成果的科学表述，是学生毕业及学位资格认定的重要依据。其撰写在参照国家、各专业部门制订的有关标准及语法规范的同时，应遵照如下规范：
1．论文结构及写作要求
论文（设计说明书）应包括封面、目录、题目、中文摘要与关键词、英文题目、英文摘要与关键词、正文、参考文献、致谢和附录等部分。
1.1 目录
目录独立成页，包括论文中全部章、节的标题及页码。
1.2 题目
题目应该简短、明确、有概括性。论文题目一般中文字数不超过25个字，外文题目不超过15个实词，不使用标点符号，中外文题名应一致。标题中尽量不用英文缩写词，必须采用时，应使用本行业通用缩写词。
1.3 摘要与关键词
1.3.1 摘要
摘要是对论文（设计说明书）内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，要求扼要说明研究工作的目的、主要材料和方法、研究结果、结论、科学意义或应用价值等，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文。摘要中不宜使用公式、图表以及非公知公用的符号和术语，不标注引用文献编号。中文摘要一般为300字左右。
1.3.2 关键词
关键词是供检索用的主题词条，应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用技术词条（参照相应的技术术语标准），一般列3～8个，按词条的外延层次从大到小排列，应在摘要中出现。中英文关键词应一一对应。
1.4 论文正文
论文正文包括前言、论文主体及结论等部分。
1.4.1 前言
前言应综合评述前人工作，说明论文工作的选题目的、背景和意义、国内外文献综述以及论文所要研究的主要内容。对所研究问题的认识，以及提出问题。
1.4.2 论文主体
论文主体是论文的主要部分，应该结构合理，层次清楚，重点突出，文字简练、通顺。
1.4.3 结论（结果与分析）
结论是对整个论文主要成果的归纳，应突出论文（设计）的创新点，以简练的文字对论文
的主要工作进行评价。若不可能作出应有的结论，则进行必要的讨论。可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想及尚待解决的问题等等。
1.5 参考文献
参考文献反映论文的取材来源、材料的广博程度。论文中引用的文献应以近期发表的与论文工作直接有关的学术期刊类文献为主。应是作者亲自阅读或引用过的，不应转录他人文后的文献。
1.6 致谢
向给予指导、合作、支持及协助完成研究工作的单位、组织或个人致谢，内容应简洁明了、实事求是，避免俗套。
1.7 附录
不宜放在正文中但有重要参考价值的内容（如公式的推导、程序流程图、图纸、数据表格等）可编入论文的附录中。
2．书写及打印要求
2.1 论文书写
论文（设计说明书）要求统一使用Microsoft Word软件进行文字处理，统一采用A4页面（210×297㎜）复印纸打印。其中上边距25㎜、下边距25㎜、左边距25㎜、右边距25㎜、页眉15㎜、页脚15㎜。字间距为标准，行间距为单倍行距。页眉内容统一为“华中农业大学本科论文（设计）”，采用宋体小五号斜体字居右排写。
页码在下边线下居中放置，用小五号字体。目录、摘要、关键词等文前部分的页码用罗马数字（Ⅰ、Ⅱ??）编排，正文以后的页码用阿拉伯数字（1、2??）编排。
论文错漏按正式出版物要求不能大于万分之一。
2.2 目录
目录应包括论文中全部章节的标题及页码，含摘要与关键词（中、外文）、正文章、节题目（农、理、工科类要求编写到第3级标题，即□.□.□。文、法、经、管科类可视论文需要进行，编写到2～3级标题）、参考文献、致谢、附录等。
目录题头用四号黑体字居中排写，隔行书写目录内容。目录中各章节题序及标题用五号宋体。目录打印示例见附录。
2.3 摘要与关键词
中、外文摘要与关键词单独成页置于目录后，编排上中文在前，外文在后。摘要、关键词题头均用四号黑体字居中排写，隔行书写具体内容，内容文字用五号宋体字，英文用Times New Roman。关键词各词条间用分号“；”隔开。
2.4 论文正文
2.4.1 章节及各章标题
章节标题应突出重点、简明扼要，字数一般在15字以内，不使用标点符号。标题中尽量不采用英文缩写词，对必须采用者，应使用本行业的通用缩写词。
2.4.2 层次
层次根据实际需要选择，以少为宜。各层次标题不得置于页面的最后一行（孤行）。层次代号格式要求参照表2-1和表2-2。
表2-1 农理工科类论文层次代号及说明
表2-2 文法经管类论文层次代号及说明
2.5 参考文献 2.5.1 文献标识
引文是论证的辅助手段，应忠于原意，表达完整，准确切题。在论文中引用文献时，应在引文处标注被引用人的姓名和被引用文献发表的年份。若所引用文献只有1－2名作者时作者姓
名全部列出（外文文献只列姓氏），当所引用文献作者有3名及3名以上时，只列第一作者，后加“等”字以示省略。如“（梅明华，2002）”，“（梅明华和李泽炳，2001）”，“（梅明华等，2002）”，外文文献引用作同样处理，如（Smith,1990）,(Smith and Jones,1992),(Smith et al.,1993)等。
2.5.2 书写格式
在论文（设计）末尾要列出在论文中参考引用过的专著、论文及其他资料，与文中引用文献一一对应。参考文献题头用黑体四号字居中排写，其后空一行排写文献条目。参考文献排列规则是：中文文献在前，外文文献在后；中文文献按第一作者的姓氏笔画为序排列，英文及其它西文按第一作者姓氏字母顺序排列；第一作者相同的文献按发表时间的先后顺序列出，所列的同一第一作者同年内的文献多于一篇时，可在年份后加“a”、“b”等字母予以分别，如“2001a”、“2001b”等；文献作者人数在3人以下的全部列出，超过3人为多人时，一般只列出3名作者，后面加“等”字以示省略，不同作者姓名间用逗号隔开。姓名一律采用“姓在前名在后”的写法，外文姓名按国际惯例缩写，并省略缩写点，空一个字符。未公开发表的资料不列入参考文献，确有引用必要，须在脚注中说明引用。
所有中文参考文献著录格式中的句号用中文全角状态下的“.”表示，所有西文参考文献著录格式中的标点符号用西文状态下的符号，后空一格。文字换行时与作者名第一个字对齐。常用参考文献编写规定如下：
著作图书类文献——[序号]□作者．书名．版次．出版地：出版者，出版年：引用部分起—止页
翻译图书类文献——[序号]□作者．书名．译者．版次．出版地：出版者，出版年：引用部分起—止页
学术刊物类文献——[序号]□作者．文章名．学术刊物名，年，卷（期）：引用部分起—止页 学术会议类文献——[序号]□作者．题名．见：编者，文集名，会议名称，会议地址，年份．出版地：出版者，出版年：引用部分起—止页
学位论文类文献——[序号]□学生姓名．学位论文题目．学校及学位论文级别．答辩年份：引用部分起—止页
报纸文献――[序号]□作者．文章名．报纸名，出版日期（版次）
在线文献——[序号]□作者．文章名．电子文献的出处或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期（任选）
2.6 公式
原则上居中书写。若公式前有文字（如“解”、“假定”等），文字顶格书写，公式仍居中写。公式末不加标点。公式序号按章编排，并在公式后靠页面右边线标注，如第1章第一个公式序号为“（1-1）”，附录2中的第一个公式为“（②-1）”等。文中引用公式时，一般用“见式（1-1）”或“由公式（1-1）”。
公式较长时在等号“＝”或运算符号“＋、－、×、÷”处转行，转行时运算符号书写于转行式前，不重复书写。公式中应注意分数线的长短（主、副分线严格区分），长分线与等号对齐。 公式中第一次出现的物理量应给予注释，注释的转行应与破折号“——”后第一个字对齐，格式见下例：
式中 Mf——试样断裂前的最大扭矩（N·m）；
θf——试样断裂时的单位长度上的相对扭转角
2.7 插表
表格一般采取三线制，不加左、右边线，上、下底为粗实线（1磅），中间为细实线（0.75磅）。比较复杂的表格，可适当增加横线和竖线。
表序按章编排，如第1章第一个插表序号为“表1-1”等。表序与表名之间空一格，表名不允许使用标点符号。表序与表名置于表上，居中排写，采用黑体小五号字。
表头设计应简单明了，尽量不用斜线。表头中可采用化学符号或物理量符号。全表如用同一单位，将单位符号移到表头右上角，加圆括号。表中数据应正确无误，书写清楚。数字空缺的格内加“—”字线（占2个数字宽度）。表内文字和数字上、下或左、右相同时，不允许用“″”、“同上”之类的写法，可采用通栏处理方式。
文法经管类论文插表在表下一般根据需要可增列补充材料、注解、资料来源、某些指标的计算方法等。补充材料中中文文字用楷体小五号字，外文及数字用Times New Roman体小五号字。
2.8 插图
插图应符合国家标准及专业标准，与文字紧密配合，文图相符，技术内容正确。
2.8.1 图题及图中说明
图题由图号和图名组成。图号按章编排，如第1章第一图图号为“图1-1”等。图题置于图下，图注或其他说明时应置于图与图题之间。图名在图号之后空一格排写，图题用黑体小五号字。引用图应说明出处，在图题右上角加引用文献编号。图中若有分图时，分图号用a)、b)标识并置于分图之下。图中各部分说明应采用中文（引用的外文图除外）或数字项号，各项文字说明置于图题之上（有分图题者，置于分图题之上），采用揩体小五号字。
2.8.2 插图编排
插图与其图题为一个整体，不得拆开排写于两页。插图应编排在正文提及之后，插图处的该页空白不够时，则可将其后文字部分提前排写，将图移到次页最前面。
2.8.3 照片图
论文中照片图均应是原版照片粘贴，不得采用复印方式。照片应主题突出、层次分明、清晰整洁、反差适中。对显微组织类照片必须注明放大倍数。
2.9 附录
附录序号采用“附录1”、“附录2”或“附录一”、“附录二”等，用四号黑体字左起顶格排写，其后不加标点符号，空一行书写附录内容。附录内容文字字体字号参照正文要求。
附录1 目录示例
（空一行）
目□录（4号黑体居中，不加粗）
（空一行）
□□摘要（5号宋体）?????????????????????????????Ⅱ □□关键词（5号宋体）?????????????????????????????Ⅱ □□Abstract（5号宋体）?????????????????????????????Ⅱ □□Key words（5号宋体）????????????????????????????Ⅱ □□前言（5号宋体）?????????????????????????????1
1.□材料与方法?????????????????????????????????3
1.1□材料??????????????????????????????????3
1.2□方法??????????????????????????????????3
1.2.1□育性的观察????????????????????????????3
1.2.2□有丝分裂计数???????????????????????????3
1.2.3□减数分裂观察???????????????????????????3
1.2.4□统计方法?????????????????????????????3
2.□结果与分析?????????????????????????????????3
2.1□花色和育性???????????????????????????????3
2.2□有丝分裂计数????????????????????????????? 4
2.2.1□染色体数分布及两代间变化 ????????????????????4
2.2.2□植株类型及两代间变化???????????????????????5
2.2.3□F5代不育群体与可育群体的染色体数目变异的比较???????????5
2.3□减数分裂的初步观察???????????????????????????6
3.□讨论????????????????????????????????????6
3.1□关于萝卜与甘蓝远缘杂种雄性不育的思考??????????????????6
3.2□关于萝卜与甘蓝远缘杂种稳定方向的思考??????????????????7
3.2.1□向偶数染色体方向稳定???????????????????????7
3.2.2□向异源双二倍体方向稳定??????????????????????7
3.3 □关于杂种育性水平逐代提高的可能原因??????????????????7 参考文献????????????????????????????????????8 致谢??????????????????????????????????????8 附录???????????????????????????????????10
附录2 论文摘要及关键词示例（中、英文）
萝卜与甘蓝属间杂种后代的细胞学观察（小2号黑体居中）
（空一行）
摘□要（4号黑体居中）
（空一行）
□□以萝卜甘蓝属间杂种后代为材料，研究其体细胞的染色体数目变异情况。研究结果表明：F5代植株的染色体数目变异范围为18至38，其中以36最多，占27.05%，主要集中于38，37，36和34；F6代植株的染色体数目变异范围明显减小，在30至38之间，其中以36最多，占41.86%，主要集中于37、36和35。F5代群体中，2n=36的植株最多，占40.8%，其次是2n=38的植株，占29.6%；F6代群体中，也是2n=36的植株最多，占51.9%，??（5号宋体，单倍行距）
（空一行）
关键词（4号黑体居中）
（空一行）
□□萝卜；甘蓝；属间杂种后代；细胞学；育性（5号宋体）
（空一行）
Cytological study on the intergeneric hybrid progenies between Raphanus sativus and Brassica oleracea ↖
（空一行）〔3号Times New Roman居中，单倍行距〕
Abstract（4号Times New Roman居中）
（空一行）
□□The intergeneric hybrid progenies of Raphanus sativus × Brassica oleracea were used in this study, and the variation of chromosome numbers of ovary cells were studied. The results were as follows. In the plants of the F5 generation, chromosome numbers ranged from 18 to 38,and the cells with 36 chromosomes were the most frequent (27.05%). Most of the cells were those with chromosome numbers 38,37,36 and 34. In the plants of the F6 generation, the range of chromosome number decreased evidently, which was from 30 to 38. The cells with 36 chromosomes were the highest (41.86%). Most of the cells were those with chromosome numbers 37,36 and 35. In the F5 generation, the plants with 2n=36 as the highest chromosome number were the most frequent (40.7%), and those with 2n=38 were the second (29.6%). In the F6 generation, the plants with 2n=36 as the highest chromosome number were again the highest (51.9%)??（5号Times New Roman，单倍行距） （空一行）
Key words（4号Times New Roman居中）
（空一行）
□□Raphanus sativus；Brassica oleracea；intergeneric hybrids；cytology；fertility（5号Times New Roman）
附录3 论文格式示例（农、理、工科类用）
1□标题（正文第1章标题， 4号黑体，上下间距为：段前0.5行，段后0.5行）
□□×××××××××（5号宋体，单倍行距）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××???
1．1□××××××（正文2级标题，小4号黑体）
□□×××××××××（5号宋体）××××××????
1.1.1□××××（正文3级标题， 5号黑体）
□□×××××××××（5号宋体）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××???
2□×××××××（正文第2章标题，要求同上）
□□×××××××××（5号宋体）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××???
（正文后空一行）
参考文献（4号黑体居中）
（空一行）
[1]□××××××××××××（5号宋体）
[2]□×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××
[3]□××××××××××××××××××××××
????
致□谢（4号黑体居中）
□□×××××××××（5号宋体，单倍行距）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××????
附录：（另起一页，4号黑体，顶格）
注：文中表格与插图格式严格参照规范要求。
附录4 论文格式示例（文法经管类用）
一、标题（正文第1章标题， 4号黑体，上下间距为：段前0.5行，段后0.5行）
□□×××××××××（5号宋体，单倍行距）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××???
（一）××××××（正文2级标题，小4号黑体）
□□×××××××××（5号宋体）××××××????
□□1．××××（正文3级标题， 5号黑体）
□□×××××××××（5号宋体）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××???
□□（1）××××（正文4级标题，5号黑体）
二、×××××××（正文第2章标题，要求同上）
□□×××××××××（5号宋体）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××???
（正文后空一行）
参考文献（4号黑体居中）
（空一行）
[1]□××××××××××××（5号宋体）
[2]□×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××
[3]□××××××××××××××××××××××
????
致□谢（4号黑体居中）
□□×××××××××（5号宋体，单倍行距）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××????
附录：（另起一页，4号黑体，顶格）
注：文中表格与插图格式严格参照规范要求。
附录5 文献综述示例
中国烟草企业信息化建设的研究现状
（空一行）
摘□要：中国是世界最大的烟叶生产和消费国，在长期的计划体制下发展，市场竞争能力薄弱。面对入世的国际环境，国家加快了烟草企业信息化建设的步伐，以提高其管理效率和市场竞争能力。本文阐述了我国烟草企业信息化建设的现状，分析了烟草企业中MIS系统、电子商务系统、供应链系统、ERP系统以及CIMS等信息系统的特点和存在问题，为烟草企业信息化建设提供参考。
关键词：烟草企业；信息化；MIS；ERP
（空一行）
正文……
说明：
①综述题目采用小二号黑体字居中排写，后空一行书写摘要及关键词；
②摘要、关键词题头为五号黑体字，内容文字为五号楷体字，文中数字及英文采用Times New Roman字体，统一用单倍行距；
③页眉设置：页眉内容统一为“华中农业大学学士学位论文（设计）文献综述”，采用宋体小五号斜体字居右排写；
④正文书写及其它格式参照《华中农业大学学士学位论文撰写规范（暂行）》。
附录6 外文翻译示例
烟草内山梨糖醇对硼吸收和转移的影响
（空一行）
□□原文来源：Bellaloui N，Brown P H．Manipulation of in vivo Sorbitol Production Alters Boron Uptake and Transport in Tobacco．Plant Physiol.1999，119（2）：73－74
（空一行）
译文正文……
说明：
①译文题目采用小二号黑体字居中排写，后空一行书写“原文来源”，统一用单倍行距； ②在题目与译文正文之间必须标明原文来源，原文来源编写参照《华中农业大学学士学位论文撰写规范（暂行）》中参考文献编写格式参照论文（设计）参考文献著录格式；
③“原文来源”首行空两格书写，题头为五号黑体字，内容采用五号Times New Roman字书写；
④页眉设置：页眉内容统一为“华中农业大学学士学位论文（设计）外文翻译”，采用宋体小五号斜体字居右排写；
⑤正文书写及其它格式参照《华中农业大学学士学位论文撰写规范（暂行）》； ⑥外文翻译装订顺序为译文在前原文复印件在后，原文复印件应整洁。
附录7 参考文献示例
（正文后空一行）
参考文献
（空一行）
[1] 王石平，刘克德，王江，张启发．用同源序列的染色体定位寻找水稻抗病基因DNA片段．植
物学报，1998，40: 42-50
[2] 王明亮．关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL] ．http://www.cajcd. edu.
cn/pub/wml. txt/980810-2.html,1998-08-16/1998-10-04．
[3] 刘克德．水稻广亲和性遗传基础的全基因组分析及S5位点区段部分物理图谱的构建．[博
士学位论文]．武汉：华中农业大学图书馆，1998
[4] 全国文献工作标准化技术委员会第六分委员会．GB 6447-86文献编写规则．北京：中国标
准出版社，1986
[5] 张启发，李建雄．水稻杂种优势的遗传和分子生物学基础的研究进展．王连铮, 戴景瑞主
编, 全国作物育种学术讨论会论文集．中国作物学会第六届理事会暨全国作物育种学术讨论会, 北京, 1998，北京：中国农业科技术出版社，1998：1-10
[6] 张启发．玉米的群体和群体遗传学．见：刘纪麟主编，玉米育种学．北京：农业出版社，
1991： 264-320
[7] 姜锡州．一种温热外敷药制备方法．中国专利, 881056073．1989-07-26
[8] 谢希德．创造学习的新思路[N] ．人民日报，1998-12-25（10）．
[9] 蓝盛银，徐珍秀．植物花粉剥离观察扫描电镜图解．北京：科学出版社, 1996：47-48
[10] Ahn S, Tanksley S D. Comparative linkage maps of the rice and maize genomes. Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA, 1993b, 90:7980-7984
[11] Foth H D. Fundamentals of soil science. 7th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1984： 151-159
[12] Aldemita R R. Genetic Engineering of rice: Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation
of rice and evaluation of a corn pollen-specific promoter using the gusA gene in transgenic rice. (Ph D dissertation). West Lafyatte: Purdue University, 1998
[13] Morison J I L. Intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal responses to CO2. In: Zeiger E,
Farquhar G D, Cowan I R eds., Stomatal Function. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987：229-251
[14] Wang X M. Recombinant DNA sequences encoding Phospholipase. USA patent, 5670366.
1997-09-23
[15]Zhang Q, Gao Y J, Yang S H, Ragab R A, Saghai Maroof M A, Li J X, Li Z B. Molecular
marker-based analysis of heterosis in hybrid rice. Abstract, 7th Annual Meeting of the Rockefeller Foundation's International Program on Rice Biotechnology, 1994, Bali, Indonesia
Norm of Graduation Paper for Undergraduates in English
（英语专业学士学位论文撰写规范）
I. Structure and Writing Requirements
(论文结构及写作要求)
Your graduation paper should include: Chinese cover, English front page, contents, English abstract and key words, Chinese abstract and key word, main body, bibliography, acknowledgement and appendixes. It should be bound according to this order.
A. English Front Page（英文扉页）
The English front page should include the title, the names of the author and the tutor, the academic degree that the paper is for, name of the department and time.
B. Contents（目录）
The contents table lists the major chapters and sections of the paper and the page numbers.
C. Abstract and Key Words（摘要与关键词）
1. Abstract
Abstract is the main idea of the paper. It is a brief summary of the research you have carried out, which includes the purpose, the methods, thesis statement, major arguments and conclusion of the research and its significance. It should be clear and complete. The length of the English abstract is usually 150 words and the Chinese abstract should be an equivalence of the English one. The English abstract should be put before the Chinese one.
2. Key Words
Key words are provided for document retrieve. They should cover the major terminologies used in the paper. Usually, 3 to 10 words should be listed. The English key words should be properly translated into Chinese and listed after the Chinese abstract.
D . The Paper (论文正文)
The paper includes introduction, the main body and conclusion.
1. Introduction
Introduction should include the purpose, background and meaning of the research, literature review which concludes what the others have done on this research topic, and a brief introduction to your research which includes your thesis statement and major arguments. It is the beginning of the paper and should not be numbered.
2. Main Body
The main body of the paper should be clear, coherent and logical.
3. Conclusion
It is the conclusion of the research discussed in the paper. Your innovative ideas should be emphasized. It usually includes the major discoveries in the research, its meaning and suggestions for further research and so on. It should not be numbered.
E. Bibliography（参考文献）
The Bibliography lists the articles or books you have used as references.
F. Acknowledgement（致谢）
The acknowledgement shows your appreciation to the persons or organizations which helped you during the research. It should be simple, clear and sincere.
II. Format and Type of the Paper
(书写及打印要求)
A. Typing and Binding of Paper (论文打印与装订)
The whole paper including the bibliography should be typed with double spaces between the lines (1.5倍行距 ). The rest should the same as The Writing Principles of Dissertation for Bachelor’s Degree of HAU.
B. English Cover（英文扉页）
The title should be typed in Times New Roman (TNR) 24, bold and the rest should be typed in TNR 14. Go to
C. Abstract and Key Words（摘要与关键词）
The words “Abstract” and “Key Words” should be typed in TNR 14, bold and the content of the English abstract should be typed in TNR 12.
中文摘要与关键词部分, “摘要”与“关键词”用四号黑体，摘要内容用五号宋体。 Go to
D. Contents(目录)
The contents table should list all the chapters and the page numbers, including English abstract and key words, Chinese abstract and key word, contents, main body, bibliography, acknowledgement and appendixes. “Contents” should be typed in TNR 14, bold in the middle. The rest will be typed in TNR 12.
Go to
E. The Paper (论文正文)
外语类论文层次代号及说明
F. Notes and Bibliography(注解和参考文献)
The Bibliography lists the articles or books you have used as references.
1. Notes
In MLA documentation style, you acknowledge your sources by keying brief parenthetical citations in your text to an alphabetical list of works (Bibliography) at the end of the paper. The parenthetical citation that concludes the following sentence is typical of MLA style.
e.g. Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).
The citation “(Marcuse 197)” tells readers that the information in the sentence was derived from page 197 of a work by an author named Marcuse. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Bibliography page, where under the name of Marcuse, they would find the following information.
The parenthetical citation works like this:
(1) Mention your source (author’s last name and page number) within the text of your paper I parentheses, like this:
e.g. One of the great all-time best sellers, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, sold over 300,000 copies in America and more than 2 million copies world-wide (Wilson 3).
(2) If you are quoting directly or if want to stress the authority of the source you are paraphrasing, you may mention the name of the source in your sentence. Then include just the page number (or numbers) at the end in parentheses, like this:
e.g. In Patriotic Gore, Edmund Wilson tells us that Mrs. Stowe felt “the book had
been written by God” (5).
(3) If you must quote indirectly -- something quoted from another source not available to you -- indicate this in your parenthetical reference by using "qtd. in" (for "quoted in"). The following example comes from a book written by Donald Johanson and Maitland Edey:
e.g. Richard Leakey's wife, Maeve, told the pale anthropologist David Johanson, "We heard all about your bones on the radio last night" (qtd. in Johanson and Edey 162 ).
(4) If you are using a source written or edited by more than three people, use only the name of the first person listed, followed by "et al." (meaning "and others"):
e.g. Blair et al. observe that the fine arts were almost ignored by colonial writers (21). It is observed that the fine arts were almost ignored by colonial writers (Blair et al. 21).
(5) If you refer to more than one work by the same author, include a shortened title in the citation in your text like:
e.g. It is noticed primary school pupils often make this mistake (Gould, (6) If the author's name is not given, then use a shortened title instead. In your abbreviation, be sure to use at least the first word of the full title to send the reader to the proper alphabetized entry on your Bibliography page. The following is a reference to a newspaper article entitled "Ramifications of Baboon Use Expected to Become, an Issue":
e.g. The doctor observed that some people objected to the transplant on grounds that were emotional rather than rational ("Ramifications" A23).
(7) If you are quoting more than four typed lines, you should indent the quotation 5 spaces on both sides and omit the quotation marks. Cite the page number in parentheses two spaces after the period: e.g. She says goodbye to everything that is familiar and secure. She does not walk through the door to find somebody else to live with and for; she is leaving the house more insecure than she ever realized she could be. But she hopes to find out who she is and why she is. She is facing with the problem of finding out her own identity. (263).
2. Bibliography
The following models will help you write Bibliography entries for most of the sources you will use. Your references should be listed according to alphabetic order.
(1) Books
Common entry:
Author’s name. city of Publication: Publishing House, year of publication.
(a) Book by one author
Wilson, Edmund. New York: Oxford UP, 1966.
Wilson, Frank R. . New York: Pantheon, 1998.
(b) Two or more books by the same author New York: Norton, 1981.
---. New York: Norton, 1980. (c) Book by 2 or more authors
2 authors:
Eggins, Suzanne, and Diane Slade. . London: Cassell, 1997.
3 authors:
Brusaw, Charles W., Gerald J. Alfred, and Walter E. Oliu. . New York: St. Martin's, 1976.
more than three authors . New York: Appleton, 1965. [The phrase "et al." is an abbreviation for "et alii," meaning "and others."]
(d) Book by an anonymous author . New York: Somerset, 1993.
(e) Book with an editor, translator or compiler
Zaranka, William, ed. . Cambridge: Apple-Wood, 1981.
[For a book with two or more editors, use "eds. "] . Trans. H. M. Parshley. New York: Knopf, 1971. Sevilano, Mando, comp. . Flagstaff: Northland, 1986.
(f) Book with an editor, translator or compiler and an author Trans. Jessie Coulson. Ed. George Gibian.
New York: Norton, 1964.
Shakespeare, William. Ed. G. B. Harrison.
New York: Harcourt, 1948.
(g) Multivolume work . 2 vols.
Hamden: Garland, 1993. . 5th ed. 10 vols. New York: St. Martin's, 1961.
(h) A book published in a second or subsequent edition, or revised edition or abridged edition Ed. F. W. Robinson. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton, 1957.
Cheyfitz, Eric. Expanded ed. Philadelphia: U of
Pennsylvania P, 1997. Rev. ed.
New York: Watts, 1986. Trans. Edward G. Seidensticker. Abr. ed. New York: Vintage-Random, 1985.
(i) Work in a collection or anthology
Calvino, Italo. “Cybernetics and Ghosts.”Trans. Patrick
Creagh. San Diego: Harcourt, 1982. 3-27.
Firebaugh, Joseph J. "The Pragmatism of Henry James." Ed. Lyall Powers. East Lansing: Michigan State P, 1973.187-201.
Hanzlik, Josef. “Vengeance.” Trans. Ewald Osers. Comp. and ed. Peter Spafford. Cheltenham: New Clarion, 1992. 54.
(j) Work reprinted in a collection or anthology 1983. 42-52.
(2) An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Basic entry
Author’s name. “title of the article.” Volume number (year of
publication): page numbers
e.g.
Craner, Paul M. “New Tool for an ancient Art: the computer and Music.”[If the journal has only issue numbers, treat them as volume numbers.] [If the journal has more than one series, write the number (2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.) and abbreviation ser. between the journal title and the volume number. If it is divided into new series and an original series, indicate the series with ns or os before the volume number.]
Daniels, John. “Indian Population of North America in 1492.” Spivak, Kathleen. “Bewteen Two Cultures.”(3) News paper article
(a) Signed newspaper article
Krebs, Emilie. “Sewer Backup Called No Problems.” 20 Nov. 1985: A3 (b) Unsigned newspaper article
“Minister Found Guilty of Soliciting Murder.” (4) Electronic Publications
(a) A complete scholarly project or information database
It usually consists of the following items:
Title of the project or database (Italicized)
Name of the editor of the project or database (if given)
Electronic publication information, including version number (if relevant and if not part of the title), date of electronic publication or of the latest update, and name of any sponsoring institution or organization
Date of access and network address
If you cannot find some of the information, cite what is available. E.g.
Vers. 98.2. Apr. 1998. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 8 May 1998 </>.
Ed. Michael N. Salda. Vers. 1.1. Dec. 1997. De Grummond
Children’s Lit. Reserch collection, U of Southern Mississippi. 15 Apr. 1998 <http://www-dept.usm.edu/-dengdept / cinderalla /cinderalla.html/>.
(b) A document in the project
“City Profile: San Francisco.”>.
(c) Personal cite (d) An online book Author’sof publication, name of publisher, year of publication etc. ). Date of access <network address>.
e.g.
Austen, Jane. Ed. Henry Churchyard. 1996. 10 Sept. 1998
<http://www.pemberley. com/ janeinfo/ pridprej.html>. 1998 <http:// mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Chomsky/>.
(e) An article in an Online Periodical Author’s name. “Title of the article.” volume number(issue
number or other identifying number) (date of publication). The number range or total number of pages. Date of access <network address>.
e.g.
Calabress, Michael. “Between Despair and Ecstasy: Marco Polo’s Life of the Buddha.”9.1 (1997). 22 June 1998 <http://web.english.ufl. edu/ english/exemplaria/calax.htm>. Elam, Diana. “Disciplining woman: Feminism or women’s Studies.”24 June 1998 <http://tornade.era.umontreal.ca:80/ -guedon/Surfaces/vol5/elam.html>.
(f) CD-rom, disk, or tape
Author’publisher, date of publication.
e.g.
Barnes. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984, CD-ROM. Clayton: InteLex, 1994. oyager,
1994.
(5) Chinese Reference Books
Chinese reference articles or books should be listed after the English ones. Please take The Writing Principles of Dissertation for Bachelor’s Degree of HAU as reference for format.
Go to
III. Format for Literature Review
(文献综述格式要求)
Literature review should include cover, English title, abstract and key words, main body and bibliography. The main body should not be less than 1500 words.
A. Cover：It will be made and printed by the university；
B. English title should be typed in TNR 14, bold;
C. Abstract and key words: TNR 12;
D. Main body: TNR 12；倍行距);
E. 页眉设置参照《华中农业大学学士学位论文撰写规范》。
F. Notes and bibliography: same as the paper.
Go to
IV. Format for Literature Translation
（外文翻译格式要求）
Choose a piece of your references, either a complete article or a complete chapter from a book, and translate it into Chinese:
A. Please take The Writing Principles of Dissertation for Bachelor’s Degree of HAU as reference for format.;
B.“原文来源”首行空两格（4个字符）书写，题头为五号黑体字，字书写，体例同正文参考文献。如：
□□原文来源：Bennet, Paula. Emily Dickenson: Woman Poet. New York: Northeastern University Press, 1998.
Appendix 1: Sample of Front Page
X X X X Title X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
Student’s name
Under the Supervision of
Teacher’s name
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
Foreign Language Department
Huazhong Agricultural University
May 2005
Appendix 2: Sample of content table, abstract and key words
Contents（TNR14, Bold, 居中）
(空一行)
Abstract（以下均为TNR12）??????????????????????Ⅱ Key Words…………………………………………………………………… ……... Ⅱ 摘要（宋体五号）……………………………….…………...………………………..……Ⅱ 关键词………………………………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
Introduction…………………………………………………………………….……...1
I. Emily Dickinson’s Mysterious Recluse Life……………………….…..…………...2
A. Emily Dickinson’s Family Background……….…………...……….…………...2 （前空2字符与上一级标题正文对齐）
B. Emily Dickinson’s Doubt towards Religion……………………..………………3
C. Emily Dickinson’s Refusal of Publication and Marriage…………..……………3 II. Emily Dickinson’s Nature Poem……...………………………………...………….5
A. The Characteristics of Dickinson’s Nature Poem………….…………...…..…...5
1. Style…
（前空4字符与上一级标题正文对齐）
IV. Emily Dickinson’s Unconventional Art of Poetry……………….………..….......14
A. The Direct, Simply, yet Thought-provoking Image in “Because I could not stop for
death-”…………………………………………….…………………………..…..14
B. Dickinson’s Peculiar Rhyme……………..……….…...……..………………..…...15 （标题每一个实词首字母大写）
Conclusion……………………………………………………………….……….…..17
Acknowledgement………………………………………………….………………..…..18 Bibliography………………………………………………………………….…...…….19
Abstract（TNR14, Bold, 居中）
（空一行）
Emily Dickinson stands firmly among the best poets for her unique and penetrating ideas as well as freshness in form. Retreating from almost all social activities and rejecting church, marriage and publication, she remains all her life a free thinker. Her nature and religious poems, her concise, simply yet thought-provoking verses together with the peculiar rhymes give full pay to her individual spirit. （TNR 12）
（空一行）
Key words（TNR14, Bold，居中）
（空一行）
Individualism; nature; death; God; image; rhyme; poetry（前空4个字符）
摘 要 （四号黑体居中）
（空一行）
爱米莉·狄金森以其独特深邃的思想和清新优美的诗行牢固确立了她在诗坛中的地位，使之成为文学史上最优秀的诗人之一。她一生远居世外，远离社会事务，从不曾进入教堂，也没有出版过诗集，甚至拒绝了婚姻。她简洁、简单，而发人深省的自然诗、宗教诗以及那独特的韵律为她的个人主义精神提供了一个充分展示自我的舞台。（宋体五号）
关键词（四号黑体居中）
（空一行）
个人主义；自然；死亡；上帝；意象；韵律；诗歌（宋体五号字，首行空两格）
Ⅱ（罗马数字标页码，与Contents 所标页码一致）
Appendix 3: Sample of the paper Introduction（T NR 14, Bold）
(空一行)
In the expanding, exiting America of the second half of the nineteenth century, poetry loses its clearly defined characters and becomes various …….（T NR 12）.
（另起一页）
I. Emily Dickinson’s Mysterious Recluse Life（TNR 14, Bold）
（空一行）
Dickinson’s life remains to a large extent mysterious, which we could only imagine from her letters and poems as well as memories of her few friends.
（空一行）
A. Emily Dickinson’s Family Background（TNR 12, Bold）
Emily Dickinson was born in Ameberst, Massachusetts,“……they are religious, except me” (qtd. in Chang 235-6).
（空一行）
B. Emily Dickinson’s Doubt towards Religion
Another point should call attention is her commitment of never being religious……
（另起一页）
Conclusion
（空一行）
It is true to say that Dickinson may have retained her self-image as an isolated “kangaroo among the beauty,”….
Acknowledgement （T NR 14, Bold）
（空一行）
I would like to take this opportunity to thank my tutor—Ding Yanwen, who offers me academic and constructive advices on composing this paper. Her encouragement and help are worthy of high acknowledgement.
（另起一页）
Bibliography（T NR 14, Bold）
（空一行）
Bennet, Paula. Boston: Northeastern University Press,
1990.
Farr, Judith. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996. Johnson, Thomas H. and Theodora Ward, ed. Cambridge, 1958.
Kennedy, X. J. and Dana Gioia. . New York: Harper Collins
College Publishers, 1994. . Urbana and Chicago:
University of Illinois Press, 1958.
（如参考书目的某一条的内容多于一行，从第二行起，行首空5个字符） 李宜燮，常耀信编. 美国文学选读. 天津：南开大学出版社, 2002
金莉，秦亚青. 美国文学. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1999
常耀信. 美国文学简史. 天津：南开大学出版社, 1990
Appendix 4: Sample of the literature review
The Individualism of Emily Dickinson（TNR 14，Bold，居中）
(空一行)
Abstract: （TNR12, Bold）Emily Dickinson’s greatness lies in her uniqueness in ideas and freshness in expression, which originate in her strong individualism. Emersonism and Calvinism have exerted great influence upon her. Poems on nature and death as well as her peculiar rhymes and images give full play to her individualistic spirit.
Key Words:Individualism; poetry; nature; death; rhyme; image （TNR 12）
(空一行)
Emily Dickinson, as one of the greatest poets in history, has made superb contribution to English poetry by reason of its thought, its polished expression and unique craftsmanship. She was never commonplace; always imaginative and stimulating. Her poems are remarkable for their condensation, their vividness of image, their subtle feeling for nature, their startling abruptness in dealing with themes usually regarded commonplace, their violence and sincerity in emotion, all of which well illuminated her individualism and originality. （TNR 12）
(空一行)
Bibliography（TNR 14， Bold）
(空一行)
Benway, Nova. "BookRags Book Notes on The Joy Luck Club." 2 November 2004.
</notes/jlc/>.
Huntley, Edward D. London: Greenwood Press,
1998. （如参考书目的某一条的内容多于一行，从第二行起，行首空5个字符）